This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. Google” books https://books.google.com Digitized by v^oosle Digitized by Digitized by Digitized by © HUNT’S .MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE, AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. CONDUCTED DI FBEEiiN HUNT, *WTOI or TBS LIBBABY OF COMMERCE, BTC.; COBRESrONDIKO MEMBER OF THB AMERICAN AND LONDON STATISTICAL SOCIBT1EE ; MEMBER OF TUB NSW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY J HONORARY MBMBBR OP TBB MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS OF NBW YORK' PHILA- DELPHIA, BOSTON, BALTIMORE, LOUISVILLE, CHARLESTON, AND CINCINNATI, ETC. VOLUME TWENTY-8EVEN. FROM JULY TO DECEMBER, INCLUSIVE, 1862. JO’ero $ork : PUBLISHED AT 142 FULTON-STREET. v\1852y/ Digitized by v^oosle / &/*■ '3. /£ jXaya,, ower. It has proved inadequate to the wants of men, destructive to human life, and more costly than the interests of com- merce can sustain. A new motive power is demanded, and if the eyesight and the judgment can be relied upon, it has appeared. It is the most sublime development of force ever seen in machinery ! It is exerted by that life-giving, elastic fluid, the atmosphere. It is drawn from that vast magazine through which the lightnings play, and is supplied from that unseen element which Digitized by Google 21 Eric* tori'* Caloric Engine. «gh* in the breexe and roars in the hurricane. We are not intimately ac- quainted with machinery, nor are we altogether ignorant of the principles of mechanical science. We know enough of both to form an intelligent judg- ment concerning the wonderful machine to which we allude, and which we have earefully examined. It is not, like most new inventions, presented in a mere model. It does not, like most new inventions, rest in bare expert ment Were these its conditions, the Merchants' Magazine would express no judgment concerning its utility, nor indulge in any speculations as to its supposed value. We should leave this talk to those who are supposed to be better acquainted with the science of mechanics, and with the practical value of untried inventions, than the editor of a commercial journal. We are not here called upon to perform this task. A celebrated painter has said “ Let my productions be subjected to the judgment of the whole world, but heaven deliver me from that of my own profession.” This may not, in a majority of cases, prove to be a just ap- prehension ; but it is quite certain that there is in every profession a con- servative spirit, which clings to the knowledge of the past, and distrust* that which is new and untried. This is strikingly illustrated in the case of the steam-engine. We all know that, at this time, the only mode in use for producing a ro- tary motion, from the reciprocating motion of the piston of a steam-engine, is by means of a crank. It is equally well known, that to enable the sta- tionary engine to 44 pass the center,” a ponderous fly-wheel is employed. Now it will hardly be credited, that both these methods were at first condemned by distinguished engineers, as utterly impracticable. In 1777 Mr. Stewart read a paper before the Royal Society in London, describing a method for obtaining a continued circular motion, for turning all kinds of mills, from the reciprocating motion of the steam-engine. This he proposed to effect by meaus of a complicated contrivance, which practice soon proved to be worthless. In the course of his remarks, he incidentally noticed the method of obtaining the circular motion by means of a crank, which, said he, 44 oe- curt naturally in theory , but in practice would be impossible? This paper was, by the council of the Society, referred to Mr. Smeaton, one of the most distinguished engineers of that age. He not only con- demned the crank, but the fly-wheel also ; and, in consequence of these views, very complicated and expensive means were adopted, to produce the desired rotary motion from the reciprocating motion of the piston, until, at kngth, from necessity, the crank and fly-wheel were adopted, and ever af- terwards used. We have mentioned these circumstances to show the wisdom of the course Pursued by Captain Ericsson, in not subjecting his invention to public ex- amination, until he could present it in a shape so conclusive, as to satisfy the judgment of practical men ; and to trample down that carping, sneering criticism, with which envy and rivalry sometimes seek to strangle the pro- ductions of inspired genius. This, in our opinion, he has accomplished. We have, with great care, examined this machine ; the principles and con- traction of which were fully explained to us by the distinguished inventor. It is alike remarkable for sublimity of conception and simplicity of detail, like the forces of nature, its operations, although mighty, are gentle. Two machines upon this plan are now in operation at the works of Messrs. Hogg A Delamater — one of five horse, the other of sixty horse power. The latter is the most extraordinary piece of machinery we have ever * Digitized by v^oosle / 12 ErictmmU Caloric Engine. teen. It has four cylinders. Two, of seventy- two inches in diameter, stand side by side. Over each of these is placed one much smaller. Within these are pistons, exactly fitting their respective cylinders, and so connected that those within the lower ana upper cylinders move together. Under the bottom of each of the lower cylinders a fire is applied. No other furnaces are employed. Neither boilers nor water are used. The lower is called the working cylinder ; the upper the supply cylinder. As the piston in the supply cylinder moves down, valves placed in its top open, and it becomes filled with cold air. As the piston rises within it, these valves dose, and the air within, unable to escape as it came, passes through another set of valves, into a receiver, from whence it is to pass into the working cylinder, to force up the working piston within it As it leaves the receiver to per- form this duty, it passes through what is called the regenerator, which we shall soon explain, where it becomes heated to about four hundred and fifty degrees, and upon entering the working cylinder, it is further heated by the fire underneath. We have said the working cylinder is much larger in di- ameter than the supply cylinder. Let us, for the sake of illustration merely, suppose it to contain double the area. The cold air which entered the up- per cylinder will, therefore, but half fill the lower one. In the couree of its passage to the latter, however, we have said that it passes through a regen- erator, and let us suppose, that as it enters the working cylinder, it has be- come heated to about four hundred and eighty degrees. At this tempera- ture, atmospheric air expands to double its volume. The same atmospheric air, therefore, which was contained within the supply cylinder, is now capa- ble of filling one of twice its size. With this enlarged capacity, it enters the working cylinder. We will further suppose the area of the piston within this cylinder to contain a thousand square inches, and the area of the piston in the sup- ply cylinder above, to contain but five hundred. The air presses upon this with a mean force, we will suppose, of about eleven pounds to each square inch ; or in other words, with a weight of 5,500 pounds. Upon the surface of the lower piston, the heated air is, however, pressing upwards with a like force upon each of its one thousand square inches ; or in other words, with a force of 11,000 pounds. Here, then, is a force which, after overcoming the weight above, leaves a surplus of 5,500 pounds, if we make no allow- ance for friction. This surplus furnishes the working power of the engine. It will he readily seen that after one stroke of its pistons is made, it will continue to work with this force, so long as sufficient heat is supplied to ex- pand the air in the working cylinder to the extent stated ; for so long as the area of the lower piston is greater than that of the upper, and a like pressure is upon every square inch of each, so long will the greater piston push forward the smaller, as a two-pound weight upon one end of a bal- ance will he quite sure to bear down one pound placed upon the other. We need hardly say that after the air in the working cylinder has forced up the piston within it, a valve opens, and as it passes out, the pistons, by force of gravity, descend, and cold air again rushes into, and fills the supply cylinder, as we have before described. In this manner the two cylinders are alter- nately supplied and discharged, causing the pistons in each to play up and down, substantially as they do iu the steam-engine. We trust our readers will be able, from the brief description we have here attempted, to understand at least the general principles upon which this machine operates. Its cylinders draw their supply from the atmosphere. Digitized by Google Eruxeorit Caloric Engine. M The cylinders of the steam-engine are supplied by scalding vapor, drawn from hiding boilers. The caloric engine draws into its iron lungs, the same dement which expands those of the most delicate child, and derives its mo- tion and its power from that sustaining source upon which depends the ex- igence of all animate life. We have endeavored to explain the construction of the caloric engine. Its most striking feature consists in what is called by its inventor, the regen- erator. Before describing this, we will present tbe grand idea upon whioh it is based. First let it be remembered that the power of the steam- engine depends upon the heat employed to produce steam within its boilers. It will be seen that from the very nature of steam the heat required to pro- duce it, amounting to about 1,200°, is entirely lost by condensation the mo- ment it has once exerted its force upon the piston. If, instead of being so lost, all the heat used in creating the steam employed could, at the moment of condensation, be reconveyed to the furnace, there again to aid in produ- cing steam in the boilers, hut a very little fuel would be necessary ; none, in fact, except just enough to supply the heat lost by radiation. The reason is obvious. Let us suppose the steam has passed from the boiler, has en- tered the cylinder, has driven the piston forward, and is about to pass into the condenser, there to change its form, and be again converted into water. This steam, yet in the cylinder, and uncondensed, possesses all the heat it contained before passing out of the boiler. It has driven the piston forward, bat in that effort it has lost no heat. That source of power it still contains. Let it be supposed that the heat contained in the steam could, at the mo- ment it is converted into water within the condenser, he saved, and by some derice be again used to create steam from water within the boiler, with what exceeding cheapness could the power of the steam-engine he employed. But it is quite impossible thus to re-employ the heat of steam : it cannot thus be saved ; and hence every effort to economize in this manner would he un- miliog. The proportions we have here advanced were, it appears, more than twenty-five years since familiar to the scientific mind of Captain Ericsson. He was at that early jxsriod deeply impressed with their importance ; and regarding heat as the sole source of motive-power, was anxious to discover some element in which it could be so employed that, after giving motion to machinery, it should be returned to act over and over again for the same purpose. But little reflection was necessary to convince him that steam was not this element. It must consist of some permanent gas, and atmospheric air seemed admirably adapted to the purpose. Accordingly it was employed by him. In a work entitled 44 A Dictionary of the Arts of Life and Civilisation,” published in London in 1833, the author,' Sir Richard Phillips, mentions an engine which Captain Ericsson then had in operation in that city, as 44 his application of excited or rarefied air to the performance of those powers of machinery, which hitherto have been made to depend on the intervention of boiling water and its steam.” The author further states that he 44 has, with inexpressible delight, seen the first model machine, of five horse-power, at wort With a handful of fuel applied to the very sensible medium of at- mospheric air, and a most ingenious disposition of its differential powera, he beheld a resulting action, in narrow compass, capable of extension to as great forces as ever can be wielded or used by man.” The author adds : — 44 The principle of this new engine consists in this : Digitized by v^.ooQle 24 Ericeton's Calorie Engine. that the heat which is required to give motion to the engine at the com- mencement, is returned by a peculiar process of transfer, and thereby made to act ever and over again, instead of being, as in the steam engine, thrown into a condenser, or into the atmospheric, as so much waste fuel.” During the last nineteen years, Captain Ericsson has employed much of his time, and expended large amounts of money, in overcoming those prac- tical difficulties which are ever stumbling blocks in the way leading to the successful development of a great principle in new machinery. This he has now achieved. The principle of his invention, as stated by Sir Richard Phillips, is still retained, embodied in that practical and complete form, which render thi9 engine economical, absolutely safe, durable, simple in construc- tion, and in action effective. Let us now attempt to describe the regenerator, to which we have referred. Without this, the machine we examined would possess, in point of econo- my, no advantage over the best constructed steam-engine. With it, the advantages are incalculable. We have already fully illustrated the leading idea conceived by Captain Ericsson, of employing heat over and over again. To attain this is the object of the regenerator. For the purpose of understanding this instrument our readers will bear in mind the construction and operation of the machine. We have before stated that atmospheric air is tirst drawn into the supply cylinder, from whence it is forced into a receiver, and that from this it proceeds towards the working cylinder, before reaching which it passes through the regenera- tor. This structure is composed of wire net, somewhat like that used in the manufacture of sieves, placed side by side, until the series attain a thick- ness, say of twelve inches. Through the almost innumerable cells, formed by the intersection of these wires, the air must pass, on its way to the work-i ing cylinder. In passing through these, it is so minutely subdivided that the particles composing it are brought into close contact with the metal which forms the wires. Now let us suppose, what actually takes place, that the side of the regenerator nearest the working cylinder is heated to a high temperature. Through this heated substance the air must pass before en- tering the cylinder, and in effecting this passage, it takes up, as is demon- strated by the thermometer, about 450° of the 480° of heat required, as we before stated, to double its volume. The additional 30° are communi- cated by the fire beneath the cylinder. The air has thus become expanded ; it forces the piston upward ; it has done its work — valves open — and the imprisoned air, heated to 480°, passes from the cylinder, and again enters the regtnerator, through which it roust pass before leaving the machine. We have said that the side of this instrument nearest the woikiug cylinder is hot, and it should be here stated that the other side is kept cool, by the action upon it of the air entering in the opposite direction at each up- stroke of the pistons. Consequently, as the air from the working cylinder passes out, the wires absorb its heat so effectually that, when it leaves the re- generator, it has been robbed of it all, except about 30°. In other words, as the air passes into the working cylinder it gradually receives from the re- generator about 450° of heat ; and as it passes out, this is returned to the wires, and is thus used over and over, the only purpose of the fires beneath the cylinders being to supply the 30° of heat we have mentioned, and that which is lost by radiation and expansion. Extraordinary as this statement may seem, it is nevertheless incontrovertibly proved by the thermometer to be quite true. Digitized by v^oosle Ericsson' 8 Caloric Engine. 25 When physical causes, productive of unexpected mechanical results, are Carefully examined, they will always be found adequate to effect what, upon a cursory view might appear marvelous or incredible. Thus, after an ex- amination of the reasons why this compact regenerator so effectually ab- sorbs and transmits heat, its operation will cease to create wonder, although it cannot fail to excite profound admiration. We will state the causes of ite efficiency . The regenerator, contained in the sixty horse engine we have examined, measures twenty-six inches in higlit and width internally. Each disc of wire composing it contains 676 superficial inches, and the net has ten meshes to the inch. Each sii|>erficial inch, therefore, contains 100 meshes, which, multiplied by 676, give 67,600 meshes in each disc, and as 200 discs are employed, it follows that the regenerator contains 13,520,000 rneshes, and consequently, as there are as many small spaces between the di*cs as there are mesdies, we find that the air within is distributed in about 27,000,000 minute cells. Ilence, it is evident, that nearly every particle of the whole volume of air, in passing through the regenerator, is brought into very close contact with a surface of metal, which heats and cools alternately. The ex- tent of this, surface, when accurately estimated, almost surpasses belief. The wire contained in each disc is 1,140 feet long, and that contained in the regenerator is consequently 228,000 feet, or 41^ miles in length, the superficial measurement of which is equal to the entire surface of four steam boilers, each forty feet long, and four feet in diameter; and yet the regenerator, presenting this great amount of heating surface, is only about two feet cube — less than of the bulk of these four boilers. Involved in this wonderful process, of the transfer and retransfer of heat is a discovery, which justly ranks as one of the most remarkable ever made iu physical science. Its author, Captain Ericsson long since Ascertained, and u|>on this is based the subliraest feature of his caloric-engine, that at- mospheric air and other permanent gases, in passing through a distance of only six inches, in the fiftieth part of a second of time, are capable of ac- quiring, or parting with, upward of four hundred degrees of heat. lie has been first to discover this marvelous property of caloric, without which, at- mospheric air could not be effectively employed as a motive-power. The reason is obvious. Until expanded by heat, it can exert no force upon the phton. If much time were required to effect this, the movement of the piston would necessarily be so slow as to render the machine inefficient. Captain Ericsson has demonstrated, however, that heat may be communi- cated to, and expansion effected in, atmospheric air, with almost electric speed ; and that it is, therefore, eminently adapted to give the greatest de- sirable rapidity of motion to all kinds of machine? y. We here close our imperfect description of a machine destined, as we be- lieve, to work a revolution in the Commerce of the globe. It consumes but t very small proportion of the coal required for the steam-engine. It is en- tirely free from every element of explosion or of danger. Watchfulness is not imperatively required, as in the steam-engine. If left unattended, the worst that can happen is, that after exhausting the beat of its fires, and of its regenerator, it will stop. The one we examined, of sixty horse- power, has been run at full speed during twenty four consecutive hours, cousuming but nine hundred and sixty pounds of coal. After feeding the fires, it con- tinues to run three hours without replenishment, and after withdrawing them from the grates, it operates with full power for the period of one hour, in Digitized by Google 26 Ericseorie Calorie Engine . consequence of the astonishing action of its regenerator alone. We believe we have not, in the slightest degree, overrated the immense advantages of this engine, in point of economy and safety. If we have not, the world may well start with exultation. In magnitude of results, no invention can rank with it. The electric telegraph is one of great interest and value, and to him who reflects that the fierce lightning has by that process been tamed, and brought to the very lips of man, there to be freighted with human lan- guage, and sent abroad, to girdle the earth with thought, it becomes sub- lime. Still, it is greatly inferior, in practical importance, to the discovery of a motive-power such as we have attempted to describe. Human specu- lation fails adequately to estimate its influence upon the social and commer- cial relations of men and of nations. Its effects will naturally be first ex- erted upon the ocean. It is here that the value of such a power will be most sensibly felt and appreciated. Here it will soon become the strong arm and right hand of Commerce. It may be affirmed with confidence that, with engines upon this plan, a ship of two thousand tons can be pro- pelled from San Francisco to China and back with less coal than is now re- quired for an ordinary ocean steamer to cross the Atlantic. The annals of the mechanic arts furnish no instance of an important in- vention having been brought before the public in so complete a form as to warrant its being carried out on a scale of the first magnitude from the out- set. Ericsson’s Caloric Engine will form an exception. A ship is now building for its reception by Messrs. Perrine, Patterson, and Stack, measur- ing twenty-two hundred tons burden, and her engines, which are being constructed by Messrs. Hogg *aml»oats which now go to Trebizond belong wholly to the Turk- ish, Engli>h, and Austrian marines.” After some expressions of confidence that the present President of the “Republic of France ” will take proper measures to restore the lost trade of Marseilles, lie continues: “The goods imported into Trebizond under the flags of different nations for the con- sumption of the interior of the country and those destined for Persia, amount to 243,342,000 piastres, or $9,793,680, and the exports to 1 10,471,000 pias- tres, or $4,4 18, 840 — making a difference between them cf some 132,871,000 piastres, or $5,314,840, which is explained in the following table. The most important portion of this trade belongs to the Turkish marine, next to this to the Austrian, and next to the British. The first imports in- to Trebizond 132,730,000 piastres, or $5,309,200 ; the second 72,704,000 piastres, $2,908,160; and the third 35,406,000 piastres, or $1,416,240. The other nations engaged in the trade may be classed as follows : Greece, the two Danubian Provinces of Turkey, one Moldavia and Wallachia, the seven Ionian Islands, and Russia. In a general recapitulation of the same, we find 99 sailing vessels, and 73 steamers, together having 1 1 1,352 tons. The arrivals in 1851 were as follows: — Ottoman sailing vessels, 71 ; steamers, 30; in all, 101 ; of 63,580 tons, and 13,380 horse power, aud importing goods of the value of 132,730,000 piastres, or $5,809,200. Austrian summer*, of 7, *00 horse-power, and 23,300 tons, and importing 72,703,000 piastres, or $2,908,160 of merchandise. British sailing vessels, 6 ; steamers, 17 ; in all, 23 ; of 4,994 horse-power, and 16,742 tons, with 35,406,000 piastres, or $1,410,240 of merchandise. Greek vessels, 9 ; of 1,698 tons, and 1,855,000 piastres, or $54,200 of merchandise. Danubian vessels, 7 ; of 1,004 tons, and 550,000 piastres, or $21,000 of mer- chandise. Ionian vessels, 3 ; of 396 tons, and 257,000 piastres, or $10,800 of merchandise. Russian vessels, 2 ; of 382 tons, and with 340,000 piastres, or $13,600. French vessels, 1 ; of 350 tons, in ballast. * The failure of this determination, is attributed at Constantinople to the influence of Russia, which is, very naturally, desirous of having the transit trade oT Persia pass through Georgia. Tfaw projected road was bogun at the instance of the British Embassy at Constantinople. Digitized by v^oosle 30 Commerce of the Black Sea, Making totally 90 sailing vessels and 73 steamers, or in all 172 vessels of every nation ; which imported into the single port of Trebizond goods for internal consumption and transit to Georgia and Persia to the amount of 243,342,000 piastres, or $9,733,680. The departures for Trebizond in 1851 were — Ottoman sailing vessels, 51 ; steamers, 80 ; in all, 81 ; of 18,880 horse-power, and exporting merchandise to the value of 26,686,000 piastres, and specie 20,691,000 pi- astres, or $1,896,080. Austrian steamers, of 7,800 horse-power, and 23,880 tons, with merchandise of the value of 14,801,000 piastres, and specie 18,424,000 piastres, or $1,109,280. British vessels 6 ; steamers, 17 ; in all, 22 ; of 4,994 horse- power, and 16,300 tons, and merchandise to the value of 11,732,000 piastres, in specie, 12,017,000 piastres, or $949,960. It must be remembered that the specie destined for Constantinople, (for all of this Commerce is between Trebizond and Constantinople,) indicated, refers entirely to the merchandise in transit to and from Georgia and Persia ; whilst the following is a statement of the local Commerce, and that for the consumption of the interior of the country of which Trebizond is the first, in 1851 : — Ottoman steamers, 8,751,000 piastres, or $150,040 in specie. Austrian steamers, 2,804,000 piastres, or $152,160 in specie. British steamers, 8,106,000 piastres, or $124,240 in specie. Greek vessels, 9 ; 1,698 tons ; 116,000 piastres, or $4,640 in goods. Danubian vessels, 7 ; 1,004 tons ; 110,000 piastres, or $4,400 in goods. Ionian vessels, 8 ; 896 tons ; in ballast. Russian vessels, 2 ; 882 tons ; in ballast. French vessels, 1 ; 852 tons ; a cargo of copper worth 1,726,000 piastres, or $69,500. Making, in total, 110,471,000 piastres, or $4,417,840, in 78 Bailing vessels and 78 steamers ; or total number, 151. It must be also here added that the great difference which exists between the amount of imports and exports is caused by the circumstance that, for a good portion of the goods which go into Persia, the returns are made to Europe — that is to say, by Tiflis, where they are converted into bills of ex- change on St Petersburg or on London. The reader will remember that Georgia now forms a province of Russia. During the year 1851 the different steamers carried from Trebizond 1 7,300 passengers to Constantinople, and this part of their business is a source of no inconsiderable gain to them. Seven large steam frigates form this line ; two are steam frigates belonging to the Sultan of Turkey, each 450 horse- power ; two belong to the Ottoman Steam Navigation Company, of 250 and 350 horse-power ; two Austrian steamers, of the “ Lloyd Austrian,” of 260 and 350 horse-power ; and one English steamer of 300 horse power. There arrived at Trebizond, from Constantinople, England, and Trieste, (in smaller quantities from the latter place,) 59,003 packages of diverse mer- chandise in transit) for Persia, valuing 182,000,000 piastres, or $7,280,000. Trebizond received from Persia for Constantinople 14,756 packages of goods of coarse kinds, of which 3,201 were bales of silk, valuing 25,000,000 piastres, or $1,000,000 ; the remainder consisted in gall nuts, tumbekis, Persian tobacco, for the narguila, (a water-pipe,) saffron, wax, almonds, leech- es, pipe sticks, shawls of different kinds, carpets, Ac., &c. Trebizond imported grains — Digitized by Google Trebizond in 1851. 31 Indian corn from the Danube. kiloe (bushels) 890 Wheat from the Danube and Odessa 122,000 Barley 29,200 Oats 8,200 Salt may be imported there to about 68,000 kilos, of 80 okes each (82 lbs.) Among the imports belonging to the local trade of Trebizond, or for tran- sit to Persia and Georgia, all carried on horses’ or mules’ backs, were, in 1851, 6,424 cases of sugar in loaves, (English and Dutch,) and 630 large barrels of sugar, also English and Dutch, of which three-fourths were in loaves, and one- fourth in powder. There were, in 1851, 6,729 packages of Tumbekis of Persia, and 57,976 packages of merchandise for this country. The preceding gives an idea of the extent and importance of the trade open of the principal ports of the Black Sea, and yet contains but few of the details needed of the nature of the same. The notes, heretofore furn- ished to the Merchant s' Magazine, may be considered as a correct exposi- tion of the different articles of import and export, of which the trade is composed. The steamers, herein mentioned, all trade at Sinope and Samsoon on their way to and from Trebizond, and besides the great number of passengers which they take in or discharge there, the merchandise required at these places forms no inconsiderable portion of their gains. Samsoon and Sinope receive goods for the consumption of the interior of Asia Minor, and the former may be regarded as the port of Mosul and the chief places in Mesopotamia, even as far as Bagdad. An immense quantity of English cotton goods pass through them for the interior. These are generally purchased at Constantinople by native mer- chants, in small quantities, and shipped by them to the Black Sea. The Commerce of Great Britain in the Black Sea was, in 1830, quite in- significant, and there were some apprehensions entertained here at the time of the negotiation of the present treaty of the United States with Turkey, that American Commerce would greatly rival English interests. It was supposed that, besides the introduction of American commodities into Southern Russia and the ports of the Black Sea, American vessels would take an active part in the carrying trade of that sea. In a few years after the negotiation of the treaty, several American ves- sels went annually to Odessa, but this soon ceased. The return cargoes of these vessels were mostly hides, and there were even instances of rye being shipped at that period from Odessa to the United States. This has, of course, long ceased to be the case, and the trade with Odessa is now very inconsiderable. Only one vessel under the dag of the United States has, as yet, entered the Danube. This occurred in 1843, and the captain was welcomed with many evi- dences of good feeling for his country, by the authorities of Wallachia and Moldavia. Twenty years ago, the British trade with Trebizond, Persia, and Georgia, was almost nothing. Its present prosperity is due to the agency of the British consul at Erzeroom, Mr. Brant. This gentleman, an old merchant in the Levant, settled, as vice-consul, at Trebizond, and commenced there the introduction of English goods. In view of extending his operations to Per- sia and Georgia, he recommended to his government his appointment at Erzeroom, and the establishing of vice-consuls at Samsoon, Trebizond, B&t- Digitized by v^oosle 32 Commerce of the Black Sea . toom, and at Kaiseriych, in the interior, which being done, the fruits of their most valuable reports on the nature, extent of the produce, and de- mands of this country, are seen in the very extensive and valuable trade which now exists. It may be added here that Mr. Brant, and each of his vice-consuls, are themselves engaged in Commerce. In view of the increased relations of the United States with Turkey, and its probable future intercourse with Persia, it appears that the government at home could not evince a greater interest in the Commerce of our citizens than by establishing a commercial-consular agent at Trebizond. It can scarcely be expected that any commercial house in New York or Bostony patriotic as our men bants have always shown themselves to be, should ody, unalloyed and void of every uneasiness ; and when once delivered from this prison, he will arrive where all things are without labor, without Digitized by Google The Divine Use of Commerce . groans, without oW age, where there is constant peace and calm, a state of contemplation and loving wisdom, in which one was not to address a mul- titude, but truth itself, which flows round on all tides.” Thus we see that the nations of old were conscious of immortality, and of an overruling Providence. But we have a more sure word of testimony unto which we will do well to take heed, until the day dawn and the day- star arise. We are the creatures of a moment, but the heirs of eternity. Neither ourselves, our acts, nor our God are accidents. No race or nation, art or science, discovery or invention, but is divinely subordinated, in its right time and place to the accomplishment of its particular mission. There Is much meaning in Baxter’s axiom : 14 Man proposeth, but God disposeth.” Let us apply this thought to human pursuits in general, and to Commerce in particular. Why did not Jehovah plant the Jewish institutes on the steppes of Asia, and unfold the diviner splendors of Christianity in the central soli- tudes of America! The omnipotent and omniscient God is the last to waste his strength or misemploy his wisdom in acts which are incompatible with the highest good of the greatest number of his creatures. The order of his government, and the disbursement of his resources, are especially de- signed to teach us the grace of common sense, so that, while we devoutly implore heavenly assistance, we may discreetly husband Its earthly use. The celestial guide which rose on the view of the wise men in the east, led them westward towards the sea, and has ever since been the pole-star of human progress. Civilization has always moved u o’er the western main,” while Commerce has been its chief instrument aad perpetual channel. The grandest throne of power is water, not land. The banner nation of the world, whose ascendency is most pervading and complete, is the one in whose hand lies the scepter of the seas. AH civilized people have ever lived where great rivers formed free avenues to thought, and the grandeur of oceans was at once the field and nutriment of national power. There is no wealth, material, mental, or moral, that is not identified with exchange. Without diversity, there can be no development ; and out of the widest difference, the highest and most harmonious unity is a natural result. This Is made legitimate by the law of God, instances of which appear at every advance of human progress. All the active races of antiquity occupied the shores of the Mediterranean. Its maritime climate, blending oceanic softness with continental rigor, teemed with the densest and most diversified population. Cities studded its coasts ; fleets plowed its billows ; mental and commercial wealth coursed along its mirror of all grandeur for ages, when as yet the pagan Olympus reflected in its depths, and the goddess of beauty emerging therefrom, were the only faith and hope those vast multitudes enjoyed. But a new era dawned with a splendor that eclipsed mythologic fables and Jewish traditions. At the eastern extremity of this central sea, at an equal distance from the three con- tinents, and in the exact center of the known world, God raised the sub- limest curtain of his purpose, and unfolded the glory of redemption. The promised land was first selected as the sanctuary of religious truth during the reign of polytheism, and as the theater for the preliminary wonders of salvation, in order to prepare its way from afar among men, and subordinate to its service the most intellectual and active influences of which history preserves a memorial, and mankind has enjoyed the fruits. God and the whole destinies of nations are sometimes most manifestly on Digitized by Google The Divine Use of Commerce *« board a single ship, struggling with adverse elements far out on the deep. Take a well-known illustration. About thirty years after the ascension of Christ, a vessel from the east came into the harbor of Syracuse, and, after a delay of three days, proceeded towards the great western port of her desti- nation. Suppose there had been at that time an enterprising commercial journal published at Puteoli. Suppose a news- boat were kept on the look- out, and a telegraph from Rhegium, the southern city of the peninsula, transmitted every arrival to the editor’s chair. Word comes, is put on the exchange bulletin and published to the common eye : “ Ship Castor and Pollux, from Alexandria, Captain Zebulon, is coming up, with a cargo of wheat consigned to Barter, Gain, and Co., of this city, and lot of prisoners under Colonel Julius, bound to the imperial dungeons of Rome.” Probably there might have been a little talk abbut the wheat in the Mark Lane of that day, but who reflected on the real import of that simple and common-place dis- patch ? Who had the profound sagacity to see concentrated in that single, transient craft, the wealth of Africa, genius of Asia, and power of Europe I In that hold lay the sifted treasure of the primitive university and granary of nations ; every seed of which, to the end of the earth, is predestined to spring with a potency and productiveness that will shake like Lebanon. That citizen of Tarsus, the central city of the central continent, with fetters now corroding his flesh and eating like aspics to his soul, has absorbed into his magnificent nature the solidity of the north and the splendor of the south ; a sea of glass mingled with fire ; all treasures that genius can create or industry acquire ; with the superaddition of that infinite superiority which grace alone confers ; and all this aggregate of mental and spiritual endow- ment he bears in bonds to the throne of the Cesars, that thence he may rend the chains of the world. Each separate link wet with his tears or tinged with his blood, like the iron that pierced his Lord, scattered in frag- ments by the outburst of latent divinity, shall give hope to the despairing everywhere, the highest freedom to both faculty and limb. European power has its fitting representative in the centurion, first cowering in the storm and finding safety in the wisdom and forbearance of the piety it persecutes, and then, perchance, exulting in the arbitrary might of martial force, by which another victim is added to the lust of dominion and the pride of kings. Christianity came to Rome at the auspicious hour, when all antecedent powers had been wrought into effective instrumentalities for the widest and most rapid diffusion of the gospel. With pickax and spade, her legions had been toiling for centuries to construct spacious roads, by means of which apostles might compass the ends of the earth. Whatever may be the selfish aim of man, his skill and power are predestined perpetually to construct improved supports to the weary wings of the heavenly dove, as she speeds /rom shore to shore with the tidings of love and peace. She was first pulled in at the window of the ark, because that craft admitted no other rest ; but the ships Solomon laid under contribution to religious purposes were differently rigged, and the celestial emblem voyaged at mast-head. Ia modern times, Providence evermore simplifies natural elements, and recom- bines their potencies in almost supernatural energy, so as to send the sanc- tuary of all ennobling influence, “ tramp, tramp, along the earth, splash, splash, across the sea and that dove, quickened and fortified by the contact, files, as the lightning darts, from clime to clime. Look at the seat of this society, its surrounding facilities, sublime duties, and cheering results. Old Johnny, the Britisher, had a pretty respectable Digitized by v^oosle The Divine Uee of Commerce. 37 ion, called “Jonathan America.” At what time, and for what “manifest destiny ” was this youngster born ? A few facts connected with our own history will yet further illustrate the divine use of Commerce. The tide of civilization bad flowed from the Euphrates to the Thames, ac- cumulating all diverse elements as it swept from clime to clime, from sea to ocean, a mighty amalgam, to be recompounded on a yet remoter and grander field, for a su Winner use. On the 13th of May, 1607, an English colony was planted at Jamestown, Virginia. These were aristocratic Cava- liers, sent out under the auspices of a decorated knight. Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1620, a colony of democratic Roundheads, lead by a parson, also departed for the new world, and in the north, like their predecessors of the south, found a domain well fitted for their use. Neither as the special paradise of dignified laziness, nor as the asylum of privileged bigotry, had God made this continent In 1609, Hendrick Hudson, an Anglo-Dutchman, in the service of the East India Company of Holland, sailed from the Texel for the discovery of the noith-west passage to India, and landed on the North River Flats, a long way above Manhattan Island. This grand blunder won from the Statea general a patent for the exclusive trade of the Hudson, and in 1621 this metropolis of New-Netherlands was built About the time Hans Hendrick accomplished his commission so well, the London Company di- rected their chief to explore some stream running from the north-west, for the purpose of finding a passage to the Pacific Ocean. Accordingly, Ad- miral John Smith the first sailed up the Chickabominy as far as he could in flat-boats, and rau into a nest of Indians, who did themselves the pleasure to kill and scalp the whole expedition, save the immortal John, and would have served him ditto, but for the tender mercies of Her Royal Highness, Mademoiselle de Pocahontas. Never mind ; sublime purposes are struggling into fulfillment A succession of colonies are planted, national independence is declared, and both civil and religious freedom are won. Now we behold the ultimate design of Providence more clearly unfolding. The chivalrous •oath and puritanic north have sprung into the matured development of hereditary character and local prepossession. From the first, and alwajrs, they are antagonistic in spirit and pursuit Bring an ultra Northener, with his one idea, and an ultra Southerner, with his one idea, suddenly together, with no mitigating conservatism between, and they instantly explode, to the great damage of contemptible littleness on both sides. But the Dutchman has vie inertia enough in his make to moderate anything ; and Infinite Wis- dom put him at the outset in exactly the ri^ht situation to the primitive elements and proepect;ve relations of all this mighty land and conglomerated population. The Hollanders were the pioneers and masters of Commerce on every ocean ; and the emporium of trade they founded on our shore, God designed to become the center of all commercial enterprises amongst mankind. The third President of the United States, perhaps least solicitous in be- half of maritime prosperity, did most to promote it. Mainly by his influ- ence, Louisiana was purchased, and thus we came in possession of the Mis- sissippi, with its myriad tributaries. Simultaneously with this, an anomalous rraft moves out amidst distrust and jeers from the foot of Courtlandt-street, to find its strange way against wind and tide, impelled by a momentum hitherto impracticable or unknown. Why the steamboat at this time, and m this place ? Young and feeble as is our trade, we own more inland navi- gation than all the world besides, and divinely directed genius has given ua Digitized by v^.ooQle 38 The Divine Use of Commerce , at the right moment the mighty instrument of aggrandizement we moet of all need. These rivers of God, rendered fruitful by Fulton’s creation, shall accumulate our greatest wealth, and guaranty our firmest liberties. The little North and the little South may prate in vain ; for when their impotent impertinence demands, “Shall we rend this national compact!” a power in- finitely grander and more conservative than they, the great West, towers like a Colossus amidst pigmies, and exclaims in thunder, “ No ! you shall not divide the Union !” Every puff of the tiniest engiue that winds its way to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, answers to the merry cry of seamen weighing anchor on board the hugest craft at New Orleans or New York, “No you shall not break a single strand of the triple cable of patriotism, religion, and Commerce, destined to bind all America in one grand brother- hood !” The exact middle of the nineteenth century arrives, and finds two start- ling and significant events transpiring at the same moment. The first is a thrilling cry from the far-off Pacific, resounding everywhere, “ Gold, gold !” Why then, and in that particular region ! Because the old antagonists, Feudalism and Freedom, are in the arena, hot for the fight, and portentous clouds darken the scene. Most opportunely, that which for six thousand years has been kept hid, is suddenly revealed. The combatants are charmed into peace, or disertated by spectators. The Anglo Sco tchico- Irish ico-French- ico, Dutchico-Americans, who will go to the mouth of the cannon, or the mouth of hell, any time, for a dollar, rush after the glittering prize, and in self-defense plant free institutions on the Pacific, as on the Atlantic coast Thus will they make the mightiest mountain terrace of our continent the well-proportioned pedestal to Liberty’s central altar for all mankind. The other fact to which we alluded was, that, just preceding this new outbreak of emigration, one who for many years has been identified with Fulton’s invention and sphere, laid the keel of the first successful steamship ever registered in this port. She was not dispatched for Havre, or Bremen, or Liverpool, but for New Orleans. Why ? Because the “ Crescent City ” was predestined to form the first link in the most stupendous chain of Com- merce under heaven. Where is the mind capacious enough, and armed with prophetical audacity enough, to conceive and announce tne magnitude of Western trade in America, as it shall swell and waff towards its first home and latest seat of predominant power, New York ? But the past is a warning as well as incentive. The republic of Venice built itself upon maritime prosperity, grew rich, forgot God, and perished. Italy refused to use the priceless treasure of heavenly truth as its Author re- quires, and her wharves, like her altars, are rottenness only. The Spanish Peninsula imitated the fatal example, and her national power sank like lead in the deep with the shattered Armada. The supreme sway of the seas passed into the hands of England the very year her sons first settled in America. Since then, filial emulation has fully shared that glorious supre- macy ; and now the w*,rd of God and the welfare of nations is intrusted entirely to the devoyt fidelity of those speaking our mother- tongue, and swaying almost the entire tonnage of the world. Let us fear lest Tyre shall be at once our type and history. If we are loyal to our Maker, our growth can never outrun our stability; but if we are recreant to our highest duty, prosperity will surely become our speedy ruin. Digitized by v^.ooQle Coffee, and the Coffee Trade . 39 Art. If. — COFFEE, AND THE COFFEE TIADE.* The Coffee- Tree or Coffea Arabica is an evergreen shrub, with oblong pulpy berries, which are first of a bright red, but afterwards become pur- ple. It is stated by Niebuhr to have been brought from Abyssinia, to Ye- men by the Arabs, from a country similar to their own plains and moun- tains. By that people it has for ages been cultivated in the hilly range of Jabal, in a healthy temperate climate, watered by frequent rains, and abound- ing in wells and water-tanks. A combination of circumstances seems to hvor the cultivation of coffee in Arabia, which can hardly be attained else- where. Frequent rains, and a pure and cloudless sky causing an almost un- interrupted flood of light, communicate an excessive stimulus to all the func- tions of vegetation, and are causes of the perfect elaboration of those deli- eats principles on which the aroma of the coffee is dependent. The seed consists of much horny albumen and a peculiar principle or al- kaloid, termed cafeine , which is identical with the active principle of tea, theine, as well as with paraguaine , the alkaloid of the Paraguay Tea. The teed is used in a raw state in medicine ; but when roasted, it forms the well-known coffee of Commerce. The coffee-plant begins to produce fruit when two or twaand-a-half years old ; but the quality of the seeds from young stems is not so good as that from stems four or five years old. The size and color of the bean (as the inner part of the seed is called) vary con- siderably, those from the West Indies being larger than those from the East. Much more depends upon the manner of roasting and making the coffee than upon the quality of the bean. The superiority of French coffee, in the preparation of which little or no Mocha coffee is used, proves this position. The taste of raw coffee is somewhat sweetish ; but the application of beat in the process of roasting produces important changes. The bean increases to nearly twice the original size, while it loses about a third of its weight: a powerful and agreeable odor is evolved, and a large quantity of empyreu- matic oil, which appears in small drops on the surface, is formed along with a bitter principle, probably by an alteration in the cafeine and of the sac- charine matter. The roasting should take place in a close revolving iron cyl- inder, over a clear but moderate fire, and should not be carried too far : when the beans have acquired a light chestnut color, the roasting should be dis- continued. The beans are then to be cooled quickly by being tossed up into the air, and the grinding, or rather rough pounding, should be performed in * covered mortar or mill. The drink should be prepared from it as soon as possible, by infusion, which is preferable, unless some apparatus be employed by which a kind of decoction is made in a close vehsel. About balf an ounce of coffee-powder should be used for every eight ounces (half a pint) of water. In Britain the roasting is generally carried too far ; and the sub- sequent partsof the process, instead of being performed immediately, are often postponed for days or even weeks, by which the aroma is dissipated ; when made, the liquid is generally deficient in strength and clearness. The employment of white of egg or fish-skin to clarify is decidedly objectionable : dearness is thus purchased, but at the expense of the strength. * For articles on thb subject eea Merchants* Magaiine for July and August, 1850, (sol. xxtiK, pages 5® sod 171,) also the number for December, 1851, (toLxxt., page 090, fee.) For statistics of Imports sad sports ms * Coffee,” In index of each volume. Digitized by v^.ooQle 40 Coffee , and the Coffee Trade. It was an endeavor to establish an impr oved mode of roasting coffee that led to the death of Mr. Dakin, of London in 1848. His plan consisted in placing the coffee in a cylinder lined with silver, and in inclosing this cylin- der within a cellular steam oven, or cylinder, patented by other parties. The heat attained within the oven was very great, and the metal of the oven was not sound enough to resist its action ; an explosion ensued, with a fatal result. The silver or silvered cylinder was an intended means of retaining the fine qualities of the coffee, without acquiring any defective qualities during the roasting. The addition of milk (which should always be hot) and of sugar high ten the nourishing qualities of coffee, and in the morning render it a more sub- stantial article for breakfast. When taken after dinner to promote digestion, it should be without milk, and, where the palate can be reconciled to it, without sugar. The coffee- trade has been wholly created since the beginning of the eigh- teenth century. Nearly all the coffee which now comes to Europe is the produce of trees propagated from a single plant, which, having been raised from seed procured from Mocha in Arabia, by Van Hoorn, governor of Batavia, was sent by him to the Botanical Garden at Amsterdam, and the progeny of which was, in the year 1718, twenty years after its reception from Java, sent to Surinam. The coffee imported into England in 1849, amounted to the following quantities : — British 40,884,630 pounds. Foreign *2,986,876 44 63,820,606 pounds. Of this quantity nearly 37,000,000 lbs., were brought from Ceylon alone.* The rapid increase of of the quantity of coffee produced in the Brazils is expressed in the following table, compiled by the Brazilian Consul General PRODUCTION or corns IN THE BRAZIL8. Bags. Arrobas. Pounds. 1820 95,700 478,500 16,312,000 1825 182,710 912,550 29.201,600 1880 891,785 1,958,925 62,685,600 1835 627.165 8,135 825 100,846,400 1840 1,068,805 5,819,005 170,208.800 1850- 51 1,897,231 9,486,155 803,656,960 1851- 62 estimate 1,700,060 8,600,000 272,000,000 It would seem, from this table, that the production of coffee in Brazil doubled every five year? up to 1840, since when it has increased 80 per cent. The increase since 1835 has been 200 million pounds, and of that increase, the United States have taken one-half. The following table shows the quantity annually imported into the United States from the four leading countries of production, and also the whole quantity imported into the Union during the past 18 years : — * Knight1! Cyclopedia. Digitized by v^.ooQle Coffee, and the Coffee Trade . 41 IMPOST OF POUXDS OF OOFFTS INTO THE UNITED STATES. im.... Brazil. Cuba. St. Domingo. Java. Total. 26,671.868 19,686,457 15,141,779 6,807,186 80.153,866 1836 86,774,876 29,373,675 19,276,290 4,728,890 103,199,677 1886 46,840,219 17,860,736 11,772,064 8,850,658 103,'’ 90,607 18S7 83,906,236 29,503,558 9,252,636 1,779,819 88,140.403 1888 ... 27,411,986 88.061,651 11,375,850 2,423,277 88,130,720 1839 48,694,294 26,181,489 9,726,496 6,628,348 106,696.992 1840 47,412,766 25,331,868 9,153,524 4,343,264 94.996 096 1841.... 69,675,722 17,198,573 12,647,791 6,794.702 114,948.783 1842. . . . 61,248,942 14,321,458 11,530,102 9,781,418 112,764.635 1848 49,516,666 16,611,287 10,811,288 1,638.807 92 296,660 1844.... 95.291,484 18,628.875 20,781.461 8,740,841 168.332.111 1846.... 78,558,616 1,157,794 13,090,359 8,926,716 108.133.869 1846.... 97,353,697 2,326,497 12,734,758 2,819,411 182,812,784 1847.... 94.916,629 6,673,479 19.086,277 17,819,346 156.716.575 1848 110,927,284 2,258,710 16,990,976 8,037,377 150,569,138 1849.... 122,581,183 4,000,986 13,384,474 4,208,078 165,384.700 I860.... 90,819,511 8,740,808 19,440,985 6,146,964 144.986896 1861.... 107,578,257 8,099,084 13,205,766 2,423,968 162,463,617 Nearly the whole increase in the import of Brazil coffee Was, it appears, at New Orleans, to supply the Western trade. The import of cuffee from Brazil in 1844 wa9 extraordinary, amounting to nearly half the whole pro- duct of that country. Coffee, up to 1832, paid a duty of 5 per cent; since that year it has been free. The effect of this change is seen in the follow- ing table : — IMPOSTS OF COFFHE INTO THE UNITED STATES, WITH THE EXPORTS AND QUANTITY RETAINED FOE CONSUMPTION, ALSO THE DUTY AND AVERAGE PRICE. Duty Ayr. cost Import Export. Consumption. per lb. per lb. Cents. 1821 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Cents. 21,273.659 9,887,596 1 1,886,068"] 20 1822 ... 25.082,390 7,267,119 18,515,271 | 20 1828 ... 87,337,732 20,900,687 16,437,045 ' 9 20 182* ... 80,224,296 19,427,227 19,707,024 I 20 1825 45.890,620 24,512,668 20,678,0621 17 182# ... 87.819,107 11,684,718 81,784,784 | 11 1827 ... 50,061,986 21,697,789 28,350,197 D 11 1828 65,194,697 16,037,964 89,166,733 9 1829 61,133,538 18,088,843 88,049,695 6 9 1880 61,488,248 13,124,561 88.368,687 2 1881 ... 81,747,886 6.056,629 76.70*, 767 8 1832 ... 91,722,829 66,251,158 40,471,171 * 1 10 1883 ... ... 99.955,020 24,899,114 75,057,9061 10 1834 ... 80,150,865 86,806861 44,846,505 10 1835 103,199,777 11,446,775 91,762.802 10 1836 93.790,507 16,148,207 12.096.332 77.647.300 10 1887 ... 88,140.403 76 044,071 10 1838 ... 88,139,720 6,267,087 82,872,688 9 1839 ... 106,696,992 6 824,476 99,872,633 9 18*0 94,996,095 8,098,834 86,207,761 9 1841 ... 144,987,787 6,784,636 109,200,247 9 184* ... 112,764,635 6,381,068 107.383.667 ► free. 8 1843 ... 82,295,660 6,378.994 85.916.666 18*4 ... 158.332,111 8.620,291 149,711,820 6 1845 ... 108,183,869 13,501.972 94,631,897 6 18*6 132,812,734 8,275.542 124,537,192 6f 18*7 166,716,675 6,888,588 160,382.992 5* 18*8 ... 160,669.138 6,998,088 143,561.050 5# 18*9 ... 166,884,700 14,880,429 150,964,271 H 1850 144.986,895 16.287,499 129,699,396 8 1851 162,468,617 8,618,126 148,920,491 , 8 Digitized by v^oosle 42 Coffee, and the Coffee Trade . The population of the United States in 1840 was, in round numbers, 17 millions. The average consumption for the three years 1839-40-41 waa 98£ millions of pounds, which gave a consumption of 5} pojnds per head. The average for the three years including the census year 1850, was 143 millions of pounds, and the population was 23 millions, which gave a con- sumption of 6J pounds per head. In 1830 the consumption was only 3 pounds per head ; but the price had ruled nearly double what it did in the three years preceding 1850. In 1821 the consumption per head to the inhabitants of the United States was 1 pound 4 ounces. In 1830 the pro- portion had increased to 3 pounds per head, the foreign price having fallen 50 per cent. After the 31st December, 1830, coffee paid 2 cents, and in 1831, 1 cent; after which it was free. The importation in the year 1831 doubled in consequence of the reduced duty, and the consumption per head for the four years ending with 1842 averaged 0 pounds per head, having quadrupled to each inhabitant since 1821. A large proportion of the in- creased consumption, as seen above, is derived from the Brazils ; the effect of the production of which country has been to the price of coffee, what the products of the Southern States have been to that of cotton. From 1820 to 1840, the Brazilian product increased 1,100 per cent, or 155.000. 000 pounds. Ip the same time the consumption in the United States increased 137,000,000 pounds; leaving an increase of 18,000,000 pounds of Rio Coffee, besides the enhanced products of all countries, to sup- ply the increased consumption of England and Europe. The result has been the great diminution in price evinced in the above table. The cost per pound to the consumer was in 1 8dl further reduced by the removal of the duty; that is, the coffee which cost 9 cents in 1830, cost the consumer 10 cents duty and charges. The same coffee now costs 7 cents — a reduction of 9 cents, which has given the spur to the consumption. In England, for- eign coffee paid 16 cents per pound duty, and colonial coffee 8 cents, until 1845, when colonial was reduced to 3d. and foreign to 7d. The consequence i9, that while the United States, with a population of 17,000,000, consumed in 1844, 149,711,820 pounds of coffee, Great Britain, with a population of 27.000. 009, consumed 31,934,000 pounds only, or less than one-fourth the consumption of the United States. In 1851 the figures remained nearly the same, viz: — 148,920,000 pounds in the United States, aud 32,564,000 pounds for Great Britain. Now the effect of this increased consumption of Brazil coffee on the American trade is as follows : — 1834. 184!. 1851. Import of coffee from Brazil lbs. 26,671,808 49,515,666 107,678.267 M “ “ ...value. 12,819,028 $3,892,960 $8,881,105 Export of United States produce to Brazil. . . 1,686,097 2,409,419 3,128,966 This increased export does not appear to suffice for the compensation of the large increase in the value of coffee purchased, and it is time that some movement were made to check English influence in that quarter and in- duce Brazil to place her best coffee customer at least on as favorable foot- ing as others. Considerable ingenuity has been displayed in devising apparatus for pre- paring coffee for the table. The ordinary coffee pot is the plainest and sim- plest of all ; there is no contrivance for filtering the coffee. In Dresden and other parts of Germany, a thick piece of flannel, or some other woven material, is laid in a funnel, the ground coffee is placed on the flannel, and the boiling water Alters through the coffee, the flannel, and the funnel, to a Digitized by Google Coffee, and the Coffee Trade. 43 vessel below — carrying with it the flavor of the coffee without the grounds or sediment. Platow’s Automaton Coffee-Pot has for its object to make coffee in less time and in a better manner than by the ordinary method. The machine consists of two parts. There is at the top a glass vase which screws off and on by means of wooden handles, and is tarnished with a long narrow straight tube, resembling the pipe of a common funnel, and reaching nearly to the bottom of a metallic urn placed beneath the vase. Boiling water is poured into the vase in quantity sufficient for the coffee to be made ; and this is allowed to descend into the urn. The ground coffee is then placed within the vase, on a small perforated silver plate. A lamp containing spirit or naphtha is placed beneath the urn, and in a short time the peculiar action of the apparatus develops itself. The steam formed ou the surface of the water in the urn forces, by its elasticity, the water up the tube into the glass vase ; where it acts upon the coffee in the usual way for extracting the qual- ities of the berry. When the coffee is so far prepared and is required to be Jtnedy the lamp is removed, the formation of steam ceases, a partial vacuum is formed in the urn, and the external atmosphere, pressing on the open vase, presses or strains the coffee, first through the grounds and then through the perforated silver plate, so that it trickles into the urn in the state of a pure bright decoction. It is thus seen that the liquid makes two descents and one ascent between the vase and the urn, during the process. In a cheaper form of the apparatus, a common fire or lamp is used instead of a spirit lamp. A coffee-pot of rather complicated structure was patented by Mr. An- drews of Wolverhampton in 1842. This coffee-pot had no less an adjunct than a small forcing-pump, placed near the handle. The boiling water was poured in the forcing-pump, while the ground coffee was put in a perfor- ated vessel in the middle of the coffee-pot, and the hot water being forced by the pump, was made to saturate the ground coffee in a way which (we presume) was supposed to produce a result adequate to the costliness of tbe apparatus. Waller’s Coffee-Pot, patented in 184*7, differs in many particulars from all tbe others. A horizontal partition, perforated near the center with fine bolei, divides the vessel into two equal chambers ; an open pipe leads nearly from the top of the upper chamber to near the bottom of the lower cham- ber, and another pipe leads from the perforations some way down the lower eharober, with a tap or cock which can be worked by a handle protruding through the side of the coffee-pot. The requisite quantity of water, either hot or ©old, is poured into the upper chamber, and allowed to flow through the perforations and small pipe into the lower chamber ; the ground coffee is placed on the perforated plate, the spout is closed with a cork or plug, and the vessel is plaoed on the fire. As the water becomes heated, the steam generated has no outlet upwards or sideways, and it therefore presses on the water, and forces it up the long pipe, whence it falls into the upper chamber upon the ground coffee. When all the water is thus forced up, the coffee- pot is removed from the fire, the vacuum in the lower chamber is condensed, the plug is removed from the spout, the top of the short pipe is opened, and the water trickles through the ground coffee and through the perforations into the lower vessel imbibing all the soluble and aromatic properties of the coffee as it descends.* * KoighCi Cyolopedis. Digitized by Google 44 Railroads in the Gheat Valley. Art. RAILROADS IN THE GREAT TAILET. The steam borne has commenced his career on the Western plains. For many years he has preferred to follow the small valleys, and wind among the hills of the Atlantic slope, Yentaring first through the Mohawk Gap, and proceeding with cautious movement to the eastern shore of Lake Erie. At long intervals he has also lent his aid to the planter in crossing the pine desert which borders the Southern States. The broad plain embraced by the mountain ranges of the continent and the Gulf of Mexico is now, from one extremity to the other, invoking hia presence. Hitherto, his exploits have been accomplished where natural ob- stacles were most numerous. Hereafter, the chief field of his operations will be in the wide plain of the North American continent, where he may fly along the track from city to city, from lake to lake, and from lake to gulf, without turning to the right or to the left. What a field for his exploits l In extent, numbering square miles by the million ; its present population counting more, by two millions, than all the old States ea3t of the moan* tains, and, within the life-time of persons now living, to number two hun- dred millions. According to a calculation, made with care, it appears that the people living on this plain, within our national limits, in 1850 numbered 12,541,139, counting only those north-westward of the principal range of the Apalachian Mountains. Within the next twenty years this number will swell to twenty-six millions. The Canadas and New Brunswick, within the plain, contain about two millions of people, and within the twenty years will have some four millions. Here will then be thirty millions living on a rich soil, in a variety of climates, embracing an abundant supply of mineral and vegetable riches, to be exchanged with each other and with neighboring communities. During the last twenty years railroads have increased in the United States from 170 miles in 1832, to nearly 12,000 miles in 1852. Their extent, at the end of the twenty years to come, cannot safely be pre- dicted. That it will exceed fifty thousand miles is quite probable. It may be well to consider what routes occupied, partly occupied, and yet undeter- mined, promise greatest utility to stockholders and the public. To this con- sideration should be brought a good knowledge of the topography of the country, with some familiarity with the course of trade, and the capabilities of the various sections to furnish traffic to railroad lines. There are some routes so strongly marked that one needs only a tolerable knowledge of the geography of the country to point to them on the map with almost unerring certainty. One of these is that which connects Buffalo and Albany. It occupies the only gate-way through the Apalachian moun- tains, except the comparatively unimportant one by Lake Champlain. In- deed, the valleys of the Mohawk and Lake Champlain furnish a passage-way between the two sides of our Atlantic system of mountains, that no other routes can safely attempt a rivalry, except at a great distance. By railroads from Oswego and Buffalo to Albany and Troy, the railroad traffic of four millions of people on the Atlantic slope will be exchanged for that of some six millions north-west of the mountains. All the other roads, connecting and to connect the West and East, necessarily encounter numerous compar- atively high grades and many curves, making their distance practically greater between New York and the heart of the West, than the level route through, central New York. The routes over the mountains to Philadel- Digitized by foozle Railroads in the Great Valley . 45 phis, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Wilmington, Charleston, and Sa- vannah, may divide among them the business of some four or five millions living in the western valley. Those leading to Philadelphia and Baltimore will naturally draw most of this business, because they are large cities ; and •till more, perhaps, because they are on the road to New York and the Eastern States. These routes, already occupied, are mentioned in this con* nection because they necessarily give direction to the railroads making, and to be made, in the West, with a view to Eastern traffic. It seems as certain as anything in the future can be that the States north of the Ohio River, together with those west of the Mississippi, north of the latitude of the mouth of the Ohio, will, ultimately, if not immediately, di- rect their railroad lines, made with a view to Eastern business, so as to form the easiest connection with the New York roads . This will give to most of the great lines of this portion of the West a general direction from south- west to north-east. To this there will be an important extension of all that portion which is north of the latitude of the southerly bend of Lake Michi- gan. The railroads of the peninsula of Michigan, for many years to come, will naturally be directed from all quarters towards Detroit, as a market, a Sof transhipment, and as a passage-way through Canada ; and towards do, as the gate-way to the country south of Lake Erie and to Cincin- nati. Westward of Lake Michigan, the railroads will be directed chiefly towards Chicago, in order to pass the lake for a winter business in the East. Of the routes commenced but not finished, the one most likely to rival in importance that through the Mohawk gap, is that which will occupy, as nearly as practicable, the line of latitude which touches the south shore of Lake Michigan, from the Mississippi to Toledo, and which passes thence east- ward along the south shore of Lake Erie to Buffalo. This necessarily takes an east and west course between the heads of the lakes, and it follows the shore of Lake Erie, because that is the most direct course towards Buffalo, and because the great gathering points of Commerce are on that shore. As a trunk-road for the convergence of business from other roads, and from lakes and canals, it has no rival and can have no equal in the United States. Near the south bend of lake Michigan it must gather in for a passage east- ward all the winter traffic and much of the summer travel and trade of the vast country west of that lake, aided by converging railroads, plank-roads, and the Illinois Canal. On its way from Chicago to Toledo it will receive from the South several tributary roads, bearing produce for shipment down the lakes. One of these is in progress of construction, and two others are being orepared for lettiog. At Toledo it will receive from the North the business of the Southern Michigan Road and a railroad from Detroit, here- after to be made. At the same point it will connect with six hundred and ninety miles of canal and a railroad to St. Louis. This, at some future day, will itself become one of the great trunk-lines of the country. From the South will come in, at Toledo, a railroad form- ing the shortest practicable road between Cincinnati and the navigable wa- ters of Lake Erie. This is progressing northward of Dayton, and may be expected to reach Toledo in two or three years. Proceeding eastward, two railroads, now in operation, come in at Sandusky City — one from Cincinnati, and the other from Zanesville. At Cleveland it is joined by two railroads, branching off to Cincinnati and Pittsburg. Other roads are being made from the forest city, into which, also, flows the Commerce of six hundred miles of artificial navigation. At Erie it is to be met by the Sunbury Rail- Digitized by v^.ooQle Railroad* in the Great Valley. it road, opening a way to Philadelphia and Baltimore. It also connects here with a canal to Pittsburg. At Dunkirk it receives the New York and Erie Railroad ; and, finally, at Buffalo it becomes one with the great Mohawk Valley trunk-line. Taking the whole of this line, from Rock Island, on the Mississippi, to the city of New York, its peer cannot be found in the United States, nor, as it seems to me, in the world. Another trunk-line of some three hundred miles extent, having an east and west course, will connect Cincinnati and St Louis. This is under- stood to be under contract at nine millions of dollars. Two others, one from Memphis, the other from Vicksburg, will connect the South-Western States with the South-Eastern at Charleston and Savannah. The above- mentioned are all the trunk-lines likely to be made, nearly following lines of latitude. The other great trunk-lines of the West will have a general course south- westerly and north-easterly. Many and cogent reasons favor this opinion. Such is the general course of the great rivers east of the Mississippi. The mountain and hill ranges are, of course, in the same direction. The com- mercial and manufacturing States and cities are north-east of the chief com- mercial and manufacturing cities of the great valley. The British Prov- inces and the United Kingdom, with whom is the main portion of the for- eign Commerce of the West, are situated north-easterly of its center of business and population. Whether this foreign Commerce chooses for its channel the St. Lawrence River or the Erie Canal and central New York railroads, the railroads from Nashville, Louisville, Cincinnati, Cairo, and St Louis must reach it in a north-easterly direction. The English and Irish Channels, through which passes the greater part of our Commerce with Europe, are in the same latitude as the main entrance into the Atlantic, from the Gulf of St Lawrence. The course of water transport, from the west end of Lake Erie to the Gulf of St Lawrence, is nearly in the same line as the railroads, which would connect with this wa- ter channel the center of the Mississippi basin, at St. Louis and Cairo. The distance in a straight line from Cairo to Toledo is. miles 488 “ Chicago 835 M “ “ St. Louis to Toledo. 408 « * tt " Chicago 258 It has been stated, as a controlling reason why these railroads should be directed to the south shore of Lake Erie, that they would there enter the best railroad route to New York and the New England States. In summer another motive is added. When navigation is open on the lakes and the Erie Canal, the traffic is floated at so cheap a rate, and in such safety, that, for anything but passengers and light freight of great value, railroads pass- ing in the same direction, or towards the same destination, cannot compete with success. Even for passengers, the proud steamers of the lakes will hold, with their rival carriers of the land, a divided empire. This is espe- cially true where the route by water is not materially longer than by land. That the lake route is preferred to that by the great rivers, in intercourse with the eastern world, and is growing in favor among the travelers of the western valley, is shown by the more rapid extension of lake than of river Commerce. According to a late report of the Secretary of the Treasury made to the Senate, in obedience to its call, the steam tonnage on the up- per lakes has more than quadrupled in eight years, while, on the Mississippi, Digitized by v^.ooQle Railroads in the Great Valley. 4 1 it bad only doubled in nine years. The sailing tonnage on the lakes in- creased in a nearly equal ratio with that of steam. As the steam tonnage of the lakes exceeded that of the Ohio or Mississippi basin, and as the ton- nage of sailing vessels is scarcely less than two-thirds that of steam, it seems certain that the aggregate tonnage of the lakes must now nearly, if not quite, equal that of the western rivers. We hare said that lake navigation was safer than river. According to the document just referred to, the number of persons lost on the lakes du- ring the year ending July 1st, 1851, was sixty-seven, (67,) and on the riv- ers, during the same time, six hundred and twenty-eight, (628.) This com- parison does not tell the whole story ; for while the lake air is proverbially pure and health- giving, no small portion of the river navigation subjects the traveler to fever-engendering malaria. As a water route, therefore, the lakes should be preferred for travel and freighting. This preference, thus shown to be well founded, should be duly appreciated when long and ex- pensive lines of railroad are to be constructed. The great interior commercial centers, in the river portion of the valley, are Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis. Perhaps Cairo may be- come one. Pittsburg holds its communication with the lake region through Cleveland and Erie. Cincinnati has its present railroad connecting with the lakes at Cleveland and Sandusky. To the former the distance is 259 miles, to the latter 219 miles. An air line to Cleveland would measure 220 miles, to Sandusky 184 miles, and to Toledo 180 miles. A near approximation to an air line would be more feasible to Sandusky and Toledo than to Cleve- land, as it would involve less additional cost over the cheapest practicable route. An air line to Detroit, through Toledo, would be 135 miles in length. For passengers between Cincinnati, Erie, and Buffalo, the Cleveland Road will be preferred. For railroad freights the shorter and cheaper lines to Toledo and Sandusky, in summer, will have the preference. The heavy freights, between Cincinnati and Lake Erie, will, of course, pass by canal, to and from Toledo. The cost of a railroad between these ports will be lea, by some 25 per cent, than the Sandusky Road, owing to its having been a pioneer road, paying more for iron, ness of the region it traverses, nor its railroad connec- tions, are equal to those of the Cincinnati line. It has, besides, the disad- vantage of reaching Lake Michigan at a point from which, in the transaction of its eastern business, a navigation of more than 700 miles must be per- formed in order to meet the advanced position on Lake Erie which the Cin- cinnati line first reaches. This will be a cheap navigation, but it will cost something, and in spring and fall will call for a heavy rate of insurance. The Cincinnati line will have the advantage, too, in its connection with the railroads leading from Nashville to Charleston and Savannah. The time seems distant, if it shall ever arrive, when any other route between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico will take precedence of that through Cincinnati. The Cairo line, commencing at New Orleans and passing through Jackson, would have the advantage of the railroad business of the river towns, Vicks- burg, Memphis, &c., and, by taking a course from Cairo through Indianap- olis to Toledo, reach Lake Erie by a line only 100 miles longer than that to Chicago. Another trunk line, destined to a high rank, is that which is to connect St. Louis, the city of the Mississippi, with Lake Erie, at Toledo. Its length by an air line would be 408 miles, and by the most profitable route need not exceed 430 miles. It would pass over the lowest summit level between the upper lakes and the river valley, with the exception of that near Chi- cago. The summit at Fort Wayne is less than two hundred feet above the lakn, and, practically, the whole route may be considered horizontal. It passes along the richest river valleys that can be united in one line between the great lakes and rivers; and its course is right for the most direct inter- course between the northern Atlantic States, Canada, and Europe, and the center of the great valley. For heavy freight, it could not compete success- fully with the route from St. Louis, by way of Illinois River and Canal. The distance by the two routes to Lake Erie would compare as follows : — From St Louis to Lake Erie by railroad miles 430 via Toledo. 44 “ u by rivers, canals, and lakes 1,067 via Chicago. “ * “ by railroad and lakes 970 via Chicago. For passengers and freight of high value in proportion to weight, the di- rect route would be preferred in summer, and would monopolize the busi- ness in winter. At St Louis and Toledo, the extent of navigation it would connect would be great, and the railroads it would meet extensive. This is | to be one of thousands, the way business of which is sure to pay a fair divi- j dend from the start, and the termini of which are, by nature and art, the i greatest gathering points of Commerce, by water and by land, which can anywhere be found. Another very important trunk-road, between St. Louis and Cleveland, passing through Vandalia, Terre Haute, Indianapolis, Sydney, Marion, and l Digitized by Google Railroads in the Great Valley. 4$ Shelby, is in the same general direction, and it cannot fail to transact a large through passenger business and a wav traffic that would of itself give it a liberal support. Eastern freights on that portion of this road west of Belle- fountain, destined for water transport, will find their cheapest route by way of Toledo and Sandusky. Several of the trunk-lines herein mentioned will be continued west of the Mississippi. At least 'two important lines will be occupied from St. Louis — one in a north-westerly direction to Jefferson City and Independence, and the other south-westerly into Arkansas. From Hannibal and Davenport, on the Upper Mississippi, roads westward to the Missouri River are in contem- plation. The former will connect with a line through Springfield, in Illinois, to Lafayette, Iowa, and the latter with the Rock Island Road to Chicago. A trunk-line of great importance will be that which, as a continuation of the roads which gather from the West and South-West at the head of Lake Erie, takes its course north of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and so on down the St. Iawrence to Quebec, and thence to Halifax. The various links of which it is composed will probably be constructed within the next five years. Thia will be a rival line to those by New York and Boston for the travel between Europe and the great valley. The foregoing seem to be the leading routes along which the most pro- fitable railroads of the great plain will be operated. They will be the main fines on which, within twenty years, the thirty millions of the plain will carry on their traffic with each other, with some fifteen millions on the At- lantic border, and the land portion of their Commerce with foreign nations. At how small a cost per mile they may be built and operated, compared with the railroads of Great Britain and the Eastern States, is worthy of special note. The average cost in Great Britain has been about $170,000 per mile. Mr. Derby, last year, made the average cost of all the railroads m the United States a fraction less than $30,000 per mile. According to a tabular statement of this Magazine, (vol. xxv., p. 121,) the cost in Rhode Is- land was upwards of $52,000 per mile; in Massachusetts, $45,433 ; in Penn- sylvania, $40,578; in Mwyland, $36,250; in New York, $36,861 ; in Ver* mont, $35,367; in Connecticut, $31,757 ; in New Hampshire, $30,618; in Maine, $26,338; in South Carolina, $24,807; and in New Jersey, $24,490. In all the other States the cost has been less than $20,000 per mile. Some of these have not been thoroughly built, and are, therefore, no cri- terion of the cost of roads of the best construction. Improvements in su- perstructure, and reduced price of rails, enable companies at the present time to build at less than heretofore. The railroads now in operation in the West have cost from $14,000 to $20,000 per mile. One of the best, the Cleveland and Columbus, cost $18,244. It could now be made as well for about $15,000. A railroad eastward of Fort Wayne, la., upwards of 130 miles long, is understood to have been let to responsible contractors, to be made and fin- ished for the running of the engine, including equipage, engine-houses, and stations, at $12,000 the mile. Several of the trunk-roads before mentioned, with iron at present prices, could be built in the best manner for $15,000 the mile. That from St. Louis to Toledo could be made deviating but slightly from a straight line, and with a profile as nearly horizontal as could be desired. It could probably be prepared for business for six millions. If any one thinks stock in this road would not be better than in a quartz mi- ning company of California, we are not of his opinion. VOL. xxvu. — no. l 4 Digitized by v^oosle BaUroads in the Great Valley. M The ability of western railroads to pay their ownere a large profit has been folly proved. It is but a short time since the first railroad west of Pennsylvania, laid with a T rail, was brought into use. The Madison and Indianapolis, though not one of the great routes, paid during its last fiscal year 10 per cent dividend, after setting aside $100,000 surplus for perma- nent improvement of the road. It is well known that the Central and Southern Michigan Roads have paid well, although the* former cost too much, and the latter has but reoeutJy had its chief portion laid with a T rail. Neither has had the advantage of any eastern or western connection with other roads. The Cleveland and Columbus Railroad has much exceeded the expecta- tions of its sanguine friends in the amount of business it has commanded, and the profits it has been able to divide. The same remarks are applicable, in a degree, to the Little Miami and Mad River Roads. No well constructed and well managed western road has foiled to yield a large income. Such being the result, in the infancy of the country, and without a connection with the eastern system of railroads, what may we not reasonably expect when the population shall be trebled, their economical resources quadrupled, and connections formed with other lines east, west, north, and south ; aU which may be relied on to come to pass within twenty years. The trunk-roads of the plain will possess an advantage over those in a country of hills and ridges, in the feasibility of making branch roads in any direction which the local wants of villages may require: They will, also, be much aided by plank-roads which, in the wooded country, are being made from nearly every considerable village, and from the more important prairy towns. The great plain is provided by nature, in her rivers and lakes, with navi- gable waters, in length of shores to be counted by tens of thousands of pules. Within twenty years more than ten thousand miles of railroad, and double that extent of plank-roads, will connect its various parts. From mountain to mountain, and from lake to gulf^ in a web that will embrace the whole surface, telegraph wires will exchange thoughts, giving to the en- tire population of 30,000,000 a community of ideas and interests which must soon mold them into a decided homogeneousness of character. By means of the St Lawrence waters, improved for the passage of large qea-going vessels to the upper lakes, a direct ocean Commerce will be estab- lished ; and, by the Mississippi, ocean steamers will visit Cincinnati, Louis- prille, Cairo, and St. Louis. Twenty years soon pass away — but their effects on the beautiful plain, magical, as from the rapidity with which they are evolved, they may seem, will last forever. Before its last lustrum shall be entered upon, the delusion, so hugged in the Atlantic cities, that with them is to remain the empire of Commerce for this continent, will, to eyes that ere open, be clearly visible. , How rapid is the transition ! It seems but yesterday, when, to be car- pied 60 miles through the long day and night, seemed a great advance on the earlier means of western travel. A few short years will enable men living on the great lakes and the Mexican Gulf to meet each other by the light of the same day, on the morning of which they leave their respective homes. Four-fifths of the dwellers of the plain, when the lines of railroad vow commenced shall be completed, with their tributaries of rail and plank- rvads, will be able to meet each other in some central place, with the travel of one day; and half of them may have ample time for coming together "from rise of mom to set of sun.” The people of the Rocky Mountains Digitized by Google Protection vs. Free Trade, , 61 may exchange salutations with their neighbors of the Alleghanies on the second day of their journey towards each other. Who can doubt that rail- roads and telegraphs will make us on6 country in heart as in government ; and that the great plain, already preponderating in population, will fix within her bosom, during the present century, the great seats of Commerce and power of the nation. J. w. s. Art. TI. — PROTECTION yi. FREE TRADE. THE LAW OF PROGRESS IN THE RELATIONS 07 CAPITAL AND LABOR. F&kbman Hunt, EsqM Editor Merchant Magazine : — Sir : — In the article of Professor Smith in the Merchants' Magazine for January, 1852, he appears somewhat discontented that the discussion be- tween him and myself has not been carried on under a correct title. He has, however, no one to thank but himself for this circumstance ; for it arose out of his Quixotic attempt, at all hazards, to defend Mr. Carey’s theory of political economy, even if he broke in unceremoniously upon the discussion of another subject, in which Mr. Carey’s views were only incidentally men- tioned. For my part, I have no objection to any title which he may please to give it, or to any issue which he may wish to make. He will be aware before this reaches him, that I have instinctively followed the course which he has pointed out, though it is that which he has not very concisely fol- lowed himself. Having got thus far, I am rather at a loss to proceed, for the Professor appears something like as a man in the bush, who, being without a compass, has lost his way, and therefore goes round and round, until he comes again to the spot from whence he started. I am also fearful that I may fall into the same track, for, having given up all idea that the Pro- fessor would make any further remarks upon my last, I transmitted to you, several weeks since, a rejoinder, of which I have not a correct copy, and therefore such a circumstance is very probable. But to the subject. The first and second pages appear to be quite irrel- evant to the point at issue, and can only have been written to lead the mind of the reader from the real question. We are not at issue upon the in- creasing facilities of the production of manufactures, nor upon the decreasing price of such articles : these are two points upon which we perfectly agree. On the third page I find the following : “ R. S., and those who think with him, will not admit the supposition, that the total product is not increased, by at least a sufficient per centage to pay the increased proportion going to labor, without impairing the remainder belonging to profit. To establish this would be to prove that, in the progress of society, labor is devouring capital.” Now this does not appear to me very intelligible at first sight, and I am not certain that I understand it, or even that the Professor himself is aware of its purport. Now, if we will not admit, “ that the total product is not increased,” Ac., we must hold to the contrary, but this would have precisely the opposite effect, to that which the Professor states. The remu- neration of labor being increased, while the profit on capital remained the same, labor would obtain all the advantage, without devouring the capital, But this would be equally fatal to the Carey theory, because the rate of profit is known to decrease in all countries, and therefore no accumulations Digitized by v^oosle *2 Protection vs . Free Trade . could take place, except from the savings of labor ; and no increased portion could accrue to the capitalist as taught by Mr. Carey. Neither Ricardo nor McCulloch saw clearly the operation *of the principle of rent, or they could not have supposed that profits could have been kept intact merely by keep- ing the rate of wages down. For if we were to concede the Carey theory, that the most productive soils are last cultivated, the increased production arising from that circumstance could avail nothing against the extra expense of carrying the products two or three thousand miles, and of replacing the fertility of the soil, constantly abstracted by the increase of population ; and therefore from these two circumstances a constantly increasing amount of labor is required, to bring the same relative amount of necessaries to the point of consumption. When the lowest kind of labor has been brought to that point of remuneration at which nature refuses to increase the number of that class, by its own propagation, the encroachment of rent continues, by the increase and competition of the other classes of society, until the rate of profit reaches that point at which further accumulation becomes impossible ; and if population still continues to increase, capital must be consumed. We may be satisfied of this, by observing the continued decrease of the rate of profit in England, as well as the continued and increasing amount of emigration. While upon this point I must be excused for referring again to the Professor’s article of November, in reference to Mr. Porter’s statistics. He says : w In order to give their proper weight to the facts collected by Mr. Porter, we ought to take into account the population of the British islands at the periods to which they relate. Thus, between 1812 and 1848 the population increased about 50 per cent : according to the theoiy of Maltbus and R. 8., the number of persons having incomes between £150 and £500 ought to have increased in a lower ratio, but, in point, of fact, it has increased threefold. There ought to have been less than 46.000 of them, while there were 91,101, or twice as many as the law of the English economists allows.” Now I am not aware, that the English economists have laid down any law by which the relative increase of population and income should be reg- ulated, but I think the more we study these statistics the more we shall fi® satisfied that they thoroughly accord with the Malthusian and Ricardo doc- trine. It is true that an idea had got abroad that, relative to population, England was decreasing in wealth, no doubt from the writings of the “Anti-ComrLaw League,” and the serious decrease in the revenue; and still this may be the fact, Mr. Porter’s statistics notwithstanding. Mr. Porter has, however, proved, that the income of a very small portion of the population has increased, but the increase of that income is “ very nearly threefold greater than the increase during the same period, of that portion of the population of the United Kingdom subject to the income tax.” The statement is, that there are 91,101 individuals — of course including clergymen, lawyers, merchants, tradesmen, confidential clerks, agents, en- gineers, professional men of all descriptions, public servants, landowners and fundholders, and skilled mechanics, whose incomes are between fifteen dollars a week and fifty — while the whole of the upper and middle classes include only 109,000 persons — something 'over one three-hundredth part of the whole population. After all, this is no proof that the wealth of Eng- land has materially increased ; there are the 299 individuals to each one of the hundred thousand, whose wealth or income, according to Lord John Digitized by foozle The Law of Progreee in the Relatione of Capital and Labor . 58 Russell and the “ Commissioners of Inquiry” have been diminished, which would allow a pretty good margin for accumulation, without any absolute in- crease of capital. At any rate it is a startling fact disclosed by these statis- tics, that all the appendages of wealth and luxury are enjoyed — everything beyond the mere necessaries of life, by one three-hundredth part of the pop- ulation of Great Britain. We cannot forget in the meantime, that the number of landowners has decreased, from two hundred and forty to thirty thousand, and that the late Sir Robert Peel was obliged to lay a tax on property and income to maintain the revenue. Verily the Professor’s “law of progress” works slowly in England, and probably he will admit that cir- cumstances alter cases, that the law works in an inverse ratio — the many grow poor while the few growrich. But I must return to the third page of the January article, from which I take the following: “If the theory of R. S. is correct — if capital has been gaining power at the expense of labor, aod that in virtue of a permanent law, which must continue to operate in the future as in the past — then it is clear, that a duplication of real wages must have been and must ever be accompanied by more than a duplication of profits. If it were not, profits would recede relatively to wages, and our case would be made out. If it were, then the increase of wages and and the still greater increase of profits must be attended by a diminution of the share of products going to rent, which is equally fatal to the Malthusian hypothesis. The conclusion is to be avoided only by supposing the increase of production sufficiently large to cover a duplication and more than a dupli- cation of rent, after satisfying the double demand of labor and the more than double demand of capital. All this, too, be it remembered, with a re- duction in the cost of commodities to the consumer of more than fifty per cent.” The whole of this paragraph is a mass of mere sophistry, a tissue of mis- representation and false reasoning. In the first place no one has said, “ that capital lias been gaining power at the expense of labor, in virtue of a per- manent law, which must continue to operate in the future as in the past.” The law laid down by Ricardo and others with respect to wages, may be stated as follows: the wages of common labor must always recede to the amount required to command the absolute necessaries of life; and when the price of necessaries permanently rises the money rate of wages must also rise, to cover the extra cost, or the laborers must dimiuish in number, until an equilibrium is produced, either by an increase of the rate of wages or a decrease in the price of necessaries. When labor is mixed with capital, as it is in the c-ise of skilled labor, notwithstanding this circumstance it most to a considerable extent follow the same law ; especially where the amount of capital required to learn the trade or profession is small. There- fore all the simpler operations of manufacturing industry may be classed in this category. The Professor speaks in the latter part of the sentence I have referred to, as though any one besides himself had supposed, or hinted, that a duplication of real wages had at any time taken place since the fall of Adam. It may be admitted, that in most cases of the invention or im- provement of machinery, the workmen have to some extent shared in the extra amount of profit produced by those inventions ; but when the monop- oly of the invention ceases, wages always come down to the common level. And as improvements in machinery are more effective for the production of manufactures than for food and raw material, the manufacturing capitalist has had the opportunity, not only of reducing his workmen to the lowest Digitized by Google 54 Protection vs. Free Trade . necessary rate of wages, but the reduction in the amount of labor required, by improvements in machinery, for the production of a given amount of manufactures, has allowed him at various times to obtain an increased rate of profit, at the same time that he reduced the price of his goods ; and this was no doubt the case of Lowell. But when the competition of the foreign manufacturer became more intense, through the repeal of the British “corn law,” and the discovery of Californian gold, the capitalist doubled the amount of machinery to each hand, and thereby nearly doubled the amount of production, while wages remained nominally the same, although, as I have since heard, they were absolutely increased, if reckoned in money ; but not relatively to production. The corporations of Lowell, as I under- stand, have been in the habit of finding the hands board, and as the prices of food and other necessaries increased, the price of board was also increased, at the expense of the corporations ; this may serve to show the operation of the principle of rent, upon the profits of capital and labor. But the time arrived, when for the interest of the capitalist it became necessary that the rate of wages should be absolutely reduced, and as this was already too low for the convenience of the operatives, many of them chose to migrate in search of other employment, and the mills either became silent or worked with little or no profit at all. Thus if wages have not been lowered in money rate, we may say with Carlyle, “Thanks to the inexhaustible West” Before taking my final leave of the very ingenious paragraph which I have quoted, I would remind the Professor, that “the reduction in the cost of commodities to the consumer of more than fifty per cent,” relates only to those commodities of which manufacturing wages form the greatest part of the cost of production — the prices of food and raw material tending con- stantly to increase. With regard to my views “ in reference to rent enter- ing into the price of commodities,” I think Professor Smith might have gleaned that from my previous articles ; but, not wishing to be misunder- stood, I will take the opportunity to say, that in my opinion, there can be no doubt, that all the equal and necessary expenses of production must eventually enter into the price of every commodity, but as rent is evoked by the excess of demand over supply, although it be a component part of the Erice, it is not an element of cost, and it would be paid whether the supply e increased or not, acting as a premium upon land capital : and therefore what may be correctly termed rent does not enhance the price of any com- modity. I must now pass over a certain quotation from Malthus, which appears to have been a very necessary prop to the learned Professor’s argument, for he has quoted it three or four times, and also the page from McCulloch, to come tbe more readily at the Professor’s summing up of that page. It is as fol- lows : “ It teaches that wages rise because labor becomes more inefficient — that more is given because less is received — that capital pays a larger divi- dend to labor, because the fund from which it has to pay is diminished. Now, it is true, that the exposition from McCulloch, of the operation of wages and cultivation, is not quite so guardedly expressed as to prevent a disingenuous construction, but Professor Smith must be aware that it will not bear such a construction as he has put upon it. Let us quote : “ A rise in wages is seldom or never exactly coincident with a rise in the price of necessaries, but they can never be very far separated. The price of the necessaries of life is, in fact, the cost of producing labor. The laborer can- not work if he is not supplied with the means of subsistence.” Thus, in- Digitized by Google The Law of Progress in the Relatione of Capital and Labor. 55 •lead of wages having a tendency to rise, according to this they have a tendency to flail, and in the nature of things they cannot rise, beyond a bare subsistence. Neither is it exactly correct to say, that “ labor becomes more inefficient,” but, rather, that the land upon which it is necessarily employed, is leas fertile, or at a greater distance from market; and therefore it requires a greater amount of labor for the production of a given amount of food. It would therefore be more correct to say, that as capital becomes more in- efficient, the price of the necessaries of life has a tendency to rise, and there- fore real wages diminish, but as it is necessary that the laborer should exist, the money rate must be increased to make good the deficiency. That would have been much nearer the truth ; but let us see how American labor is paid. The Professor says: “Our system, on the contrary, teaches that labor is more highly paid, both as to proportion and as to absolute amount, when it contributes and where it contributes, and because it contributes most to swell the gross quantity of the products out of which, or from the value of which, wages must be derived, when, and where, and because, it is roost produc- tive.” This description of the mode of remunerating labor in this country appears to me equally loose with that of McCulloch, and in feet not very materially different, but with the characteristic ingenuity of Professor Smith, it could no doubt be made to mean anything, to suit circumstances. The Lowell operatives, however, were not paid according to production, but ao* cording to the necessary rate of subsistence, in the same manner as the Eng- lish laborer. When the price of food raised, the increased cost was paid out of the profits of capital instead of wages. The Professor continues: * It (labor) is not allowed to monopolize all the gain resulting from its supe- rior efficiency, though it obtains the larger share. Part is retained by the capital through the increased aid of which it was enabled to effect enlarged and improved results ; part goes to the consumer by the fall of price.” The perfect ideality of the Professor’s theory of the remuneration of labor is enough to make one laugh, if the subject were not of too serious a nature for jesting; he really appears to be as innocent of the operations of this out- of-door world as Casper Hauser could possibly be after his twenty years’ con- finement. If he will be pleased to ask the next working man which he meets m the city of Rochester, whether his wages will provide his family with as many necessaries now as they would ten years ago, he will then understand how much the laborer is benefited by his larger share of the profits, and how much the consumer is benefited by the superior efficiency of labor. But to proceed. The Professor thinks, 44 that it may be objected to the ar- gument founded upon the diminished proportion which the declared or real value of exports from Great Britain bears to their official value, or quantity, that it is limited to manufactured commodities, and that the advance in real wages resulting in the diminution in their cost, may be counteracted by the rise in the price of agricultural products.” That is very true, it may be ob- jected to on that account ; but the Professor thinks, that the statistics which he cited in the November number, of the agricultural production of France, and the statement of Mr. Malthus, before referred to, of the average propor- tion which rent bears to the value of the produce in England is a sufficient answer to that objection. This appears to be a little in the mode of begging the question. Suppose one were to say to an English workman : 44 Why, you need not complain, that manufacturing wages have been lowering for the last thirty Digitized by Google Protection v$. Free Trade . 66 years ; your condition must be mending ; it has been proved by some statis- tical calculations, that the production of food in France has been quadrupledv relatively to the increase of population, within the last one hundred and fifty years ; therefore the working classes of England must be in a thriving condition; besides, the celebrated Mr. Malthus made a statement some forty years ago, to the effect, that the wages of labor must increase in pro- portion to rent, therefore you ought not to complain, for he ought to know.” In such a case would not the workman think the party mad who volunteer- ed this consolation? Would he not ask, what had the statistics of France to do with the condition of English workmen? or the statement of Mr. Malthus with the present time ? But the Professor tells us in the former part of his article, “ that he knows the condition of the laboring classes in England is bad enough, and that of those in France still worse,” and yet now, he would persuade us, contrary to the testimony he has given us, and in opposition to his own assertion, that their condition has been constantly improving. According to the statistics quoted by Professor Smith, the prices of manu- factures exported from Great Britain within the last thirty years, have been reduced nearly sixty per cent; and according to the Edinburgh Review, also quoted by the Professor, we find that the price of wheat in the same time has fallen something less than forty. But we must remember that the whole of this reduction in the price oi manufactures, has fallen entirely upon wages and profits, as the raw material of which they are fabricated, has in the meantime maintained its price, if it has not increased ; therefore the cost of labor, from some cause or other, must be considerably less than this would represent. But we ought to make some allowance for the peculiar position in which prices have been placed by the repeal of the “ corn law,” and the throwing open of the trade in provisions to the whole world. Even under present circumstances manufacturing productions have fallen relatively twenty per cent ; but what might have been the case under other commercial policy we can only guess. The Professor next quotes statistics to show the large comparative de- crease of the agricultural population of England, for the purpose of assuming a decrease in the cost of agricultural production, but I think it unnecessary to say anything upon this point, except that I think it would be strange if the improvements in agricultural implements had not the effect of keeping the number of hands nearly stationary, in a stationary business. I would now call particular attention to the Professor’s quotation from the Edinburgh Review, (on page 36,) in which is shown the relative progress of population, and the production of agricultural produce, for thirty years previous to 1841. From these statistics it appears that the population has increased about seven per cent more than the production of wheat, in thirty years, under the strict- est system of protection to agriculture, and at a time when two-fifths, or up- wards of twenty millions of acres of waste lands remained untilled. It ap- pears also, from these statistics, that the price of wheat has fallen from an average of 88s. to 56s. 9d. in the same period. The Professor says: “It would be easy to bring any quantity of testimony upon the point under consideration.” I can only say, that I have no objection to as much as he chooses, nor to rest the case upon what he has already produced. He ap- pears to think I have stated the rise in rent something too high. I have no objection, however, to Mr. Porter’s statement, as he appears to like it best. According to Mr. Porter, rent has increased throughout the United King- Digitized by Google The Law of Progress in the Relations of Capital and Labor . 5*1 dom 150 per cent, while the production of wheat has increased little more thao 25 per cent — the price having decreased in the same period 40 per cent. Rent would, therefore, according to Mr. Porter’s statement, at this time buy four times the wheat in England as it would thirty years ago ; making an increase of income to the landowner of 300 per cent, -while the former has increased the crop only 25. The proportion which rent would bear to the crop would be represented as follows : crop 125, rent 2 50. Thus, if rent, as according to Malthus, (the statement quoted four times by the Professor,) bore the proportion of two-fifths, or 40 per cent, of the crop, it would now stand as 90 to 125 — the proportion of rent to the crop having been augmented from two-fifths to more than three-and-ahalf fifths; proving that Malthus was either originally mistaken as to the proportion and opera- tion of rent, or that circumstances have materially altered these proportions and operations since his time; and that Mr. Carey’s theory of the superior increase of food to population, with a decreasing proportion to rent, is an utter fallacy. And yet the Professor sums up this matter in the following modest strain: “If we suppose the same rate of progress to have existed in the ten years preceding 1801 as since, the increase of population between 1790 and 1841 will amount to 73 per cent. The rent has advanced, ac- cording to Porter, 150 per cent, or twice as fast, and inasmuch as the prod- uce has augmented according to Malthus, twice as much as rent, it has in- creased four times as rapidly as the consumers.” Thus, after giving us “ unexceptionable testimony” from the Edinburgh Review, and the assu- rance of the “exceeding great increase of agricultural production” from Mr. Porter, the Professor makes no calculation as to the relative increase of produce and population from the statistics he had quoted, but makes a supposition as to the increase of population, and then adds together the increase of rent and the statement of Malthus, to prove that agricultural produce had quadrupled, when the statistics show that it had increased only 25 per cent. The Professor pursued the same mode of begging the question with the French statistics in the former part of his article, when the price of wheat showed, according to the law of supply and demand, that the increase of crop was not equal to that of population. The Professor proceeds to say, “he thinks it has been made apparent, that capital in land follows the same laws as that of moveable property.” Now, I think quite the contrary. I think it has been proved, that the value of land in England, as measured in rent, has increased 500 per cent more than the produce ; and this is a premium obtained out of the profit of circulating capital ; and all without expense to the landowner. The Professor’s ideas of capital appear to be somewhat confused, but no doubt that may arise in some measure, from the absurdity of the theory which he advocates. Many persons suppose that all wealth is capital. Large amounts of wealth may be accumulated, sold, and t used, but capital must at all times be limited by the power of producing absol ite necessaries. It is this circumstance which causes the difference in the operation of price, between manufactured articles and raw produce. Money, whether of paper or of gold, beyond a certain necesssary amount, is not capital ; and as it is not consumed, beyond the necessary wear, it depre- dates faster than any other commodity. The protectionists are complaining of the falling off of the exports of breadstuffs, o is goo^ooatf fo» OOOOOC*p o o • « 00 a o oo o 4 W o* • 4 W W rt HH 4«^t-4^4040 • ^ to 00 — i *4 00 -4* r~ O • 4 4hcOH0 4«m4 • V 4* N O' Ot « « ! — — lOkaDootoao • HC W(NOf 4«HW * 4Hr-t"0)(O^N40i) «oooco«400)nmoo *». o> »• ©» ■* o* »o ar O 00 09 O O M N N H ® H « OkC04^09ett-C9 Ok 00 CO 00 * 00 09 tD s H 4owoe w® • CQ^OOt^OOI^MO) « no eo 4 « 6 co^i^h go ^ • O » a e» » « <-T o' V m* -MM^409HO»$ftO o*.*— eo to 'O* co eo oo Oo nS g © g~ .1 ** eo 09 OOO^OOOk^t-^OtO . Q04M4OkC0-t4f 00 • *- «© «* o. w* o o> © « • _ _ 0kt0^i4©^e9^*t*i0 ! 0 to 00 ©9 Ok © CO 00 to *-« 09 ! a to. ooooooot»oo©oo^ * £tO •* r-« r-T,-i r-T Z «2 ! I 5 ▼0U XXVII. — NO. iiiUUiiil 7 i w Digitized by v^oosle • Tho Uakr, W gonfr A— rim curmcy. » Frankfort to roful>Ud by »tpodflcan*Bgfwn«<, and not by pop«Ull«L < A spooUl payment by Pnuala, on account of the Union. 98 Journal of Banking , Currency , anc? Finance . CAPITAL AND DIVIDENDS OF BANKS Ilf PHILADELPHIA. The annexed table of capital, par and market value of stock, per cent and amount of dividends of certain banks in Philadelphia is derived from the Ledger : — Per Market Per Amount Banks. Capital. cent. value. cent. paid. Philadelphia Farmers* and Mechanics’ $1,160,000 100.00 $140 00 6 $57,500 1,250,000 50.00 70 00 7 87,500 Girard 1,250,000 12.50 12 75 3 87,600 Commercial 1,000,000 60.00 69 00 4 40,000 Mechanics’ 800,0 0 20.00 29 00 6 48,000 Western 600,000 50.00 64 00 5 25.000 Northern Liberties 850,000 35.00 65 00 6 17,500 Manufacturers’ and Mechanics’. . . 800,000 25.00 27 60 4 12,000 Southwark 250,000 50.00 70 00 5 12,600 Kensington.. 250,000 60.00 63 00 5 12,500 Bank of Commerce 250,000 60.00 67 00 5 12,500 P. Township.. Tradesmen’s. Total 225.000 160.000 $7,776,000 22.50 52 00 6 11,260 60.00 62 00 8 4,500 $878,250 The above amount of dividends on the same amount of capital is $13,000 more than was declared by the same banks at the semi-annual period in November, 1851, and $4,000 less than in May, one year ago. It will be seen that the dividends average a trifle less than 5 per cent for the half year. THE PENNSYLVANIA LOAN BILL. We publish below, for the benefit of our European as well as American capitalists, who refer to the pages of the Merchant i Magazine , the act of the Legislature of Penn- sylvania, passed May 8d, and approved May 4th, 1 852, authorizing a loan of five millions of dollars, and the issue of the bonds of the Commonwealth for the same. The acts passed by Pennsylvania are justly denominated M Omnibus Bills,’’ as they frequently embrace a great variety of distinct subjects. The present act, for instance, commen- ces with section 101, all the sections preceding it relating to topics of a totally differ- ent nature, and not having the remotest bearing upon the Loan BilL We do hope that the great State of Pennsylvania, which has redeemed its public credit, will fol- low the example of New York, and other States in the Union, by devoting one bill to one object, or in other words, by abolishing a disgraceful system of “ log rolling f— PASSED MAT 8D, AMD APPROVED MAT 4TH, 1862. Section 101. That the Qovemor and State Treasurer be and they are hereby anthor- iaed and empowered to borrow, on the faith of the Commonwealth, during the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, at such times and in such amounts as they may deem best for tbe interest of the State, any sum not exceeding five millions of dollars, and issue bonds of the Commonwealth for the same, bearing a rate of inter- est not exceeding 6 per cent per annum, payable semi-annually ; which bonds shall not be subject to taxation for any purpose whatever, and shall be reimbursable in twenty-five years from their date ; and the sum eo borrowed shall be applied to the payment of tbe 6 per cent loans that are payable at the option of the Commonwealth after the years one thousand eight hundred and forty-six and forty-seven, to the can- cellation of the certificates issued to domestic creditors and the outstanding and un- claimed interest certificates, in the manner hereinafter provided. And the balance of said five millions shall be applied to the extinguishment of any of the 5 per cent bonds of the State now outstanding and for no other purpose. Sxo. 102. That the bonds for said loan shall be issued in sums of either one thou- sand, five thousand, or ten thousand dollars each, with coupons or interest certificates attached in sums equal in amount to the semi-annual interest thereon; which certifi- cate* shall be redeemable in gold and silver, or an equivalent, on the first dajs of Digitized by v^oosle 99 Journal of Banking , Currency , am/ Finance. February and August in each and every year, at such place as may be designated by the Governor and State Treasurer ; and said officers shall procure the engravings for such bonds and certificates, and cause the same to be signed and countersigned as hereinafter directed, and take such other steps as may be necessary to carry out the true intent and meaning of this act And the Governor is hereby authorized to draw warrants on the State Treasurer for such sums as may be necessary to pay the proper expenses incident to the negotiation of such loan, and said warrants shall be paid out of any moneys in the treasury. 8xo. 103. That the State Treasurer shall advertise for at least two months in one newspaper in Boston, one in New York, and one in Philadelphia, and one paper in London, one in Amsterdam, and one in Paris, in Europe, inviting sealed proposals for loan herein authorized, or any parts thereof; which proposals shall state the price in- tended to be paid in gold and silver, or its equivalent, by the bidder for each thou- sands dollars of such loan ; and at noon on the day appointed for that purpose the State Treasurer and Auditor General, in the presence of the Governor and Secretary of the Commonwealth, and of such other persons as may attend, shall proceed to open said proposals and allot the loan to the highest and best bidder or bidders, whereupon bonds shall be issued to the person or persons entitled to said loan as hereinbefore provided, which bonds or certificates of loan shall be signed by the Governor and countersigned by the State Treasurer and Auditor General, and the State Treasurer shall 6ign or authorize said coupons or certificates of interest to be signed ; Provided, That in making proposals for the loan authorized by this act, the holder or holders of any of the bonds of the Commonwealth of certificates for interest, and the holders of domestic creditor certificates, shall be authorized to bid for any part of said loan to the full amount of such certificate or certificates, together with the unpaid interest thereon ; Provided also, That at the time of making proposals for the said loan, ap- plication may be made for any part thereof, at an interest of 4 per cent, or a less rate, upon condition that the loan shall be for a greater period, and not exceed thirty- five years, exempt from taxation, with the interest thereon payable semi-annually, the Governor is hereby authorized and empowered to entertain and carry into effect such proposition, should he deem it advisable for the best interest of the Commonwealth ; Provided farther. That the notice to be issued in Europe for proposals shall precede the notice in this country at least one month. Sea 104. That immediately after the negotiations of the loans herein provided for, the State Treasurer shall give notice in one newspaper in Boston, one in New York, and one in Philadelphia, to the holders of all certificates of loan then due, and to the holders of certificates issued to domestic creditors, to present the same at his office at Harrisburg, or at such place as he may designate in Philadelphia, for final payment ; and in case such holders shall refuse or neglect to surrender the certificates aforesaid, the interest thereon shall cease to be paid by the State within sixty days of the time of payment fixed in such notice ; Provided, That it shall be lawful for the Governor and State Treasurer, in addition to gold and silver, to receive at par, in payment for the loan herein authorized, any of the bonds of the State, domestic creditor certificates, and the certificates issued for unpaid interest ; the certificates of loan paid and can- celled under the provisions of this act, after having been copied into a book to be kept in the office of the State Treasurer for that purpose, shall be destroyed by the 8tate Treasurer and Auditor General, in the presence of the Governor and Secretary oi the Commonwealth. Sec. 106. That when the loan provided in this act shall have been negotiated, and the indebtedness cancelled &9 aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the State Treasurer to ascertain as near as possible the aggregate amount of interest saved to the Common- wealth by the provisions of this act, as compared with the interest now paid, deduct- ing all contingent expenses; and shall, at the time of making the then next semi-an- nual payment of interest, and semi-annually thereafter, pay over to the Commission- ers of the Sinking Fund a sum equal to the amount so saved ; and all premiums which may be received under the provisions af this act, and all unclaimed balances, if any, shall be also paid over to the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, to be applied to the cancellation of the public debt, in the same manner that all other receipts to that fund are applied. Sxa 106. That the Governor and State Treasurer be and they are hereby author- ized and empowered to issue certificates of loan in the manner and form provided for in the foregoing section of this act, reimbursable at a period not exceeding thirty-five years from their date, to any and all of such holders of the 6 per cent loan of the Digitized by v^oosle 100 Journal of Banking , Currency, and Finance. Commonwealth as may signify their willingness to receive new certificates of loan, bearing an interart of 4 per cent or a less rate per annum, exempted from taxation, with coupons or interest certificates attached, payable semi-annually in gold and sil- ver ; ana they shall further have the right to give the necessary notice and take such other steps as may be proper to accomplish the true intent and meaning of this sec- tion ; ana it shall be the duty of State Treasurer to communicate to the next Legislature a detailed statement of the proceedings under this act, showing the bids received for the loan, the names of the parties making such bids, and such other matters as may be deemed interesting and useful ; Provided, That the certificates of loan authorized by an act u to provide for the immediate completion of the North Branch extension of the Pennsylvania Canal,” approved the second day of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, shall not be subject to taxation for any purpose whatever; and it shall be the duty of the Governor to cause coupons to be attached to said certifi- cates in the same manner and form as those required to be attached to the bonds to be is- sued under the provisions of this act ; And provided. That no bids below par shall be entertained for any of said loans ; And provided further , That proposals for the loan to complete the North Branch Canal shall be forthwith published for at least thirty days in one newspaper iu Philadelphia, one in New York, and one in Boston. COST OF LEGISLATION IN MASSACHUSETTS. The legislature of Massachusetts meets annually on the 1st Wednesday in January. The Senate is composed of forty members, and the House of some four hundred. The pay of members is two dollars per day, and traveling expenses. The Governor re- ceives a salary of $2^00, and is chosen annually. The Commonwealth furnishes the following statement of the expenses of the Leg- islature for the last two sessions— that is, for the sessions of 1861 and 1862. The session for 1861 commenced January 1st, and ended May 26. The session for 1862 commenced January 7th, and closed May 24th. expenses or session or 1862. Senate $11,672 00 House of Representatives 114,126 00 Clerks 4,660 00 Messengers, door-keepers, Ac 8,266 60 Chaplains and election sermon 260 00 Resolves in favor of sick members . 466 70 $134,880 20 $366 2,992 3,847 00 6,000 00 Total, 1862 $142,177 20 expenses or session or 1861. Senate $12,158 00 House of Representatives 118,124 00 Clerks 4,804 00 Door-keepers, Ac 250 00 Members per resolves 712 20 $139,469 20 Pay of Council, old board $461 Pay of Council, new board 2,958 8,414 00 $142,883 20 Newspapers, about 5,000 00 Total, 1861 $147,888 80 Pay of Council, old board. Pay of Council, new board Newspapers, about Digitized by Google Journal of Banking, Currency, and Finance . 101 RECEIPTS OF BULLION, ETC., AT PANAMA, ON ENGLISH ACCOUNT. Hie annexed statement exhibits the amount of specie and bullion received at Pan- ama by the British Consul from California and Mexico, and from Peru and Chili, for each month in each of the past two years : — 1850. 1851. January California and Mexioo. $137,264 Peru and Chill. $747,861 California and Mexico. $773,662 Peru and ChlM. $591,109 February 212,769 578,808 610,280 616,61$ March 228,189 611,680 810,877 968,647 April . . . 268.992 596,006 525,806 619,860 Uaj 817,601 672,716 109,727 828,224 June • 412,992 789,479 868,460 844,000 July 402,489 728,994 245,166 696,918 August 570,674 440,207 416,191 772,981 September 401,696 682,100 512,384 869,628 October 414,892 699,826 503,736 780,837 November 495,126 754,098 797,883 542,603 708,811 December 756,090 661,089 792,398 Total .... $4,616,728 $7,849,944 $5,678,420 $9,080,666 Total amount received at Panama, as above, in 1850. Total amount received at Panama, as above, in 1851. $12,466,666 14,658,996 $27,126,661 Total in two years A portion of this went to England direct from Ohagres, and the balance by way of Hew York. Of the above aggregate, $10,195,142 was from California and Mexioa Since, soon after the first discovery of gold in California, several large English bank- ing houses have had agents in San Francisco and in the mining regions, buying up gold dust, and shipping it to London. A large amount of dust has been drawn from California in the way of Commerce, in payment for cargoes of merchandise sent oat direct from English ports. SALE OF INDIANA CENTRAL RAILWAY BONDS. Hie bids for the two hundred thousand dollars of the 7 per cent convertible bonds of the Indiana Central Railway Company were opened at the office of Winslow, La- nier A Co., New York, in June, 1852. There were bids for $685,000, more than $500,000 of which were at over 90 per cent The $200,000 offered were awarded at prices varying from 95*10*100 to 97*72*100, making an average sale at 95*63*100 per cent, which is the best price yet obtained for a Western Railway loan. The successful bids were as follows: — Average net’g. Average net’g. $4, 000.... at 97.72 $3,908 80 5,000 95.55 4,777 50 5,000 96.76 4,837 50 34,000 95.62 82,470 80 6,000 .... 96.66 4,828 00 4.000 5.000 96.61 3,820 40 5,000 96.85 4,667 00 95.50 4,776 00 2,000 95.92 1,918 40 5,000 95.85 4,767 60 1,000 95.91 959 10 10,000 95.31 9,531 00 5,000 95.86 4,798 00 9,000 96.30 8,577 00 7,000 95.81 0,706 70 10,000 21,000 95.26 9,526 00 6,000 96.80 4,790 00 95.25 20,002 50 5,000 96.75 4,787 50 6,000 95.16 4,757 60 5,000 eft nnn 95.67 95.65 95.56 4,783 50 19,130 00 14,334 00 1 8,000 95.10 7,608 00 15,000..... $200,000.. . .at 95.58 $191,062 70 The successful bidders for the bonds were Clark, Dodge A Co., Norwich Savings In- stitution, Clinton Gilbert, Charles S. Francis, W. A J. O’Brien, Mervin A Gould, Da Ooppatt A Co, John Ferguson, Peter McMartin, John Thompson, A. Wylie, jr., C. T. Cromwell, Thomas McKenzie, and Chubb Brothers. Digitized by v^oosle 102 Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance . IDENTITY OF INDORSEES. In a former number of the Merchant i Magazine , we published a few remarks on this subject. Those remarks have elicited from a correspondent of the Evening Bul- letin the subjoined statement of facts, which are of great importance to Banks and Bankers: — A person traveling from one part of the country to another, provides himself with funds in the shape of drafts drawn to his order, on banks and brokers. He cannot take gold, because it is inconvenient on account of its weight to carry it about his person, and it is dangerous to put it in his trunk. It is unsafe to carry bank notes, be- cause of the exposure to pick-pockets, to say nothing of the discount on such funds at different points. So, for his own convenience and security, he obtains drafts. These he knows cannot be cashed without his indorsement If his pocket-book is stolen, he can obtain duplicate drafts, and the only inconvenience is loss of time. He presents his draft at the counter of the bank where they are made payable, and is politely informed that he is not known to be the person represented in the draft, and that it will be necessary for him to identify himself He will probably re- ply, by assuring the teller that he is the proper person, and that there can be no mis- take about it. The teller replies that it is very probably so, but there must be some evidence shown before the draft can be paid. If the stronger is an unreasonable man, his face will be flushed with mortification and anger, and he will inquire haughtily for the cashier. When shown into his room the same scene is gone over, only that by this time the stranger, by the delay, begins to think that he is suspected of being a swindler or forger. The cashier lays aside his pen and very patiently endeavors to show him the necessity for this caution. After some time thus spent, the Btranger is convinced of one thing at least ; namely, that unless he carries some evidences of his identity about him, such as his attested signature or other proof, he must find a refer- ence ; and he goes away mortified to comply with what he thinks, in his case at least, is unnecessary precaution. Some time ago a person went to the post-office, in our city, and inquired for a letter. One answering to his description was delivered to him, which he opened. It contained a draft drawn in favor of the party to whom the letter was addressed. He wrote that name upon it and presented it at the bank, on which it was drawn for payment. Being a stranger to the teller, payment was refused, unless the party could identify himself. He then took from his pocket the letter which contained the draft, and ex- hibited that as proof, that he was the person represented. This seemed conclusive evidence to the teller, and the money was paid. The real owner, not receiving his remittances, wrote to his correspondents that he had received no letter from them as he expected They replied ana gave a descrip- tion of the draft. On inquiry at the bank, it was found that the indorsement was a forgery ; and the bank was, of course, obliged to pay the amount to the true owner. Only a few weeks ago, the cashier of a bank in the city of New York was thus im- posed upon. A person who was lodging at one of the hotels, requested the proprietor to go with him to the bank and introduce him, that he might get a certificate of de- posit cashed, which was made payable to his order. The polite landlord did so, and the money was paid. When the certificate was forwarded for payment to the bank which issued it, answer was returned that the indorsement was forged. The bank which cashed it must of course lose the amount Is it to be wondered at, that banks and brokers are cautious in dealing with stran- gers t Let travelers and strangers, in visiting places where they have no acquaintance, get such evidence of their identity as can easily be secured by their band- writing properly attested. THE SMALL NOTE CURRENCY. New York has provided, and after the experience of fourteen years under the Gen- eral Banking system, perfected, as near as may be, a reliable small note currency for the people. New England had preceded us, under what is known as the Suffolk sys- tem. The first is secured by stock collaterals and made redeemable at Albany or in this city, at the uniform rate of not exceeding one-quarter of one per cent The last, without collaterals, is made redeemable at par at the Suffolk Bank in Boston. The New York plan, for ultimate security, is the Best The other, owing to popular opin- ion throughout New England, which rejects all small notes not providea for at the Digitized by ^ooq le Journal of Banking , Currency, and Finance. 103 Suffolk Back, is substantially as convertible. Hie New York plan is quite as profit- able, if not more so, to the honest banker as the other, for while collateral security is required, the security is taken in interest-paying stocks, and a charge equal to fifteen days interest allowed on redemption at Albany and New York. The Metropolitan Bank of New York has made both systems uniform in trade. The New York small notes, whether redeemed at Albany or New York Oity, are depos- ited at one-quarter of one per cent off The New England notes, redeemable in Bos- ton, at fifteen cents off each hundred dollars. Under this management, every way unobjectionable to the banker, who aims only at a fair interest on his business, there would seem to be nothing wanting to a safe and convertible system of small notes. Yet attempts have not been withheld to defeat this purpose, and, if possible, super- sede our own State currency, simply because a few of the makers of it, keeping no offices of general banking business in the interior, are not content with the shave to which they have been reduced by legal regulation. First, resort was had to the Banking Law of New Jersey, but the recent Legislature of that State, sensible of the abuse, ordered par redemption at points contiguous to New York and Philadelphia. Next, a bank in Michigan, based, for the sake of plausibility, on government securities, was used to the extent of some four hundred thousand dollars, and its notes shaved at three-fold the usual rate, by their own makers, in Wall-street The Metropolitan Bank has corrected this dodge, and, after a fierce contest of a single week, in Michi- gan, has brought the bankers to terms. Another project iB now started. A “ Nation- al Bank” at Washington, owned in part or altogether in New York, is to be used for circulating small notes of inferior value to our own currency. This is announced as based on State stocks deposited at Washington, with whom, or by whom, does not ap- pear, nor ought the question to weigh with the public, unless the notes are made as good in New York as New York small notes. The chief objection to all these schemes is, that they aim to defeat our own salutary currency laws, and for this should be discountenanced by the publie. They are the entering wedge to a general system of irredeemable “ shm plasters.” The purpose is, to issue the notes at par to the money -borrower, and redeem them at the largest shave practicable, from the public who receive them in ordinary trade. The makers pre- sume largely on the indifference of the latter to a fractional discount, in good times, and a yet larger loss by redemption when money grows scarce. The scheme is a vi- cious one. It aims to abrogate our own lawB, and to supplant our own currency. It is without apology in this State, where the banker is allowed interest on his collaterals at Albany, and receives interest on his issues paid out on paper discounted. Should the M National ” issue be driven to its nominal home — which we trust will be the case through the Metropolitan or some other agency — it is quite possible the Free Banking Laws of the remoter States in the West will be resorted to. Indeed, a * State Stock Bank ” at Cairo, Illinois, is already announced, and if under the sem- blance of u security ” and the promise of 1 or 2 per cent redemption here, the notes can be forced into New York circulation, the scheme may soon be tried. — Times. DEMAND FOR MONEY. We are requested by the editors of the Dubuque Herald to call the attention of our capitalists to the facts contained in the following paragraph from the editorial col- umns of that Journal. "Capitalists abroad will be better able to appreciate the state of our money market from a few facta we will present, than from any speculative disouisition we could write on the subject. By a reference to our advertising column it will be perceived that the only banking houses in the place, offer from 6 to 10 per centum for money placed with them on deposit. This speaks more than could a large treatise, and we trust it is suf- ficiently significant in its importance to induce capitalists from abroad to bring hither some of their surplus wealth for investment” FINANCES OF CONNECTICUT. The message of Governor Seymour, of Connecticut, states, that the financial affairs of the State are in a most prosperous condition. Its ordinary expenses for the fiscal year ending on the 81st of March, were $109,847 58, which with $26,882 paid to the School Fund, and $646 76 unpaid taxes, made a total of $187,326 18. The receipts for the year, including the balance of $26,266 22 on hand, were $176,456 21, leaving Digitized by v^oosle 104 Journal of Banking, Currency , and Finance . a remainder of $89,108 08 beyond the expenditures. $8,000 of this has been appro- priated to the payment of the indebtedness to the School Fund, which is now dis- charged in full, and the State commenced its present fiscal year entirely free from debt, and with $31,000 in its Treasury. Under these circumstances, the Governor recommends that the State tax be reduced from one to three-fourths of one per cent. The Governor reiterates his recomendation in favor of the adoption of the system of free banking in Connecticut ADULTERATION OF COINS IN PARIS. The Paris correspondent of the National Intelligencer says, that remarkable inge- nuity has been shown in Paris recently in the adulteration of money ; and if the coins thus put in circulation were only used in the purchase of the corresponding coffee, there would not be much cause of complaint The worthies engaged in this branch of forgeries are not so much counterfeiters of money as money alterers, or, to use the words literally, money changers. The modus operands is as follows : — They take a genuine five-franc piece, and go to work as if they were about to manufacture a verita- ble snuff box out of it The process is obvious. One side of the coin is carefully re- moved by the use of a very thin fine saw ; as much of the interior as possible is then cut out ; the space left vacant is filled with a composition having the same weight, and nearly the same sound or ring as silver; then the side is carefully soldered on agaio, and the coin has of course the same outward appearance as before. Most of of the pieces thus altered bear the effigy either of Louis XVIII., Charles X., or Louis Philippe. The fraud was first detected at the Bank of France. The deteriora- tion of the coins thus altered ia about seven-tenths. OF BONDS ISSUED BT RAILROAD CORPORATIONS IN MAINS. The following “ act in relation to bonds issued by railroad corporations,” was ap- proved by the Governor of Maine, January 80th, 1862, and is now in force. AN ACT IN RELATION TO BONDS ISSUED BT BAILBOAD CORPORATIONS. Section 1. Every railroad corporation within this State, shall have power to issue Its bonds for the purpose of building or furnishing its road, or paying any debts con- tracted in the building and equipment of the same ; bearing interest not exceeding six per cent per annum ; and secured in such manner as they may deem expedient. Sect. 2. Bonds issued under the provisions of this act, 6uall not be for sums less than one hundred dollars; and all bonds issued by any company under this act, shall be binding on said company and collectable in law, notwithstanding such bonds are negotiated and sold by such corporation at less than the par value thereof. Sect. 3. This shall take effect on and after its approval by the governor. RICH MEN IN MASSACHUSETTS. It is estimated that there are in Massachusetts 1,496 persons worth $60,000 and up- wards. Of this number, 20 persons are worth a million or more, 46 a half million. Of the whole list, 705, or nearly half, began life poor or nearly so. Two hundred and eighty-two received their wealth by marriage. Of the whole list, 90 are fanners, 68 manufacturers of cotton, woolen, Ac., 463 are merchants, 76 lawyers, 81 physicians, 12 clergy meu, 46 brokers and speculators, 1 1 publishers, 4 editors, 60 shoemakers and sboe dealers, 10 tailors and clothes dealers, 16 carpenters, 9 masons, 28 butchers and jaroviatoo dealers, 14 distillers. Those put down as benevolent are 875. Old bach- THE MERCHANT THAT KEPT TWO BANK ACCOUNTS. The Wall Street Journal gives the following dialogue between two merchants in Wall-street: — A. — Where do you keep your account! B. — I keep two ; one in the Bank of New York, and the other in the Metropolitan Bank. A. — Why do you keep two 9 B. — Why, I have been in the habit of getting all the discounts I required from the good old Mew York, and I always keep a small balance in the Metropolitan, in order to get lid of m j unewrent money. Comment is unnecessary. Digitized by foozle Commercial StaUriia. 105 COMMERCIAL STATISTICS, FOREIGN COMMERCE OF PORTS II THE UNITED STATES COMPARER, The following statement, showing the amounts of revenue from customs, collected at forty-three of the principal ports of the United States, from the 1st of July, 1861, to the 31st of March, 1862, and the comparison with that of the corresponding period of the preceding year, is interesting, as exhibiting the comparative foreign Commerce of the principal ports of entry in the United States. It will be observed that there is a decrease in the ports of New York and Boston, and a slight increase in those of Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans. The greatest proportionate increase is in San Francisco. The inland ports generally exhibit a very large increase. 1850—41. 1851-41 i 1850-41. 1841-4!- New York.... .. . $24,875,012 532,121,112 Sandusky $19,913 $33,680 Boston 4,924,400 4,711,112 Eastport 18,805 14,168 Philadelphia.... 2,830,899 2,890,048 Gloucester, Maas. 17,244 14,066 New Qrieans.... . 1,777.682 1,806,471 New Bedford.. . . 15,832 80,849 16,768 Baltimore.. . . . . . 776,880 800,772 Providence 22,428 Charleston, S. C.. 601,887 455,263 Bristol 17,209 11,991 San Francisco. . . 696,081 1,779,945 New London.. . . 16,604 7,781 St Louis 142,406 197,990 Rochester. 11,284 9,877 Portland.. ...... 142,169 180,321 Lewiston 11,595 18,215 Savannah ...... 159,602 113,632 Ogdenaburg .... 12,320 16,878 Salem. 117,976 89,429 Detroit 23,545 23,921 Mobile 62,398 90,729 Nashville 10,085 55,844 Alborg, Vt 67,684 28,422 Pittsburg, Pa.. . . 2,177 12,386 Oswega Buffalo 66,259 61,240 56,468 69,746 78,021 48,901 Chicago Bath 4,861 11,214 11,270 2,168 6,688 19,174 Richmond Wilmington New Haven . . . . 49,454 57,722 Cape Vincent. .. 6,144 15,621 Norfolk.. ....... 45,158 84,853 Newburyport . . . 8,061 9,985 12,630 Cleveland ...... 51,578 80,052 Georgetown, D. C. 13,022 Cincinnati, 78,712 87,517 Alexandria, Va. . 5,724 27,686 Louisville Plattsburg 48,897 40,896 41,605 48,686 Sackett’s Harbor. 1,950 12,488 IMPORTATION OF EGG8 INTO GREAT BRITAIN. It appears from the annual returns relating to trade and navigation that in the year ending the 6th of January, 1852, the number of eggs imported was 115,626,286, being an increase on the preceding, when the number was 105,689,060. In the year end- ing the 5th of January, 1851, the duty was £88,677, and in the year ending the 6th of January, 1862, £42,149. THE BANK AND COD FISHERY OF MASSACHUSETTS. £ John Gilley, Esq., Collector of the Marblehead District in Massachusetts, has sent us the tabular statement on the following page, showing the tonnage employed and product of the Bank and Cod Fishery in the District of Marblehead, which includes the porta of Marblehead and Lynn, for the year ending December 81st, 1861. The statement is official, and the most complete that has ever before been published. It will be found, in connection with the series of papers on “ The Fisheries of the United States,” published in former numbers of the Merchant*' Magazine , quite interesting, as well ns useful, in illustrating the importance of this important branch of productive industry: — Digitized by LiOOQle 106 Commercial Statistics. ja £50 cfe*Hcoc»oo9£-9£-t0»-4''*''f&t<- • -®OHiot.ioaoHflOfl>ooo>H^McoHWOHflowo»ooiot*flOioe!a ■ “ ■ “ ^ ^ a» t- (M W o ^ m in O to .04 S) H •*-< ►»-« o © 00 geoeoo si 9 CO 10 ^ g S&wra o j© © o goo*" c *° o “o^COO g §.£©4 OO^O* s 04 00 00 0 • .or WJOlOO^OOOiW ®C0f-©««^OH»O< ONiOhOhioOOM OOV000t-®00O^*00< 22222'*“5,,'H'HCIJ®®®oowo®,®M©oo®oot»o»foooi o«coooto^^o5w^rHC5cc^fioionooo^®®o^^eoooocc^ C0C0©4O4C0C0C0©400C9C0©4©0COC©00©400O4rHC0CCCO©4 04 o US oT ©4 2S22S2'°,cSot,0©9HOo^oo«oo'oooo^c40 OOO00OO64 00OW00h0>O<0iOiOO £-* 00000t*00<004i00 OJt«»-NOH«oo»HOOM*J'\OOiOI-ft000064iOOOiOOOOiO J5-*0»OH'^iOiO’ij'OiO©N(NJffCOOW^«TjiO(iOi-©l- .©.•-«,»0>©4>t^0q>t'^a0_© © ©^© » t; OO^ 04^ N 00^ H O, OJ 0» lO^ W C4 00 00 00 0> co ^ co eo ^ co co co oo* •*<“ .-T « t4<' eo" co* ©f .-T oo r* eo ©4* .-T ccf *£ o> 3cat*9t*o>t«Qooc*£>t*cot*ot£-t-t*t*t*tao>t>oot*c*t-)0)oeo)Ot>t*«-i 2 Spd 00 CD ©4 w §95° °* *° 00 d 3 co oo t- O oooo 00 J> >5 HH © CO ©4 B o ©4 CD OOt*HtaOt-D©0©Q)HC400t*DOOO^OOOOOOvDOOOC 04 *-1 ©4 CO ©4 CO 10 00 os O O 00 — O cot- ©4 OOkQOOOOUOC 2S®2'0®N2^NN®®,i,ff,®*«)o»ooo^'oe40oioioc * M ~ ““qt-D©«oeooo4i-i®^D^(fc _ - -- J 04 O) O O IQ O O ©4 t- IQ OO CO ^©40004000004 00 04 04 04 00 0404 ©4©4©4©4r-t ©4 ©4 *-1 ©4 ©4 ©4 § fi* © © o 3 jSo o o Sc^SCi: 13 ^000 ” fl«t-»o Ocow)^ g2222222®000®®®®oooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooo>cooooo t-DDt-DtOt-t-Dt-t-t-J>t-t-«et-t-t-iODlOt-IOtOOOt- 222222SS000000000000®000000©0?: t^OOO^QOaOOO^«©4QOOS©4©)CDaOCDC4lO©40©40400©4©4DSlOIOt^CO ■^»^CO'^OOi-«'^^«CO^^*CO^r^ H ^* ©» M ©f tfO DO«OCO«««QOH<«nT|«^04De4^v3^0H«HlH^^»)OiOO) HC1HHHHHHHH 1— IHHHH phHHHHHH *-* © 000©00»000©t-000p-i00^00<00< OOOQOOOO)OOOOC3h©0©OiOiQC*OC90( _©©©©■*•«© OOd00OOWH®O©W}Oi0C*OMOOt'OO<0t*OO 2£^S2£!5^^<''^osc&QOr^00cOQO*~,'*,"^0''*OOW5Q000^^?0£, eoD^oooaooit««^w©-iHOHO ©.^©^C^WO lO^lO^r-%© 04^00 .-*'©© ©4 OS r-^ OS 00^ ©^00^ ©4 ©4 ao cc^»-« 0© 00 CO CO ©4 ^4* co" CO* 00" eo“ 00 I-T 00 00 00 00 ©4 I-T CO* C0“ ©4* ©f «-T oo“ 00“ OS* 00 00 © © © ©4 o © ©4 ©4 o © *- © © © WO WO © ©4 UO © ©4 © © © © © © ©4 •© WO »Q u© c© o iO © © t- *- 00 Jr- Jr- © © t- © © © *«4< © t- © "i* ^ © J© ©4©4©4©4©4©4©4©4©)©4©4©404©4©4©4©4 94 ©4<-4©4O4O4^i-4^i-4©4 • CO 54 o 00 O O C t'** CO © © CO Jr- © CO* -44COt^OO©COO© © O OS ■£"• © 'd* gCD ^.^^©O^rHOq^-^OOOOC^OO© ^ ©. ©©•"^CSf-Mf-l©®©©?-* H p( H H H H H rt *-T I-T r-T l-T i— T r-T *— T r-T r-i' H © 00 Digitized by v^oosle LOant in the district of Marblehead. . 48,119 ... 127,418 03 27,607 17,447 60 3,011 40 328 144,866 53 11,651 78 166,417 26 Commercial Statutia. 107 si*”* 2 . | So oe © 3 ■§»°®£ ^ Z •« © - • 2 © co co 5 cj®« *-„® 00 © © s . 3 is oo a £ Jw *■« oo s * 9 £ sc § a £ o a a § & a a o H s E i s a a E O H a ◄ & a -oo o d & g^o o o ^©°° S t* w >o c HI ao — £- et oo oo_ 00 w J JoD r-l 4** — 'f'.-H —t rl S£ ©9 00 < ct- 00 r ht- H < ^ ©4 4*4 tO E>« ct«o i« h 0 . ■ 00)00 fir-tot- N O Cl © o oo to o ao of o o o r-« to 4*1 © x-^ to o i -4-«« JS — —* to CO S " £ fljOHO I Sgox-r* * §“ S *«<• « © a Qt)i O) flt © o © « — • SHoo o» Ife-S ®7ea e» — • 1*3=: 2 2 5 8 to «o to CO Ot CO t*«o O to CO 00 o oo to «o So 00 © (M 09 04 CO O 09 O to ** CO tC O O X- 4*i 00 MOO 04 CO 00 OOD^I t-t-to O 9 H CO o ^ r-4 X- H 09 © O — 1 09 04 to 04 00 *•*- —4 —4 00 © -4 ©4 1—4 H ©4 ©4 r-. ©4 00 rH ©4 ©4 -4 ©4 © X- 4* 4* *h © i— 4 i— < tO ph 00 CO — • co & r-H CO © —4 77,861 107,209 22,910 83,403 40,741 to © X^* © 29,828 26,941 18,960 2£ X- X^ ©- « *2 278,981 186,091 © « H H s°s ** '*• ao —« 09 © © *-• ©4 S2 o o © © © r-l © © ©4 CO -4 —4 CO CO « »— t pH CO 90 C* O 09 CO O 00 © r4 r— pH co oo ot 09 ©> o ©a to oa 00 co So© Z o co rf « ©9 O 4* © ©4 © *■* X- © to © X- ©4 pH OS -4 00 © ©4 ^ ©"© 14,660 12,993 t» X- CO © co ©9 1-4 © O X- 1-4 x- 00 1—4 H © ©9 ©4 09 09 ^ © © ©9 ©0-4 -4 CO —4 09 to to hOW 1-4 4* © © ©9 1—4 00 X- © © 1-4 17,401 26,346 ©«o N. t- r-( O0 ooi co a* w ©9 © CO ■*T ©9 tO © X- CO © co oo © ©9 ©*'©9*' 4* © X- CO o\ « 1-4 to 1-1 ©4 CO 1-4 00 © © © ©“ co © 00 00 CO pH x— x- co ©»HH r1* 00 © ©9 1—4 H -h ©9 1-4 rH © © ©9 ©1 pH pH CO H ©9 © © © © 1-4 1-4 ©9 H -* to r— < 1—4 00 ©9 00 © 00 oo © 1—4 © -4 © 4*4 pH pH O 00 2§ "# o' 00 4*i *©9 ©4 © i-l tO 09 to 00 © at ©c aT ©4 ©4 © © OO © X— oo © (O © © CO © ** X- V X- © ©9 ©9 ©9 00 09 ©“ -f CO © 1-4 © ©4 CO CO ©4 © H © 4*4 X- 1-4 to “t. 2 I H 1-4 © © pH ©9 ©4 CO 4*4 pH ©4 09 C© —4 1-4 © 1—4 H 94 03 ©4 i-4 09 © © ©4 ©9 1-4 ©9 ©hh 0© 1-4 00 00 09 pH © © «-! 00 © 09 CO 41*4 X- © PH © 4*4 4# 4*4 PH 1-4 4*4 09 00 09 03 00 rH *r ©9 1—4 PH 10,113 X- © «-4 © © 4*4 PH © co © HT 16,688 26,701 X- ©9 © © 4*4 CO ©^ ©>_ © 00 V CO © © X^ pH 1—4 00 4*4 © oo x- co r- CD © 4© ©f 1-f 8,787 20,668 © © © pH ©1 © x-'cT 4T © pH © ©9 4*4 pH rH © © ©4 1-4 © © ©9 1-4 © © pH © ©4 ©4 © © 1-4 ©4 © © © ©4 pH © © CO ©9 ©4 ©9 CO © h«h H pH © ©4 ao ©9 © X- -4 © 00 pH © © © © P-4 X- ^ 4# PH © © 4*4 H r-4 r-4 1,796 —4 O X- oo 4*4^ at PH © 4*1 © © n°. CO © X- © © 4*4 pH 00 © © © © © ©4“ ©4 ao p-i © © © © X- « ©9 © © -i.4^ © 4*4 © CO CO 1-4 © ©_ ©* W © ©4 •S2 ©9 © ©9 -4 © 00 X- pH PH ©9 ©9 ©9 4^ © CO ©4 ph 09 rH 00 09 CO ©4 ©9 © ©9 1-4 H l-l © ©9 © CO pH 00 r-l -4 © 0 © *"« © r-4 © 4*4 X- 1—4 ©4 ©9 CO X- X- * co 00 © H H H X- 09 pH 4*1 2 4* X- © pH* © ©9 © x- e© x- 1-4 1-4 PH 4*4 © CO © Hl-t eo © ©9 ©9 © © 4-4 *- X- © ©^ PH pH pH O O CO 00 © © © © © COX ©9 rH © X- © © 00 4*J_ of © 9ii9‘6 919*01 .a >9 Digitized by foozle 108 Commercial Statistics. THE CHEESE TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES. The Cincinnati Price Current, in accordance with its custom, gives a brief review of the cheese trade for the season of 1851-62, from which we derive the subjoined statements. The following table shows the monthly average price for good merchant- able Western Reserve Cheese in the months of each year, from 1848 to 1852 : — ’48-9. ’49 40. ’40-1. ’419. *48-9. ’49-40. ’40 1. ’41-1. 64 6* «i November. . . H 6* 64 64 *4 *4 December... . 64 6 64 *4 6 6 6 6 January 6* 6k «4 «4 5* 6 6 64 February .... 6 •i 7 #4 61 «4 6 *4 March 6k 74 7* 7 6 64 Yearly av. . . H 64 64 6 6 «4 6 64 average prices for the past season are better than for either of the April . . . .eta May June Suly ....... August September . . October. .... three preceding years. The receipts at the port of Cincinnati during the last five years ending March 81, were, in boxes, as follows : — 1847-8. 1848-9. 1848-fl). 189,878 152,873 124,755 Estimating the average weight of boxes at 35 would be as follows in pounds : — 1847-8. 1848-9. 1849-40. 4,895,780 5,333,055 4,466^25 1840-1. 1841-8. 189,494 258,844 pounds, and the amount received 1840-1. 1841-8. 6,632,180 8,884,640 Thus, it is seen, the receipts since 1847-8 have increased very nearly 100 per cent. With regard to the future of this trade, we may say there is every prospect that the increase for years to come will be even more rapid than heretofore, and it is very safe, we think, to predict that in ten years, i. a, in 1861-2, the receipts at this port will be 80,000,000 pounds, which amount is 13,000,000 lees than the present yearly receipts at the port of New York. Cincinnati is the distributing point for a vast extent of territory, where the con- sumption of cheese is rapidly increasing. The following States are now supplied, in a great measure, from this point ; namely, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois^ Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas, besides a por- tion of Ohio. The free population of these States, according to the last census, was about eight millions, leaving twelve millions for the remainder of the United States. Now let us see by whom the cheese is produced. The amount of cheese produced by each State during the year ending June 30, 1860, was as follows: — Maine lbs. 2,201,195 New Hampshire 8,196,568 Vermont 6,765,006 Massachuset's 7,124,461 Rhode Island 296,748 Connecticut 4,513,019 New York 49,785.905 New Jersey 600,819 Pennsylvania. 2,395,279 Delaware 8,187 Maryland 8,925 District of Columbia. none. Virginia 434,850 North Carolina 95,048 South Carolina 4,8 1 0 Florida 18,824 Georgia 46,391 Alabama. lbs. 80,428 Mississippi.. . . . 20,314 Louisiana 1,148 Texas 92,018 Arkansas. ...... 28,440 Tennessee. 179,677 Kentucky 228,744 Michigan 1,042,661 Ohio.~. 21,860,478 Indiana. 666,986 Illinois 1,288,868 Missouri 201,697 Iowa.. 198,444 Wisconsin. 440,961 Total Total 77,875,527 | Thus, it is seen, the States containing a population of about twelve millions pro- duce over seventy-seven million pounds oi cheese annually, while the Western and Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Statistics. 109 Southern States, with a free population of eight millions, produce only thirty-five mil- lion pounds. Of the former, New York produces forty-nine million, and of the latter, Ohio produces twenty-one million. The Southern States produce a very small quan- tity in proportion to their population, and as it is not now, nor is not likely to become a profitable business in those States, the consumptive demand must be supplied from Ohio, and hence we may look for a steady increase in the trade at this point, Cincin- nati being, as already remarked, the distributing market for the South and West, and as railroads are extended, the area of country supplied from this place will increase. Before many years elapse, North and South Carolioa and Georgia will be connected by railroads with Cincinnati, and, indeed, already the merchants of that city are re- ceiving orders from Georgia, the Chattanooga Railroad having connected some por- tions of that State with the western rivers. When the statistics of this trade in the United States are fully considered in con- nection with the facts presented, our prediction that the yearly trade at the port of Cincinnati will in ten years have increased to thirty million pounds, will not be regard- ed as too large an estimate. This increase would be greatly less than that experi- enced in New York. The receipts at that port in 1834 were 6,340,000 pounds; in 1844, 29,672,000 ; and in 1850, 43,097,000. COMMERCE OF SWEDEN, The following table of the Commerce of Sweden during the year I860, is derived from official tables just published. It will be seen from this table that Sweden im- ports more from Brasil than any other country, and that her exports to Great Britain and Ireland are doable what they are to any other country. The trade of Sweden with the United States, in exports and imports, amounts to Rd.bko. 4,167,000. Norway Rd. bko, Finland Denmark Prussia Mecklenburg. Lubeck Hamburg Bremen Hanover and Oldenburg Netherlands Belgium Great Britain and Ireland.. France Spain. Portugal Gibraltar and Malta Italy Austria Sgy.pt Algiers Rest of North Africa • . United States. West Indies • Brazil Plata States, rest of North and South America, Cape of Good Hope' East Indies and Australia Total Bha Rd Imported. Exported. 2,817,000 778,000 422,000 691,000 1,698,000 272,000 1,788,000 8,678,000 451,000 1,874,000 61,000 462,000 4,083,000 1,318,000 647,000 111,000 248,000 186,000 1,000 89,000 661,000 468,000 74.000 268,000 8,882,000 7,741,000 479.000 2,074,090 245,000 842,000 158,000 839,000 62,000 152,000 248,000 82,000 11,000 298,000 5,000 1,639,000 • 2,518,000 181,000 4,830,000 299,000 81,000 131,000 1,216,000 211,000 23,987,000 24,606,000 The import of coffee was, in 1841, 6,800,000 lbs.; in 1860, it was about 8,000,000 lbs. Raw sugar was imported in 1841 in the quantity of 14,600,000 lbs.; in 1660, it reached 26,000,000 lbs. Arrac, rum, and cognac, in 1846, 290,000 cans; in 1860, 890,000 cans. Tbs commercial fleet consisted, in 1840, of 2,171 vessels, of 176,668 tons ; in 1860, of Digitized by v^oosle 110 Commercial Statistics. 2,744 vessels, of 225,966 tons. The merchant fleet of Stockholm decreases annually, while that of Qothenburg and Gefle increases rapidly. In 1 850, 841 vessels were en- gaged in foreign trade, with a burden of 141,746 tons, their crews amounted to 1,288 officer*: and 8,050 men, an increase, since 1840, of 283 officers and 1,106 men. The Navigation act was used in Sweden in 1850 by 7 English ships, of 2,522 tons; in England, by 112 Swedish vessels, of 26,032 tons. MARINE DISASTERS ON THE NORTHERN LAKES. John C. Dodge, Esq., agent lor the New York Board of Underwriters, has sent ns a tabular statement of marine disasters, losses to vessels, Ac., on the Northern Lakes in 1851, and also a comparative statement for the years 1848 to 1851, inclusive, a sum- mary of which we here subjoin : — LOSS Or LIFE, DAMAGE TO VXS8EL8, ETC., IN 1851. Loss of Damage to vessels. Damage to cargoes. Total. Date. life. English. U. States. English. U. States. March. . . $350 .... $360 April 10 $80,800 80,770 $1,860 $5,000 67,420 May 16 8,000 47,680 .... 24,350 74,930 June. , , 500 11,300 1,500 14,850 27,450 July 1 2,600 19,760 1,500 8,650 82,400 August 1 400 12,570 .... 8,200 21,170 September . . . 2 9,000 25,650 10,000 4,350 49,000 October a 89 12,000 70,860 6,000 92,000 180,950 November . . . 1 8,800 76.000 1,600 102,850 182,660 December.. . . 5 500 73,100 1,000 4,000 78,600 75 $62,000 $366,420 $22,850 $263,650 $714,920 Tot’l dam’e to Eng. cargoes 22,850 Tot’l dam’e to Amer. ¥68*18 866,420 $84,860 $630,070 GENERAL COMPARATIVE STATEMENT. 1848. 184D. 1850. 1851. Grand Total. Loss of life 40 46 430 75 591 Loss to American vessels . $897,680 $866,420 $1,184,718 Loss to American cargoes. 106,700 161,250 114,850 263,650 646,450 Loss to English vessels . . . 31,600 11,000 26,700 62,000 181,300 Loss to English cargoes. . . 23,000 6,500 2,600 22,850 64,850 Grand totals $641,680 $714,920 $2,017,818 TIMBER TRADE OF QUEBEC, The timber forming this trade consists of white pine, red pine, oak, elm, tamarnc and spruce. White pine forms three-fourths of ail the timber received at Quebec. The aggregate amount of all kinds, in cubic feet, exported from there to Great Brit- ain, for two seasons, has been as follows : — 1850. 1851. Increase. 22,128,208 23,951,898 1,823,195 The vast amount of commerce made by this amount of timber, with the staves, sawed lumber, and articles of produce exported from Quebec, is indicated by the arri- vals at that port The arrivals by sea at Quebec have been, for two seasons, as fol- lows:— 1850* I 1851. I Increase. Ships. Tonnage. Ships. Tonnage. Ships. Tonnage. 1,078 536,879 | 1,185 505,024 | 107 68,665 Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Statistics . Ill COMMERCE OF CEYLON. STATEMENT SHOWING THE VALUE OF 111 PORTS AND EXPORTS INTO AND FROM THE ISLAND OF CEYLON, ALSO THE TOTAL REVENUE DERIVED THEREFROM IN THE SHAPE OF CUSTOM DUTIES, TOGETHER WITH THE NUMBER OF VESSELS WHICH ENTERED INWARDS AND CLEARED OUTWARDS. Vessel* Vessels Total Value of Value of Tear. Inward. outward. revenue. imports. exports. Tons. Tons. £ £ £ 1886 71,232 68,483 140,106 411,167 808,708 1837 81,846 83,668 187,864 696,888 826,860 1838 96,292 96,667 107,638 647,601 293,316 1889 105,838 100,166 134,010 601,920 375,608 1840 108,006 104,016 116,943 733,518 409,947 1841 109,606 109,187 110,250 679,070 868,383 1842 130,327 124,692 192,745 # 794,768 463,445 1848 140,853 139,622 126,700 1,034,631 421,088 1844 169,128 162,953 155,090 1,367,604 682,867 1845 196,364 139,815 148,519 1,494,824 688,100 1846 211,946 212,424 141,771 1,872,701 679,286 1847 228.788 228,998 150,826 1,421,787 961,119 1848 . 229,156 233,842 119,866 1,235,448 1,448,901 1849 234,135 232,836 119,192 1,867,549 1,206,149 1850 242,264 248,898 129,467 1,488,678 1,246,956 STATEMENT SHOWING THE EXPORTS OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF COLONIAL PRODUCE DURING THE LAST FIFTEEN YEARS. EXPORTS OF PRODUCE. Coffee. Cinnamon. Cocoa-nut Oil. Coir. Tear. Colls A Cwls. Lbs. Gallons. Casks. Cwts. bundles. 1836 60,820 724,864 409,012 10,482* 17,928 1837 84,164 658,110 630,677 8,976 86,737* 1888 49,641 898,198 242,680 284, 24,896*- 1839 41,863 696,592 857,548 .... 22,195* 1840 68,206 889,378 475,742 .... 23,441 1841 80,584 317,919 821,966 .... 21,648* 1842 119,805 121,145 476,967 .... 26,181 1848 94,847 662,704 726,206 .... 20,187* 1844 133,957 1,057,841 443,301 .... 25,976* 1845 178,608 408,211 282,186 19,540* 1846 173,892 401,656 123,981 .... 28,197* 1847 293,221 447,369 197,851 23,620* 1848 280,010 491,688 811,526 8 25,199* 10 1849 278,593 733,782 613,279 .... 28,422 2 1860 278,478 644,857 407,960 .... 89,886* 120 NAVIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM. The following table will show the amount of tonnage which entered the ports of Great Britain and the United States for nine years: — UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN. American. Foreign. Total. British. Foreign. Total 1842 1,510,111 732,756 2,242,886 1,680,838 974,769 2,655,607 1843 1,113,623 531,762 1,648,275 2,919,528 1,005,894 8,925,422 1844 1,977,438 916,992 2,894,430 8,087,437 1,143,896 4,281,833 1845 2,035,486 910,563 2,946,049 3,689,858 1,853,785 4,043,588 1846 2,221,028 969,178 8,189,206 3,022,808 1,407,968 4,430,771 1847 2,101,868 1,120,346 8,221,704 4,288,056 1,652,096 4,790,152 1848 2,893,402 1,405,191 8,798,593 4,020,415 1,519,046 4,689,461 1849 2,658,821 1,710,515 8,868,836 4,390,875 1,680,894 6,071,269 1850 2,573,016 1,779,628 8,352,639 4,070,544 2,055,152 6,125,696 1851 8,054,849 1,989,091 4,993,440 4,888,245 2,599,988 6,988,248 Digitized by Google BaUroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statietice. m RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS. COMMERCE OF THE NEW TORE CANALS. The following tables, derived from the official report of the Canal Commissioners, show the the total quantity of each article which came to ride-water on all of the canals, and the estimated value of each article during the years 1849, 1850, and 1851 : STATEMENT SHOWING THE TOTAL QUANTITY or EACH ARTIOLE WHICH CAMS TO THE HUDSON HIVES ON ALL THE CANALS DURING THE YEARS 1849, 1860, AND 1861. THE FOBE8T. 1849. 1850. 1851. Fur and peltry lbs. 664,631 666,000 484,160 PRODUCT or WOOD. Boards and scantling feet 297,431,140 425.095,442 457,288,989 Shingles M. 61,258 1,868,083 67,706 Timber cubic feet 1,497,627 1,666,262 8,189,179 Staves lbs. 164,169,869 202,224,000 167,261,190 Wood cords 11,977 12,411 12,640 Ashes, pot and pearl bbls. >1,289 62,2S7 28,198 AGRICULTURE. — PRODUCT OP ANIMALS. Pork bbls. 78,986 46,618 45,018 Beef 105,492 97,269 77,798 Bacon lbs. 8,477,764 9,680,000 10,901,923 Cheese 42,097,818 82,684,000 26,698,946 Butter 20,880,409 17,102,000 9,664,268 Lard 9,088,062 8,278,000 10,814,940 Lard oil gallons 67,460 240,768 Wool lbs. 12,781,402 11,986,000 10,617,408 Hides 696,864 468,000 671,748 Tallow '. 678,000 267,810 VEGETABLE TOOD. Flour bbls. 8,268,087 8,266,077 8,868,466 Wheat bushels 2,784,889 8,670,764 8,163,683 Rye 822,942 472,806 802,608 Corn. 6,121,270 8,228,066 7,670,346 Corn meal bbla 11,988 7,886 Barley bushel* 1,400,194 1,744,867 1,881,101 Oats 2,407,896 2,469,637 8,684,682 Bran and shipetuffs lbs. 2,022,081 402,464,000 45,476,249 Peas and beans bushels 160,284 79,618 129,602 Potatoes 242,211 280,699 600,182 Dried fruit lbs. 780,869 1,468,000 1,426,860 ALL OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Cotton lbs. 816,094 1,114,000 287,880 Unmanufactured tobacco 1,896,066 796,000 8,698,690 Hemp 66,000 1,161,040 Clover and grass seed 2,479,098 1,418,000 669,400 Flaxseed 1,881,684 1,146,000 166,600 Hops 1,877,805 860,000 660,886 MANUFACTURES. Domestic spirits gallons 2,107,695 1,617,095 2,810,498 Beer bbla 96 68 Linseed oil gallons 906 100 Digitized by Google Railroad. , Canal, and Stoamboat StaHttict. 113 1849. 1840. 1851. OQ »ml and cake lbe, 6, 892,000 6,814,000 Starch 2,744,000 2,656,882 Leather. 5,582,610 7,176,000 8,203,605 Furniture 1,116,800 1,102,000 1,066,719 Agricultural implements 16,000 816,840 Bar and pig lead 11467 88,000 16,400 Kg iron. 9,686,166 6,276,000 6,768,400 Castings 1,580,000 2,470,730 Machines, and parts thereof. 280,000 153,310 Bloom and bar iroo 27,906,016 22,126,000 33,449,234 Ironware 1,787,690 8,700 Domestic woolens 1,065,518 1,018,000 824,840 Domestic cottons 2,498,426 1,868,000 2,249,885 Domestic salt 288,888 18,164,000 12,962,166 Foreign salt 1,826,600 1,195,000 OTHER ARTICLES. live cattle, hogs, and sheep lbe. 1,678,000 869,860 Stone, lime, and clay 51,328,818 87,916,000 104,167,030 Gypsum 2,561,600 6,960,000 9,669,600 Eggs 8,280,000 8,678,264 Mineral coal 26,169,989 82,146,000 40,622,220 Fish 458,000 277,516 Copper ore 104,000 417,780 Flint enameled ware 2,000 Sundries 110,244,928 94,112,000 111,020,090 STATEMENT SHOWIKO THE AGGREGATE, IK TONS, UNDER THE DIVISIONS AS BFIOirlgD IK THE ABOVE TABLE. 1849. 1850. 1851. The forest 665,647 947,768 921,887 Agriculture 796,600 026,048 895,096 Manufactures. . . 44,288 89,669 68,668 Merchandise. 5,878 7,106 6.849 Other articles. 94,688 118,278 136,366 Total 1,679,946 2,083,868 2,010,700 STATEMENT SHOWIKO THE ESTIMATED VALUE Or EACH ARTICLE WHICH CAME TO THE HUDSOK RIVER, OH ALL THE CAKALS, DURING THE TEARS 1849, 1860, 1851. THE FOREST. 1849. 1850. 1851. Fur and peltry lbs. 8692,864 8818,846 8605,200 PRODUCT OF WOOD. Boards aod scantling. feet 4,469,167 6,366,724 7,226,127 Shingles M. 163,774 202,668 206,899 Timber cubic feet 119,698 440,490 697,466 Staves lbe. 698,701 908,612 746,482 Wood cords 66,892 60,748 68,866 Ashes, pot and pearl bbls. 1,016,800 1,618,086 841,781 AGRICULTURE — PRODUCT Or ANIMALS. Port bbls. 768,421 612,798 668,940 Beef 1,244,860 866,789 661,300 Bacon. lbs. 614,666 680,922 980,966 Cheese 2,736,211 1,966,122 1,668,606 Butter 2,928,882 2,891,868 1,888,997 Lard 686,814 620,868 978,840 Lard oiL gallons 42,606 168,637 Wool lbs. 4,072,868 4,87$,578 4,101,416 Hides 69,687 64,891 68,483 Tallow 40,624 18,712 VOL. XXVII. — HO. L 8 Digitized by Google 1X4 Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics, TIMETABLE ' FOOD. Flour Wheat .. . . Eye Corn Corn meal , Barley Oats Bran and shipstuffs, Peas and beans. . . . Potatoes Dried fruit . . .bbls. bushels . . .bbls. bushels . .. .Ibe. bushels lbs. 1849. 16,815,485 2,998,160 187,545 2,970,482 868,115 868,084 242,755 160,234 117,918 78,007 ALL OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Cotton lbs. Unmanufactured tobacco Hemp Clover and grass seed Flax seed Hops 29,240 287,007 148,746 30,586 162,898 Domestic spirits Beer Linseed oil Oil meal and cake Starch Leather Furniture. Agricultural implements. Bar and pig lead Pig iron Castings Machines and parts .... Bloom and bar iron .... Iron ware Domestic woolens Domestic cotton Domestic salt Foreign salt MANUFACTURES. , .gallons 526,938 .gallons lbs. 885,080 111,631 503 96,362 668,120 62,181 895.991 698,816 73,666 OTHER ARTICLES. live cattle, hogs, and sheep lbs. Stone, lime, and clay 74,060 Gypsum 5,742 Egg* Mineral coal 56,688 Ffch Flint enameled ware Sundries 2,188,548 1850. 16,280,425 8,987,768 815,928 2,000,890 85,949 1,417,827 1,014,678 927,863 89,882 123,269 132,019 158,289 159,005 4,960 92,106 27,745 159,647 894,801 476 691 79,859 144,054 1,148,068 110,180 777 4,800 62,769 47,428 27,895 442,608 891,204 658,532 62,612 5,811 47,349 118,482 14,949 197,644 90,951 14,319 16,747 240 1,823,914 1861. 18,486,542 8,061,110 198,099 4,447,682 20,172 1,484,641 1,363,352 366,691 143,299 342,276 114,108 25,680 813,712 76,469 41,817 8,130 146,880 682,489 815 66 85,166 185,784 1,280,572 106,672 15,840 820 67,663 74,850 15,831 668,986 111 726,419 689,819 56,976 1,196 26,100 189,882 19,889 220,946 102,282 12,647 62,667 2,206,496 STATEMENT SHOWING THE AGGREGATE VALUE OF THE PROPERTY WHICH CAME TO THE HUDSON RIVER, ON ALL THE CANALS, DURING THE TEARS 1849, 1850, 1861, UNDER THE DIVISIONS AS SPECIFIED IN THE ABOVE TABLE. The forest . . . Agriculture.. . Manufactures. Merchandise . Other articles 1849. $7,192,796 88,455,456 8,899,238 608,048 2,319,983 1840. $io,si6,m 88,81 1,646 8,960,864 568,616 3,828,496 1851. $10,880, 269 16,620,296 4,866,901 406,111 2,789,261 Total $62,376,621 $66,474,687 $64,462,480 Digitized by foozle Railroad, Canal , and Steamboat Statistics . 115 GALENA AND CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD. The Galena and Chicago Union Railroad now extends from Galena to Cherry Talley, a distance of 84 miles, and b&9 two branch roads. It is among the most profitable roads in the west, from an advertisement in the Chicago Democrat we learn that this road has declared a half-yearly dividend of eight per cent on the capital stock paid in of the first division of the road. This makes the entire dividend for the fiscal year 1861-2, equal to fifteen per cent, beside leaving a large surplus of cash on hand. The following table shows the earnings of the entire road and branches for the past three fiscal years. In the month of May, 1849, are included the earnings of March and April preceding. Tbe cars commenced running in March, 1849. 1849-50. 1850-51. 1851-58. May $10,826 01 $16,122 14 Jane 9,963 40 9,716 62 18,886 20 July 19,096 68 August 7,717 28 14,860 96 September. . 14,058 85 19,443 26 October .... 17,641 40 24,918 14 November.. . 12,658 11 19,801 10 December... . 12,620 96 18,632 48 January 11,693 89 6,172 84 18,667 38 February.. . . 21,859 16 March.. 14,623 66 24,659 60 ApriL 13,096 96 20,825 85 $50/226 64 $140,538 08 $286,872 28 TOLLS, TRADE, AND TONNAGE OF THE CANALS. The following statement, condensed from the late report of the Auditor of the Canal Department, presents an exhibit for several years of the average tonnage of the boat, of the time necessary to make a passage, and the cost to bring a barrel of flour from Bufi&lo to Albany, of the lockages at Alexander’s lock, and the total tons delivered at tide-water from the Erie Canal, and of the total tolls, is as follows : — Tears. Average Daysbetw’n tonnage Albany St Fr’t on a bbl. floor. Lockages at Alexander’s Tons delivered at tide-water from Total. of boat. Bonklo. Cent t. Lock. Erie CaoaL tolls. 1841.... 41 9 71 80,320 632,620 $2,034,882 1844 49 1+ 60 28,219 790,816 2,446,374 1847.... 67 104 77 43,957 1,481,252 3,639,381 1848 71 9 58 84,911 1,184,337 3,262,212 1849.... 68 8i 56 36,918 1,266,724 8,268,226 I860.... 76 9 58 38,444 1,664,676 3,273,896 1851.... 78 8J 49 40,396 1,507,677 3,329,787 A comparison of the results of the last year’s business with that of 1841, ten yean ago, shows that while the boat has nearly doubled its capacity, the time necessary to make a passage from Buffalo to Albany is diminished half a day, transportation is cheapened 80 per cent, or 22 cents on a barrel of flour ; and that while the lockages at Alexander's Lock have increased only 88 per cent, the tons arriving have increased 200 per cent. And that though the tons arriving from the Erie Canal last year are 77,000 more than in 1847, the lockages are 8,600 less. THE PHILOSOPHICAL RAILROAD ENGINEER. George Stanford, an engineer on the Michigan Central Railroad, at the time of a late accident on that road, had his bead cut badly and his back bruised. Before the collision took place, but when it was too late to obviate it, be exclaimed : 14 This is all carelessness, and if I am killed, it will serve me right — I will not jump off” That engineer was an honest man, and an intelligent believer in that beautiful Providence that works no miracle to save men from the consequences of transgressing wise laws. Digitized by v^oosle 116 Railroad, Canal , and Steamboat Statistics MAINE LAW CONCERNING RAILROADS. The following act concerning railroads passed by the Legislature of Maine, wn approved by the Governor on the 13th of April, 1862, and takes effect from and after October 18th, 1862. AN ACT CONCERNING RAILROADS. Ssa 1. It is hereby declared that no railroad company has or shall have the right to assign its charter or any of its privileges, immunities or franchises, without the ex- press authority of the legislature therefor ; nor shall any railroad company, without such express authority, lease its road or any portion thereof, or grant the use and en- joyment thereof or any portion of the Bame, to any other person or corporation, or in any way grant the use, possession or control of the same to any other party or cor- poration, or in any way place the control and management of the said road in the nands of any other officers or parties than those contemplated by the charter. And any such lease, contract, agreement, assignment or transfer, heretofore or hereafter made, is hereby declared to be null and of no effect ; and it shall be the duty of the Attorney General, on suggestion or request of any person complaining of a violation of the provisions of this act, by any such corporation, to file an information, in the nature of a quo warranto, against said corporation before the Supreme Judical Court ; and said court is authorized to pass such judgment, order, or decree, as to justice and equity may appertain in all such cases. And provided, that nothing in this act shall extend to any agreement for the lease of the Somerset and Kennebec Railroad to the Kennebec and Portland Railroad, on the terms mutually agreed on by the stockhold- ers in both of said companies ; nor to effect any mortgage made for securing the debts of any corporation, or with any portion of the Atlantic and St Lawrence Railroad which lies within the States of New Hampshire and Vermont. Sac. 2. This act shall take effect in six months from and after its approval by the Governor. A PROFITABLE RAILROAD IN GEORGIA. The last report of the Georgia Railroad Company gives the same encouraging assu- rance of the value of the railway system, that all their previous reports have done. Their road is 171 miles long' with 48 miles of branches, and they declare dividends on a capital stock of $4,000,000. They also have a debt, created by subscriptions to other railroad companies. These subscriptions amount to $670,890, and consist of the stocks of the Georgia and East Tennessee, Nashville and Chattanooga, Montgomery and West Point, Atlanta and Lagrange, and Rome Railroad Companies, and the Augusta and Nashville Telegraph Company. After paying interest on these debts, $52,691 55, the net profit remaining was $481,087 93, or 10.78 per cent on the cap- ital The company paid a dividend of 7 per cent, and devoted $151,087 98 to the payment of the debts. It is evident that without this debt created to aid other works calculated to benefit their road, the company might have declared a dividend of nearly 13 per cent. In fact, the business of this road has exhibited an actual profit of About 18 per cent for years past The company have pursued the policy of subscribing to the stock of other roads, leading from their road to the interior. The debt created by these subscriptions will be paid off out of the profits of their road, in less thin (oar years, and the company will enjoy largely increased profits, while their markets will oommand the tribute of Alabama and Tennessee. THE FIRST AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE. The Charleston Mercury says the first locomotive built in this country was con- structed for and used on the South Carolina railroad. 44 This engioe would be a curiosity if placed alongside of one of Norris’s or Bald- win’s last improvements. It was named the 4 Best Friend,’ and was built under the direction of Mr. E. L. Miller, of Walterboro’, at the West Point Foundry of Messrs. Kemble, New York. The engine had no tender, but carried its own wood and water. The wheels were of wood, with spokes like a wagon, and the wheel armed with a wrought-iroo tire. 44 The engineer who ran the first locomotive that was used on this or any other road intho Unitod States, was N. K Darrell, an apprentice brought up in Dotterers Ma- chine shop. He is now, and has been for many years past, the well-known and effi- cient master of the company’s workshops in tinariestoo. Digitized by Google 117 Railroad^ Canal , and Steamboat Statistics. “ After a few trips, the wooden wheels of the * Best Friend ’ gave way, and were replaced by cast iron ones, the pattern for which was made, ana the wheels cast by another of Dotterels apprentice boys, J. D. Petsch, then the foreman of that well known establishment These, it is believed, were the first cast-iron wheels used on railroads in this country, * The 1 Best Friend 'blew up after a brief career, and from its wreck another en- gine was built by Mr. Petsch, at the company’s workshop, of which he was then in charge. It was called the M Phenix.” Previous to this the crank axle had been used ; but in the reconstruction of this engine, Mr. Petsch introduced the straight axle with outside connections, and also wrought iron tires on the cast-iron driving wheels, neither of which, it is believed, had before been tried in this country. Mr. Petsch is now the able and efficient superintendent of the motive- power and transportation department of the South Carolina railroad, in which important position he has rendered valuable service, by the many improvements he has embodied in the plan and construction of locomotives, machinery, workshops, etc.” HAMILTON, EATON, AND RICHMOND RAILROAD. From a recent statement of the president of this company, it appears that the cost of the road from Hamilton to Richmond, Inch, 44 miles, including water and other stations, will be $718,103 86, of which the sum of $682,767 has been provided, re- quiring only $280,336 85 to finish the whole line. The estimate of the work remain- ing to be done is $178,648 11. The road is to be finished as a first class road in every respect, and will open a great thoroughfare into Indiana. Arrangements have been made with the Cincinnati and Hamilton Company to run the road as soon as ready *, and it is supposed cars will run out some distance to Eaton, the middle of the present month, (June, 1852,) and to Richmond in the fall of 1862. THE RIGHT OF WAT OVER LAND BELONGING TO THE STATE. Judge Hurd, of the Supreme Court of Ohio, has decided that the State of Ohio, by granting a charter for a railroad from Columbus to Zanesville, veir clearly granted the right or way over the canal, which, of necessity, must be crossed in making the road. The judge held that if the legislature had the power to grant the right of way for a railroad over the lands of private individuals wno derived their title irom the United States government, they had the power to grant the same right of way over the land belonging to the State. It will De recollected that the Board of Public Works of Ohio enjoined this road from proceeding with the work on the ground of the unconsti- tutiooality of the charter which authorized it to cross the canal VALIDITY OF A PATENT FOR IMPROVEMENT IN CARS. An action was recently brought before the United States District Court (Judge l£ane) by Roes Winans vs. the York and Maryland Railroad Company, to recover damages for the infraction of a patent granted to the plaintiff for an improvement in the construction of cars, rendering them better adapted to American railroads. — The object of the invention is, among other things, to make such an adjustment of the wheels, axles, and connection with the body as shall cause the car to pursue a more* smooth, even and safe course, than it does as they are ordinarily constructed. It was proved to be indispensable to comfort and safety at the speed now run by passenger trains. The jury brought in a verdict for $5,400 damages and costs. PROFITABLE RAILROAD STOCKS. The Utica and Schenectady Railroad Company have probably done the most profit- able business of any railroad corporation in the world. This road, seventy-eight miles in length, was constructed and put into operation for a million and a half of dollars. The total receipts in about fourteen years have been $6,856,046. Expenditures for the same period, $2,687,842. Excess of earnings over current expenses during that time, $4,218,204 — reimbursing the whole cost of the road and yielding a dear net profit of $2,718,204 or over 18^ per cent per annum. Digitized by v^oosle 118 Commercial Regulations. COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. COMMERCIAL TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND COSTA RICA. The following is a correct copy of the 44 Treaty of Friendship , Commerce , and Navi- gation between the United States of America and the Republic of Costa Rica” con- cluded and signed in the city of Washington on the 10th of July, 1851, and duly ratified on both parts, and the respective ratifications exchanged at Washington on the 26th day of May, 1862 :-r— TEKATT OF FRIENDSHIP, OOMMEBCK, AND NAVIGATION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA. /» the name of the Most Holy Trinity : — Commercial intercourse having been for some time established between the United States and the Republic of Costa Rica, it seems good for the security as well as the encouragement of such commercial inter- course, and for the maintenance of good understanding between the United States and the said republic, that the relations now subsisting between them should be reg- ularly acknowledged and confirmed by the signature of a treaty of amity, Commerce, and navigation. For this purpose they have named their respective plenipotentiaries, that is to say : The President of the United States, Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; And his Excellency the President of the Republic of Costa Rica, Senor Don Felipe Molina, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of that republic to tne United States; Who, after having communicated to each other their full powers, found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon and concluded the following articles: — Art. 1. There shall be perpetual amity between the United States and their citi- sens, on the one part, and the government of the Republic of Co6ta Rica nnd its citi- zens on the other. Art. 2. There shall be, between all the territories of the United States and the territories of the Republic of Costa Rica, a reciprocal freedom of Commerce. The subjects and citizens of the two countries, respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come with their shins and cargoes to all places, ports, and rivers m the territories aforesaid, to which other foreigners are or may be permitted to come ; to enter into the same, and to remain nnd reside in any part thereof respectively; also to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for (lie purposes of their Commerce ; and generally the merchants and traders of each nation, respectively, shall enjoy the most complete protection and security for their Commerce, subject always to the laws and statutes or the two countries respectively. In like manner the respective ships of war and post-office packets of the two coun- tries shall have liberty freely and securely to come to all harbors, rivers, and places to which foreign ships of war and packets are or may be permitted to come ; to enter into the same to anchor there and refit ; subject always to the laws and statutes of the two countries respectively. By the right of entering the places, ports, and rivers mentioned in this article, the ^privilege of carrying on the coasting trade is not understood ; in which trade national vessels only of the country where the trade is carried on are permitted to engage. Art. 3. It being the intention of the two high contracting parties to bind themselves, by the preceding articles, to treat each other on the footing of the most favored na- tion, it is hereby agreed between them that any favor, privilege, or immunity what- ever, in matters of Commerce and navigation, which eitner contracting party has ac- tually granted, or may hereafter grant to the subjects or citizens of any other State, shall be extended to the subjects or citizens of the other high contracting party gratu- itously, if the concession in favor of that other nation shall have been gratuitous ; or in return for a compensation, as nearly as possible of proportionate value and effect, to be adjusted by mutual agreement, if the concession shall have been condi- tional. Art. 4. No higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into the ter- ritories of the United States of any article being of the growth, produce, or mono- fccture of the Republic of Costa Rica, and no higher or other duties *hall be imposed Digitized by Google Commercial Regulations, 119 on the importation into the territories of the Republic of Costa Rica of any article being the growth, produce, or manufacture of tne territories of the United States, than are or shall be payable on the like articles being the growth, produce, or maon> facture of any other foreign country ; nor shall any other or higher duties or chargee be imposed in the territories of either of the high contracting parties, on the exporta- tion of any articles to the territories of the other, than such as are or may be payable on the exportation of the like article to any other foreign country ; nor snail any pro- hibition be imposed upon the exportation or importation of any articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the territories of the United States, or of the Republic of Costa Rica, to or from the said territories of the United States, or to or from the Re- public of Costa Rica, which shall not equally extend to all other nations. Art. 6. No higher or other duties of payment, on accouut of tonnage of light or harbor dues, of pilotage, of salvage in case either of damage or shipwreck, or on ac- count of any other local charges, shall be imposed in any of the ports of the Republic of Costa Rica, on vessels of the United States, than those payable in the same porta by Costa Rican vessels ; nor in any of the ports of the United States on Costa 'Rican vessels, than shall be payable in the same ports on vessels of the United States. Art. 6. The same duties shall be paid on the importation into the territories of the Republic of Costa Rica of any article being of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the territories of the United States, whether such importation shall be made in Costa Rican or in vessels of the United States ; and the same duties shall be paid on the importation into the territories of the United States of any article being the growth, produce, or manufacture of the Republic of Costa Rica, whether such impor- tation shall be made in United States or Costa Rican vessels. The same dues shall be made, and the same bounties and drawbacks allowed, on the exportation to the Republic of Costa Rica of any articles being the growth, pro- duce, or manufacture of tne territories of the United StAtes, whether such exporta- tions shall be made in Costa Rican or in United States vessels; and the same duties shall be paid, and the same bounties and drawbacks allowed, on the exportation of any article being the growth, produce, or manufacture of the Republic of Costa Riea to the territories of the United States, whether such exportation shall be made in United States or in Costa Rican vessels. Art. 7. All merchants, commanders of ships, and others, citizens of the United 8tates, shall have fall liberty, in all the territories of the Republic of Costa Rica, to manage their own affairs themselves, or to commit them to the management of whom- soever they please, as hroker, factor, agent, or interpreter ; nor shall they be obliged to employ any other persons in those capacities than those employed by Costa Ricans, oor to pay them any other salary or remuneration than such as is paid in like cases by Costa Rican citizens ; and absolute freedom shall be allowed in all cases to the buyer and seller to bargain and fix the price of any goods, wares, or merchandise imported into or exported from the Republic of Costa Rica as they shall see good, observing the laws and established customs of the country. The same privileges shall be en- joyed in the territories of the United States by the citizens of the Republic of Costa Rica under the same conditions. The citizens of the high contracting parties shall reciprocally receive and enjoy full and perfect protection for their persons and property, and shall have free and open access to the courts of justice in the said countries respectively, for the prosecution and defense of their just rights; and they shall be at liberty to employ in all cases the advocates, attorneys, or agent of whatever description, whom they may think proper, and they shall enjoy, in this respect, the same rights and privileges therein as Dative citizens. Art. 8. In whatever relates to the police of the ports, the lading and unlading ships^ the safety of the merchandise, goods, and effects, the succession to personal estates by will or otherwise, and the disposal of personal property of every sort and denom- ination, by sale, donation, exchange, testament, or in any other manner whatsoever, a* also the administration of justice, the citizens of the two high contracting partied shall reciprocally enjoy the same privileges, liberties, and rights as native citizens, and they shall not be charged in any of these respects with any higher imposts or duties than those which are paid or may be paid by native citizens ; submitting, of eonrse, to the local laws and regulations of each country respectively. If any citizen of the two high contracting parties shall die without will or testa- ment in any of the territories of the other, the consul general or consul of the nation to which the deceased belonged, or the representative of such consul general or con- sul in his absence, shall have the right to nominate curators to take charge of the Digitized by v^oosle 110 Commercial Beffulatum*. property of the deoeaaed, eo hr m the laws of the country wifi penult, for the benefit of the lawful heirs and creditors of the deceased, giving proper notice of each nomin- ation to the authorities of the country. Ajlt. 9. The citizens of the United States residing in the Republic of Costa Rica, and the citizens of the Republic of Costa Rica residing in the United States, shall be exempted from all compulsory military service whatsoever, either by sea or by land, and from all forced loans or military exactions or requisitions ; and they shall not be compelled, under any pretext whatsoever, to pay other ordinary charges, requisitions, or taxes, greater than those that are paid by native citizens of the contracting parties respectively. Art. 10. It shall be free for each of the two high contracting parties to appoint consuls for the protection of trade, to reside in any of the territories of the other party ; but before any consul shall act as such, he shall, in the usual form, be approved and admitted by the government to which he is sent ; and either of the high contract- ing parties may except from the residence of consuls such particular places as they judge fit to be excepted. The Oosta Rican diplomatic agents and consuls shall enjoy in the territories of the United States whatever privileges, exemptions, and immuni- ties are or shall be granted to agents of the same rank belonging to the most favored nation ; and in like manner the diplomatic agents and consuls of the United States in the Costa Rican territories, shall enjoy, according to the strictest reciprocity, whatever privileges, exemption, and immunities are or may be granted in the Republic of Costa Rica, to the diplomatic agents and consuls of the most favored nation. Art. 11. For the better security of Commerce between the citizens of the United States and the citizens of the Republic of Costa Rica, it is agreed that, if at any time any interruption of friendly intercourse, or any rupture should unfortunately take place between the two high contracting parties, the citizens of either of the two high contracting parties, who may be within any of the territories of the other, shall, if residing upon the coast, be allowed six months, and if in the interior, a whole year to wind up tneir accounts and dispose of their property ; and a safe conduct shall be given them to embark at the port which they themselves icay select ; and even in the event of a rupture, all such citizens of either of the two high contracting parties, who are established in any of the territories of the other, in the exercise of any trade or special employment, shall have the privilege of remaining and of continuing such trade and employment therein without any manner of interruption, in the full enjoy- ment of their liberty and property as long a* they behave peaceably, and commit no offense against the laws ; and their goods and effects of whatever description they may be, whether in their own custody or intrusted to individuals or to the State, shall not be liable to seizure or sequestration, nor to any other charges or demands than those which may be made upon the like effects or property belonging to the native citizens of the country in which such citizens may reside. In the same case debts be- tween individuals, property in public funds, and shares of companies, shall never be confiscated, sequestered, nor detained. Art. 12. The citiaens of the United States and the citizens of the Republic of Costa Rica respectively, residing in any of the territories of the other party, shall enjoy in their houses, persons, and properties, the protection of the government, and shall con- tinue in possession of the guaranties which they now enjoy. They shall not be dis- turbed, molested, or annoyed in any manner on account of their religious belief, nor in the proper exercise of their religion, either within their own private houses, or in the places of worship destined for that purpose, agreeably to the system of tolerance established in the territories of the two high contracting parties ; provided they re- spect the religion of the nation in which they reside, as well us the constitution, laws, and customs of the country. Liberty shall also be granted to bury the citizens of either of the two high contracting parties who may die in the territories aforesaid, in burial places of their own, which in the same manner shall be freely established and maintained ; nor shall the funerals or sepulchers of the dead be disturbed in any way or upon any account AaT. 18. In order that the two high contracting parties may have the opportunity of hereafter treating and agreeing upon such other arrangements as may tend still further to the improvement of their mutual intercourse, and to the advancement of the interests of their respective citizens, it is agreed that at any time after the expi- ration of seven years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, either of the high contracting parties shall have the right of giving to the other party notice of its intention to terminate articles 4, 5, and 6 of the present treaty ; and that, at the expiration of twelve months after such notice shall have Digitized by ^ooq le 121 Commercial Regulation*. bum received by either party from the other, the raid article#, and all the stipulation# contained therein, shall ceaae to be binding on the two high contracting parties. Art. 14. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be ex- changed at Washington or at San Joel de Costa Rica within the space of one year, or sooner if possible. In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same and have affixed thereto their respective seals. Done at Washington this tenth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one. DANIEL webpter. [l. ».] F. MOLINA, [l. •.] REOPROCAL TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. The following act proposing a reciprocal trade between the Hawaiian Islands and the United States, has been officially published in the Polynesian, the organ of that government It only remains for the congress of the United States, in order to secure a free import into the Hawaiian Islands, of flour, fish, coal, lumber, staves and heading, the produce or manufacture of the United States, to pass an act admitting the sugar, syrup, molasses, and coffee of the Hawaiian Islands into all the ports of the United States. AN ACT PROVIDING POE RECIPROCAL DUTIES OP CERTAIN ARTICLES OP THE UNITED BTATE8 OF NORTH AMERICA. Be it enacted by the King, the Premier, and Chiefs of the Hawaiian Islands, in council assembled : — Sec. 1. All floor, fish, coal, lumber, stave and heading, the produce or manufacture of the United States, shall be admitted into this kingdom free of all duty, provided the government of the United States will admit the sugar, syrup, molasses and coffee, the produce of the Hawaiian Islands, into all the ports of the united States on the same terms. Sec. 2. The evidence that articles proposed to be admitted into the ports of this kingdom under the preceding section, are the produce or manufacture of the United States, shall be a certificate to that effect from the Hawaiian consul of the port from which such articles are imported, or in case there shall be no such consul resident in such a port, a certificate to that effect from the collector of the port. Sec. 3. This act shall take effect the day it is concurrred in by the government of the United States, and continue in force until annulled by the government of the Hawaiian Islands, or of the United States. Provided always, that previous to such annulment, the government desiring to make the same, shall give twelve months notice of their intention so to do. Done at the Palace in Honolulu this first day of March, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- two. KAMEHAMEHA. KEONIANA. OF THE BELIEF OF SICK AND DISABLED SEAMEN. TO COLLECTORS OP OD8TOMS AND OTHER OFFICERS ACTING AS AGENTS UNDER THE ACTS FOR THE RELIEF OF SICK AND DISABLED SEAMEN AND BOATMEN. Treasury Department, May 11, 1852. With the view of bringing together into one circular all existing regulations, and prescribing for your government such additional instructions as the enlargement of the fund and the increased demands upon it seem to require, the following regulations have been adopted by the department, viz : — 1st Hospital relief is to be confined to American seamen and such foreign seamen as have served for three consecutive years on board American vessels, aDd to boatmen who are liable to pay hospital money. 2d. The agent of the fund is the only person authorized to admit patients to its benefits, and in all cases he will furnish the applicant with a written order of admis- sion after being fully satisfied of his right to relief ; and where provision is made by contract with a private institution, or an individual, these orders must be produced as Touchers in all settlements under such contracts. Digitized by v^oosle 122 Commercial Emulations. 8d. Seamen or boatmen deemed incurable, or those employed in the fisheries, are not entitled to the benefits of the marine hospital fund. The period of hospital relief is restricted to four months, and is not to be ex- tended for a longer time, except by the special authority of the department At all ports, except those on the Pacific, where no hospitals have been provided by the government the following limitation and rules will be observed : — . P°rts north of Newbern, North Carolina, there will be allowed for suitable board- ing, lodging, and nursing, the sum of three dollars per week for each patient, and in those south of that place three dollars and fifty cents per week for each patient Medicines will be paid for at the usual apothecary rates, but in no case shall the cost of them exceed ten cents per day for each patient Professional services to each patient at the rate of twenty-five cents per day, not in any case to exceed six dollars and twenty-five cents for any one patient, and applica- ble only to not exceeding ten patient®. For all patients above ten, the maximum aggre- gate charge not to exceed three dollars, at the rate of twenty-five cents per day up to No charges for medical and surgical services will be paid until the patient is dis- charged, and in all cases the accounts rendered for those services must show the num- ber and names of the patients, the number of days, attention to each, and a specifica- tion of their diseases. Whenever seamen or boatmen shall abandon their profession, and enter upon other employments, they will not be entitled to hospitul relief during the continuance of 6uch other avocation ; and in no case where disease has been contracted during such abandonment, and while engaged in other pursuits, will relief be extended. At all port9 on the Pacific, the cost of boarding, lodging, nursing, medicines, medi- cal and surgical aid, and all other attentions and care of marine hospital patients, will be specially regulated, from time to time, at each port by the Department upon a full statement of facts and circumstances connected with the care and medical treat- ment Of them. THOMAS CORWIN, Secretary of Us Treasury. COMMERCIAL TREATY BETWEEN FRANCE AND SARDINIA. The following are the chief points of the new treaty of Commerce concluded be- tween France and Sardinia. It is another step in advance of free trade principles. , I* The abolition, by Sardinia, of all export duty on raw spun silks, also on skins of kids and lambs. 2. The abolition, by the two countries, of import duties on the same articles. 3. The reduction, by Piedmont, to a uniform duty of 3f. 80c., the hectolitre instead of 10f., and 14f. on all sorts of wines ; of lOf. instead of* 80f. on brandies of the first quality ; of 5f. 50c. instead of 18f. on common brandies, and 10c. instead of every pottle of wine, brandy, liquor, or vinegar containing less than a litre. 4. The reduction, by France, to 15f. instead of 20f. the 100 kilogrammes of the duties on Sardinian oils. 5. The admission, by France, at a reduced duty of 8f. of 12,000 Kilogrammes per annum of the steeled cast iron of Savoy. 6. The reduction, by France, of one-half of the existing duties on the Cheeses of Savoy, and some facilities for the importation of cattle from that province. Letters from Genoa state that trade has revived wonderfully in the city since the treaty of Commerce with France came into operation on the 14th February last The improvement has given rbe to a project for converting the Darsena into docks, at a cost of f.l 8,000,000, The Sauli Palace, one of the finest specimens of Genoese architecture, is to be de- molished to make room for improvement A French company has bought it for that purpose, to the great wrath of the citizens. TO REGULATE THE SALE OF OATS IN MAINE. The following 44 act to regulate the sale of oats,” was passed at the last session of the Maine Legislature, and approved by the Governor, February 14th, 1852. AN ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF OATS. From and after the passage of this act all oats offered for sale in this State, shall be sold by strike measure, or thirty pounds per bushel, and whenever any oats shall hereafter be offered for sale, and either the seller or buyer shall require it said oats shall be sold by the aforesaid weight Digitized by Google Commercial Regulations . 123 THE LAW OF MARYLAND REGULATING PILOTAGE. We publish below a copy of the new Pilot Law of Maryland, which passed the Legislature of that State in April, 1852 : — Skctioh 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland , That J. Smith Hollins, William Graham, Samuel T. Thompson, and John Haynie, or any three or more of them, be and they are hereby appointed a board to examine any person who shall desire to be admitted a pilot, he first producing a certificate from the Circuit Court of the county where he resides, or from the Court of Common Pleas of the city of Baltimore, in case he resides in said city, of his honc?ty and good behavior, ana paying to the said board the sum of five dollars, and to the register of the board sev- enty-five cents, and if upon public examination the person shall appear to the board of sufficient ability, skill, and experience, they shall grant him one of three kinds of warrants of appointment and license, according to the qualification of such person, thereby authorizing such person for one year from the date of such warrant, either to pilot vessels of any draft of water, or vessels not exceeding twelve feet draft, or vessels not exceeding uine feet draft ; and every person receiving a warrant of ap- pointment and license agreeably to this act, shall thereafter be reputed a lawful pilot ; bat no person shall be entitled to receive a warrant as aforesaid, as a first rate pilot, unless he hath employed himself at least three years in the business of piloting ves- sels of any draft, or unless he shall have served at least five years as an apprentice to the business of piloting ; and every pilot shall receive his warrant of license every year in the month of April or May, and that no warrant shall be granted at any other time, or renew license applied for, unless the pilot had been carried to sea, or confined by sickness so as to prevent his application within tbat period ; ami every first-rate pilot shall pay two dollars, and every second rate pilot shall pay one dollar and fifty cents, and every third-rate pilot shall pay one dollur, to the register of the board, aud the board may renew any license or not, as they may think proper. Sec. 2. And be it enacted , That every member of the said board, before he proceed* to examine any person applying for a warrant as pilot under this act, shall take the following oath of affirmation, to be administered by a Justice of the Peace, to wit: — “I, , do swear (or solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm) that I will impartially examine and inquire into the capacity, skill, and experience of any applicant or applicants in the art of piloting in the Chesapeake Bay, and the rivers thereof, and will admit them as I find them qualified, or reject them if I shall find them unqualified, without favor, affection, or reward.” Sec. 8. And be it enacted , That the said board may make and use a common seal, and alter and renew the same at their pleasure, and may appoint a register, who shall enter in a book to be provided for that purpose, all applications to and other proceed- ings of the said board, and the register shnll countersign all warrants for pilots granted by the board, and every such warrant shall be under the seal of the said board. Sec. 4. And be it enacted , That it shall not be lawful for any person to act as a pi- lot, notwithstanding his having obtained a warrant aa aforesaid, unless he, or the com- pany to which he belongs, shall keep one sufficient boat, of twenty-six feet keel, straight rabbit at least, and decked and well found, under the penalty of one hundred and fifty dollar* for every vessel such person shall undertake to pilot ; and the name of eveir boat, and the place she belongs to, shall be put on her stern, and on her main- sail ana on her foresail, in large letters. 8ec. 5. And be it enacted. That if any person, not having a warrant aa a pilot agree- able to this act, shall presume to take upon himself to conduct or pilot any vessel bound from any port in this State to sea, or coming from sea, and bound up any river of this State, to any port thereof, every such person shall forfeit one hundred and fifty dol- lars, and such person shall also be liable for all damages occasioned by his undertaking to conduct or pilot any vessel, by action at common law : Provided, that this prohibi- tion shall not extend to prevent any person from assisting any vessel in distress, if such person shall deliver up such vessel to any pilot who shall come on board and offer to conduct or pilot such vessel, and he shall pay such person one-half the fees received by him for the pilotage of such vessel ; and provided , that this prohibition shall not extend to prevent any master or owner of any vessel from piloting or conducting any vessel of which he may be master or owner. 8aa 6. And be it enacted, That the said board of examiners may make such rules and orders for the government and regulation of pilots appointed and licensed by them as they may think proper, not contrary to the provisions of this act ; and the said board may, by their order, deprive any of the said pilots of their license, or suspend Digitized by Google 124 Commercial Regulations. them for a limited time, for breaking such rales or orders, or omitting anything required by the same, or for acting in any manner contrary thereto ; and if any of the said pi- lots so suspended or deprived, during the time of their suspension or deprivation, shall take upon himself to pilot or conduct any vessel, such pilot shall forfeit and pay One hundred dollars for every such offense. Sec. 7. And be it enacted, That if any of the said board of examiners shall die, re- sign, refuse to act, or remove from the city of Baltimore, or be otherwise rendered in- capable to act, the remaining examiners, or a majority of them, shall fill up such vacancy, provided they shall so regulate their appointments as to have at least one member of the board a person skilled in the business of piloting. Sko. 8. And be it enacted. That all persons now holding license to act as pilots in the waters of this State may renew the same according to the provisions of this act, as if the several acts of Assembly relating to pilots and pilotage, heretofore passed were still in force. Sec. 9. And be it enacted. That any pilot who may be licensed to act as snch agreeably to the provisions of this act, may charge and recover for his services, such reasonable compensation as may be contracted for by such pilot, and the owner, mas- ter, agent, or consignee of any vessel which may be piloted by him. Sec. 10. And be it enacted, That the act passed at November Session, 1808, chapter 68, entitled “ an act to establish pilots and regulate their fees,” and all the acts supple- mentary thereto, relating to pilots and pilotage, are hereby repealed, provided that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to compel any master, owner, or agent to pay any pilot except be be employed as pilot. REDUCTION OF ANCHORAGE DUTIES BT BRAZIL. The following translation of a decree of his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, interest- ing to those concerned in the trade to that country, has been officially communicated to the Department of State, at Washington. DEcaxs no. 928, of march 6, 1852. Pursuant to the provisions of the 28th article of the law No. 869, of September 18, 1846, 1 think it proper to decree : — Article 1. From and after 1st July, 1852, the anchorage duty upon vessels trading between foreign ports and the ports of the empire will be reduced to three hundred re is the ton ; and the same class of duty now levied upon coasting vessels shall be abolished. Art. 2. That part of the provisions of April 26, July 20, and November 15, 1844, which has not been altered by this decree, will continue in force. Joaquim Jose Rodrigues Torres, of my Council, a Senator of the Empire, Minister and Secretary of State for Financial Affairs, and President of the National Exchequer Court, will so understand the above, and cause it to be executed. Palace of Rio Janeiro, March 5, 1852, the thirty-first of the independence of the Empire. By his Majesty the Emperor. JOAQUIM JOSE RODRIGUES TORRES. ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF COTTON IN ALABAMA. The following Act passed at the last Session of the Legislature of Alabama, and approved February 10th, 1852, is now in force : — AN ACT TO REGULATE THE 8ALE OF COTTON BT COMMISSION MERCHANTS. Section 1. Be it enacted, Jkl, That from and after the passage of this act, all cot- ton sold by commission merchants to brokers or buyers shall not be considered as de- livered and the ownership given up, until the same is fully paid for ; any order for the cotton, law, custom or usage to the contrary notwithstanding. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That any cotton broker engaged in the business of buying cotton, either on his or their own account, or for others, who shall buy or engage to buy, cotton from a planter or commission merchant and shall fail or refuse to pay for the same at the time agreed to, and shall make way with, or dispose of any cotton purchased and not paid for, shall be deemed guilty of fraud and embezzlement, and ehall be liable to be imprisoned, on conviction, in the penitentiary not less than one nor more than five years, at the discretion of jury trying the case. > Digitized by v^oosle Nautical Intelligence . 125 BRITISH COMMERCIAL AID NAVIGATION TREATIES. The Oftsette of Loo don gives the following list of potentates t Miuing Co Copper Falls Mining Co North-Western Mining Co. . . North American Miniug Co.. Albion Mining Co Cliff Mine Lac le Belle Mining Co Iron City Mining Co Isle Roy ale Mining Co Cape Mining Co Pittsburg A I. Roy. Min. Co.. Liskanett Mining Co. ....... American Miniug Co Ontonagon Miniug Co Sistagna Mining Co Chesapeake Mining Co. .... . Minnesota Mining Co Algonquin Mining Co Ridge Mining Co Adventure Mining Co Forest Mining Co Ohio Trap Rock Mining Co.. . Merchant Mining Co Total Annual Power Male product. Nature of Value of Capital. used, bands. Tons. product. product. $50,000 Water. 114 80 Native copper $17,000 65,000 Horse . 80 10 Native copper 3,000 10,000 Hand.. 14 . . .... 70,000 Steam. 110 85 Native copper 17,000 15,000 Hand. . 9 , . .... 207,360 Steam* 180 1,028 Native copper 167,000 28,000 Horse . 6 10 Gray ore ... . 660 1,600 Horse . 15 . . • • • • 14,000 Steam. 1 9 . , • • • • 500 Horse . 6 , , .... 18,000 Hapd. . 25 2 Ingot 760 30,000 Horse. 25 25 Native copper 7,500 8,000 Horse. 15 i Native copper 190 15,000 Hand. . 20 .... 3,000 Hand.. 10 . . .... 6,000 HamL . 1 0 , . .... 29,000 Steam* 80 257 Native copper 77,100 2,400 Hand.. 28 . . . . . . 5,000 Horse. 16 5 Native copper 1,250 15,000 Horse. 16 8 Native copper 2,000 15,000 Horse . 30 5 Native copper 1,000 15,000 Horse. 10 10 Native copper 2,500 2,000 Horse . 1 •• — $618,760 789 1,525* $386,060 COTTON PLANTERS SHOULD BECOME COTTON SPINNERS. The Executive Committee of the Georgia Agricultural Association have put forth, in an extra, an address to the Southern cotton planters, in which is submitted a very valuable and important suggestion. The subject will be brought forward for dis- cussion at the couvention to be held next month in Montgomery, Alabama. From this address we make the following extract, containing important considerations for the cotton planter : — “ Great Britain habitually imports about one sixth more raw cotton than she manu- factures, and, according to Baines, in his history of cotton manufacture, makes a profit of 10 per cent upoo the exportation of a portion of that excess to Havre. And she converts into yarn and exports about one-fifth more of the amount of her imports of raw cotton. This is not the place to inquire into the means by which she i9 enabled to monopolize so Urge an amount of our raw staple, and to engross so large a profit by a mere transfer o/ what she cannot use at home across the channel. It is more german to the purpose of this paper to inquire if the cotton planters of the United States may not themselves spin and export part or all of that excess of yarn which Great Britain spina but does not make into cloth f The more direct and practical proposition is, may not the cotton planters look forward to the time wheo the expor- tation of raw cotton will be as rare as the exportation of seed cotton was thirty or forty years ago f There are not as great difficulties now to the spinning and exporta- tion of yarns as. existed some sixty years ago to the ginning and exportation of dean • And horse-power. Digitized by v^oosle 182 Journal of Mining and Manufactures. cotton. Then the cotton-gin was in the hands of the patentees, who endeavored to make a * great East India concern of it ’ by establishing ginners at numerous points in the cotton region and coercing the planters to sell their cotton in the seed, by refusing to sell rights to use the gin. That scheme of monopoly, amounting almost to fraud, was defeated by the ingenuity of Nathan Lyons, who invented the saw gin. Now, all the elements for ginuing, carding, and spinning exist in machinery of almost perfect construction, and its adaptation to the planter’s wants is alone necessary to enable him to spin his own crop at his own homestead. The spinning of cotton — as was one time the ginning of it — is a distinct pursuit, employing a distinct capital, and creating a distinct and antagonizing interest to that of the planter. The same energy that enabled him to unite the ginning out of his crop with the production of it, will now unite, in his own hands, the production, ginning, carding, and spinning. And he will find that he will add proportionally more to the profits of his investment by carding and spinning than he has by ginning his crop, for the women and children may Uh readily taught to spin in winter what they have aided in cultivating and gathering.” THE AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINES. By the recent arrivals at London, from Port Philip, accounts have been received with regard to the Victoria Gold Mines up to the 27 th January, 1852. It appears that the excitement was rapidly increasing, and that about 20,000 people had already reached the place from the neighboring colonies. .Special instances were mentioned in which parties had obtained gold valued at about £30 per day for several successive days, while even since the scarcity of water the average at the chief point of opera- tion had been £8. These results were principally obtained from surface diggings on a slope of the range not a quarter of an acre in extent. It was estimated that since the discovery the general yield, including what had found its way into the banks, had been at least £1,000,000 sterling, and that already, up to the 18th of January, £660,000 had been exported to this country. W hen the winter rains should set in, it was anticipated that the most extraordinary consequences would be witnessed. In the meantime labor was fetching high rates; reapers were paid 28s. a day, besides a considerable allowance of spirits, and servants who previously obtained about £30 to £35 per annum were now readily engaged at £60. The retail business of the place had improved in proportion, the expenditure by the miuing population being distin- guished for its extravagance. The latest price of gold was £2 18s. to £3 per ounce. The amount brought by the present vessel is understood to be £160,000. The Him- alaya and Sarah Anne, which left previously with 26,547 and 14,004 ounces, have yet to arrive. It appears that news had been received of the discovery of gold in New Zealand, in the island of Waiheki, about fifteen miles east of Auckland. COMPARATIVE COST OF MINING IN CORNWALL AND LAKE SUPERIOR. The following is a comparative estimate of the expenses of mining in Cornwall, England, and Lake Superior, which is derived from the Lake Superior Journal , pub- lished at Detroit, Michigan : — Sinking shafts, per foot Drifting, 14 Stopeing, 44 Miners allowed per month Laborers 44 “ .... Carpenters44 44 .... Smiths 44 44 .... Sawyers, per one thousand feet Timber, (free) Water charges Engineers, per month Pitmen, 44 Man and horse, per day Lake Superior. Cornwall. $14 00 $7 00 8 00 3 50 4 00 2 00 35 00 15 00 26 00 9 00 40 00 17 00 40 00 17 00 18 00 5 50 • . . . . 0 30 20 00 • . • . . 85 00 35 00 . . 20 00 3 66 1 25 Digitized by v^.ooQle 133 Journal of Mining and Manufactures . THE COAL TRADE OF PENNSYLVANIA. Worn an elaborate article in Poor’s Railroad Journal for May 15, Mr. Leavitt, the working editor of the Independent, has prepared the following table, showing the growth of this trade at intervals of five years, indicating the three different coal re- gions and the different channels by which the coal is brought to market : — * TONS. Region. Chraels. 18!0. 18!). 1830. 18li 1840. Lehigh.. Lehigh Canal .. 865 28,893 41/750 131,250 225.318 Sch’ylkiU Schuylkill Canal . . . 6,500 89,984 889,508 452,291 M Reading Railr’d Lackaw’a DeL & Hud. Can’l 43,000 90,000 148,470 Sosque’a. Susquehan’a Riv 15,505 184$. 1841 429,458 989,269 268,587 579,166 820,237 1,605,084 278,435 795,059 188,401 415,099 Total in the year. 365 34,893 174,734 660,758 841,584 1,975,163 4,888,667 Going hack to 1885, as the time when the trade might be considered as established, we find the increase in the five years ending 1840 was 280,826 tons, or 50 per cent; in 1845 it was 1,133,629 tons, or 123 per cent; in 1851, six years, it was 2,408,554 tons, or 122 per cent The average of the three periods gives 98 per cent as the rate of increase every five years, leaking an increase of 4,295,993 tons in 1866, or a total for that year of 8,679,680 tons. The writer before us makes a calculation somewhat different, which leads to 117 per cent, which he reduces to 100 per cent as a ratio, or that the trade will continue to double in extent every five years for a long period to come. For convenience, call the crop of 1851 four millions, of 1856 eight millions, of 1861 sixteen millions, and that of 1871 thirty-two million tons. The writer says: — “ Is there any reason why this rate should be diminished! We think not. In the first place, population is increasing at the same rapid rate as heretofore. Secondly, coal is only just beginning to be used throughout New England, where, ultimately, it must displace all other means of heat for domestic purposes, as well as of mechanical power for manufacturing purposes. New England, as the oldest settled, and already the most bare of wood, must become, and at no distant day, the greatest consumer of Pennsylvania anthracite. Baltimore will probably supply herself, and to some extent the coast below her; but the great cities of Philadelphia and New York, and the whole Atlautic coast north and east of Philadelphia, must become every year more and more dependent upon the coal fields of the Schuylkill, the Lehigh, and the Lack- awanna. This whole north- eastern region of the United States, at once the coldest, the most populous, and the most mechanical, and therefore, by all three reasons, re- quiring the greatest amount of fuel for domestic and mechanical purposes, has, as yet, only begun to use our Pennsylvania coal. So far from any decrease in the rate of consumption, there are the strongest reasons for believing that the rate will be in- creased." If the duty on coal should continue to give the great land-proprietors the power to levy a quarter of a dollar per ton on all the coal that is dug there, it will yield them in 1871 the very pretty income of eight or nine millions per annum. AMERICAN BOHEMIAN GLASS. Alexander Cummings, the editor of the Philadelphia Bulletin, on a recent visit to Boston, took the opportunity of visiting the New England Glass Works, which, for the extent and variety of their operations, probably surpass all others in the country. The editor of the Bulletin says : — ** We were especially struck with the fact, new to us, that most of the exquisite, richly colored and decorated glass-ware, which is so much admired under the name of 1 Bohemian Glass/ is manufactured at these works. The variety and beauty of the articles manufactured there would scarcely be credited by one not a visitor ; out we Digitized by v^oosle 134 Journal of Mining and Manufactures . can assure our readers that we saw many works that could not be surpassed in Bo- hemia or anywhere else in Europe. The various processes by which the different colors and the rich gilding are produced we are not prepared to describe, but they are produced at these works in the utmost perfection. The company ha9 the advantage of a charter and large capital, which enable them thus to compete successfully with foreign manufactures in this work ; Massachusetts having none of that holy horror of cor- porations which has retarded so much the development of manufacturing industry in our own State.” DISCOVERY OF GOLD IT QUEEN CHARLOTTE’S ISLAND. In reference to the golden wealth of Queen Charlotte’s Island, in the Pacific, a let- ter in the New York Courier and Enquirer , mentioning the discovery by persons em- ployed by the Hudson’s Bay Company, says that “ in less than one hour f 18,000 worth of gold and quartz intermixed was discovered, and much more might have been se- cured but for the imprudence of one of the party, who, in his eagerness to secure some of the large pieces, gave the Indians a silver dollar for each large piece of gold. The Indians, although ignorant of the value of the gold, were accustomed to the use of silver from trading with the Hudson Bay Company. After receiving a few dollars they attacked the white men and drove them off to their vessel, and they were obliged to get under way and leave the harbor. Several vessels with armed men have since left San Francisco for the island. The island is about two hundred and forty miles in length, and from twenty to one hundred in breadth, with a beautiful Boil and climate. The coast abounds with excellent harbors and large quantities of fish. It has a popu- lation i f from 7,000 to 10,000 Indians, who lead a roving life, always moving in large bodies from one part of the island to another. The island is nominally a British pos- session, but it is not inhabited by a single white man. NORTH-WEST COPPER MINING COMPANY. The North-West Mining Company have made a statement and exhibit of the ope- rations and financial affairs of the company, from which it appears that the income realized from the sale of copper since the organization of the company, in 1849, amounts to the sum of £94,819 83, and the aggregate expenditures, for the same pe- riod, for mining, Ac., real estate, live stock, improvements, and steam-engines, amount to the sum of $172,183 96. The results, as will be seen below, for the past three years, are encouraging in the annually increasing quantity of copper raised ; and it is reasonable to hope that such increase will continue for some time to come : — Mineral raised. Fine copper. Per cent. Cash realized. 1849 lbs. 44,196 34,822 at 77$ *6,672 'll 1860 270,873 196,020 72 36,786 66 1861 434,993 298,199 67$ 53,860 46 Total 750,062 622,541 69$ $94,819 88 VULCANIZED INDIA RUBBER. Daniel Webster, in the India rubber case of Goodyear tu. Dat, describes minutely the invention claimed by Goodyear for vulcanizing India rubber, as follows : — 44 It appears from the evidence in this case, that ChAs. Goodyear, in the year 1884, came iuto the field of operations in the manufacture of India rubber. 44 He turned his attention to this subject, not as a matter of business or trade, but by way of commencing and carrying on a series of experiments, by which he could bring to the test the question whether this very extraordinary substance was capable of rendering any benefit to society, to see whether there was any way, given among men skilled in the arts, by which this article could be cleared of its stickiness — its ten- 4ency to harden in the frost and soften in the beat; for it is well known that the arti- Digitized by Google Journal of Mining and Manufactures. 135 cles manufactured up to the year 1834 were entirely useless. If they were exposed to the sun, they became sticky, you could not separate them after their surfaces came in contact; and if exposed to the cold, they became hard and rigid.” To remedy these defects, Mr. Goodyear continued his experiments for years, until he at last invented the vulcaoizing process. The great peculiarity of this vulcanizing process is this: if you take a compound of sulphur and rubber m a dry state, and grind and mix them together, and apply heat, the consequence is, that the substance softens, and softens, and softens, as the degree of heat increases, until it reaches a cer- tain hight in the thermometer, say 212° Fahrenheit, or along there, a little more or less. 44 Anybody who ever tried the effects to see what would be its operation upon this com- pound, and found that a great degree of heat, softened and rendered it more and more plastic as the degree of heat was augmented, would naturally be of opinion, that if that heat were carried still higher, the whole substance would melt I say that every- body would be of that opinion, reasoning a priori , and founding his conclusions upon a general knowledge of the effect of heat But Mr. Goodyear, as the result of un- tiring experiment, found out that although the application of heat produced a melting effect upon this compound, rendering it more and more ptas*ic and soft as the degree of heat augmented, yet when that heat, going on, had got up to a certain much higher degree, its effect was the reverse of what it had beeo, and then the rubber composition commenced to vulcanize and harden— in fact, to make metallic the vegetable sub- stance.9 GOLD MINES Ilf VAN DIEMABTS LAND* The news from Van Dieman’s land, in relation to the productiveness of the gold mines, is more flattering than any accounts before received. Labor and merchandise have advanced most rapidly. In the Melbourne Argus, of January 19, we find the following statistics, relative to the gold obtained from the gold fields of Victoria. rXOX MELBOURNE. Ox. dwt, gr. Dec. 29, 1851. Favorite, Sydoey 744 6 12 Dec. 30, M Himalaya, London 26,547 5 0 Jan. 6, 1852, Hirondelle, Sydney 1,703 0 0 Jan. 7, “ Sword Fish, Hobart Town 900 0 0 Jan. 8, 41 Phebe, Sydney 2,504 0 0 Jan. 15, 44 Brilliant, London 42,694 0 10 Jan. 15, 44 Thomas and Henry, Sydney 1,000 0 0 Jan. 16, 44 Sarah Anne, Loudon 14,004 6 0 89,996 17 22 raox GEELONG. Jan. 8, 1852, Brilliant, London 12,483 1 4 TotaL 102,479 19 0 Making a total with that previously shipped, omitting fractions of an ounce, of 220,305 ounces, amounting, at £3 per ounce, to the sum of £680,915. The article closes with the following announcement : — 44 We have hastily thrown these few facts together, by way of asking our English friends, what they think of the prospects of a little colony, which, in less than four months, has managed to export 9 tons, 3 cwt., 58 lbs^ 9 oz, of gold, and has plenty more to follow t " LIQUID LEATHER. Dr. Beruland, of Larria, in Germany, is said to have discovered a method of mak- ing leather out of certain refuse and waste animal substances. He has established a manufactory near Vienna ; no part of the process is explained ; but it is stated that the substance is at one stage in a state of fluidity, and may then be cast into boots, •hoes, Ac. Such a discovery is not improbable. Digitized by v^oosle 186 Mercantile Miecettanics. THE TALUS OF All ACES OF COAL USE. The Potteville (Pa.) Mining Register alluding to the cheapness of land m that Quar- ter a few years ago, says now an acre of coal land is worth $18,000. Many set down a higher figure. In the South basin, (that is, from the Sharp Mountain to the Mine Hill,) where we have all the veins, (thirteen, including, red and white ash,) the whole thickness of the coal is ninety feet Allowing one half of this for fault and waste io mining, we have 46 feet, or 16 yards in thickness, of merchantable coaL There being 48,000 square yards to the acre, we have, by multiplying this number by the thick- ness, 72.000 square yards or tons of coal per acre; which at a rent ot 26 cents per ton, brings $18,000. This is a fair estimate of the real value of aa acre #f our coal land, without exaggeration or embellishment It is not strange, therefore, that our lands have, and are still increasing in value. In England, coal lands not possessing near the intrinsic value of ours, sell at from one to two thousand pounds sterling per acre. MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. iff OLD MEKCHAffT’S ADVICE. Martin TAummoueH — who must be a sob or grandson of old Goahead Ptarm- naoven — through the medium of the Palmetto State Banner, gives the following ad- vice to his nephew, Jack Gojngtbrough : — Mt Dear Nephew : — I am rejoiced to learn that you are in good health, and are just commencing business on your own account 1 have heretofore remarked your shrewdness in commercial transactions in which yon were engaged for the benefit of others, and I feel confident that having launched upon your own boat, and started oo your own hook, you will still maintain a character which weighs so greatly in my es- timation. Being so nearly related to myself, it is of course my desire that you 6ball meet with the most complete success. Ton are intelligent and enterprising — two qualities, without which, Httle or nothing can be achieved. Thirty years ago, I launched my bark upon the same tempestuous sea. I had nothing to begin with, it is true ; but I did not despair — 1 know that others had suc- ceeded in making the same voyage. I tried it, on the square, for some time, that is to say, 1 did not take any of the little advantages of which others availed themselves, for purposes of gain. But I soon found that, riches being the object in view, I must adopt their plan or I would never succeed m business. It is too late in the day for one to think of acting upon the principle that 44 honesty is the best policy” — it is an erroneous doctrine — it won't do in the 19th century. Men must suit their con- sciences to their interests — have easy consciences. They must know and acknowledge but one rule for tbeir guidance upon every occasion — that rule is short ano pointed— embraced in one word — u Skin !” Occasionally you may find ooe, who, in bis folly, strictly acts up to his vaunted prin- ciple, honesty. What is the consequence? He remains poking and groveling in the mud for a life time, while every day he beholds his neighbors, who are not so squeam- ish as himself, rearing their palaces and reveling m luxuries to him unknown. He may be thought well of by a few poor fellows (dupes of honesty) like himself, but the majority having a different standard of excellence, will give him the cold shoulder and keep him i&mraed to the wall. Such a fete should never be mine, and if I am at all acquainted with your spirit it will never be yours. I got along gradually at first Ten per cent satisfied me then, but I found it wouldn’t do, so I commenced increasing and continued to increase. Twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, and sometimes one hundred per cent. Complaints, of course, I bad almost any quantity — but what of that! Where I lost one customer I would gain two others. Some couldn't use my sugar; they said it was all *and, but this was a vile misrepresentation— only thirty per cent was sand, and that of the cleanest kind. Sand is wholesome : it is an invaluable aid to digestion. I was actually contributing to the health of the silly beings, by mixing •and with my sugar ; but they knew it not, and the manufacturer had to bear the blame, of course, as I would not acknowledge my agency. They said my liquor was half water ; well, so it was, and so much the better for it* All parties were benefited. Digitized by v^.ooQle Mercantile Miscellanies . 137 Liquor, we all know, is hartful — if, then, I weakened its strength, by adding a portion of that delightful beverage appropriated for the use of the whole human family, and made it less powerful for evil, I was undoubtedly entitled to commendation rather than abuse. At all events 1 put cash into my pocket by the operation, and received their curses io a philosophical spirit, that could not have been excelled by Socrates himself. So with coffee and tea — the first was half rocks, and the last almost entirely composed of sloe leaves. You cannot conceive how I was vilified — but what of that ? I was making money like dust — folks knew it, and 1 was outwardly respected accord- ingly. I was a rising man then, and I have been rising ever since. You must Sxin in self-defence. There are but two classes in the world — the Skin- ner and the Skinned. The former are wise men ; the latter are fools. If you do not skin, you most assuredly be skinned — so you can make your choice. Pay no attention to derogatory remarks, but skin on. We are no worse than the majority of business men. There is trickery in all trades and professions. Each is trying with might and main to get the advantage of the other. . The lawyer, the doctor, the merchant, the workman — all are on an equality. Some ignorant people may call it swindling — but, poor souls ! they know no better, and deserve to be bitten for their egregious ignorance. They learn soon that the only way to keep from being bitten to death, is to bite back. They make your sharpest biters, those who have been well torn. They bite all mankind for what they thiux is an injury inflicted on them by ooe. A dog blessed with the hydrophobia is not a cir- cumstance with them 1 It is perfectly safe, if yon manage right Your eye* teeth must be cut before yon venture out into deep water. As for conscience, as I before intimated, no business man can keep one and succeed in the world. It is nothing but a dead weight, always holding him back, when it is evidently his interest to go forward. If you have not already come to the conclusion to discard it, I must beg you to do so, by all mean*. No merchant, with a conscience, ever gets fat — no such a one ever sleeps well of nights. I assert with perfect truth, when I say that I never feel better than when I have just gone through with a skinning operation. My spirits are revived, and I number my gains with a joyoueness utterly astonishing to weak nerves. Do not boggle at what some call lying. “ Men are born liars.” Lie with emphasis — lie with seriousness — lie with impudence. Never lie unless you can see a chance to make something thereby — then lie boldly. A man, especially a merchant, who always tells the truth, and nothing but the truth, must frequently be the victim of disappoint- ment He cannot succeed, and it is perfectly useless for him to think of it I told the truth (wee, and 1 have repented it to this day. 1 lost a thousand dollars. I could have made it just as easy as winking. That sum, singly, is not much to me now, but just think — in the ten years since I committed that offence, how much might have been made with it. It would have quadrupled itself at the least calculation. I took a solemn oath, never to catch myself again I Be always on hand. Never lose a chance. Remember, it is the early bird that snaps up the worm. Every human gudgeon is hooked up by somebody ; so take your chance. They are curious — show them i/our elephaufc. Keep a little good liquor to treat them with. Don’t drink yourself but fill them to the muzzle before commencing trade. They purchase with desperation when about half or three parts fuddled. Any- thing— everything — nothing comes amiss. Backbite your neighbors — declare they am knaves, swindlers, cheats, thieves — wouldn’t trust them out of sight Then, when yoo have got them well screwed in your vice, squeeze, until they are as dry as dust That is the way, my dear nephew, to show yourself worthy of the appellation of a business man, and to do honor to my instructions. Your loving uncle, Martin Takemthrovgb. SMUGGLING IN SPAIN. The Madrid Gazette contains a decree extending the line of custom-houses through the province of Zaragosa, from Justinana and Navarre, as far as the province of Huesca. This measure has been taken in consequence of the increase of smuggling and the complete and dangerous organization of smugglers in that department The gov- ernment begins to find that it is impossible to maintain its protective system without recourse to custom-houses in the interior. Digitized by Google 138 Mercantile Miscellanies. LANDING A STEAMBOAT PASSENGER. The Poughkeepsie Eagle reports an interesting law case which has recently been decided iu the Circuit Court of Oyer and Terminer, in that place. It seems that a gentlemen by the name of Whinfield, belonging to Poughkeepsie, took passage at New York oo the steamboat Oregon, buying a through ticket to Albany, as, owing to the competi- tion, a through ticket could be bought for a less price than a way ticket When the boat readied Poughkeepsie, Whinfield offered his through ticket and attempted to go ashore ; but the officers of the boat forcibly resisted hhn, and carried him against ms will to Albany. Whinfield brought a suit against the owners and officers of the boat for assault and false imprisonment ; contending that a through ticket entitled the holder to land wherever he pleased on the way. The court sustained this' position ; ruling, that a through ticket entitled a passenger to land at any place where the boat stopped; and that in fact all the passengers had a right to walk ashore at any place. That a passenger not paying his passage, when demanded, was liable to be put on shore im- mediately ; but iif the steamboat came to Poughkeepsie or any other dock, a passen- ger who had not paid his passage had a right to go ashore without any detention from the owners or employees of the boat ; and that in fact the owners must collect the passage money before starting ; and that if not collected at that time, it was a debt, and to be collected as other debts ; and that it was false imprisonment to detain any passenger from landing. Under this ruling the jury found a verdict of $150 and costs against the captain, clerk, and ticket agent of the Oregon. A SELF-WINDING OR PERPETUAL CLOCK. After years of mathematical labor and mechanical results. Professor Willis, of Roch- ester, has completed and has now in constant operation a self-winding clock, which determines the seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years of time with uufailing accuracy, continuing in coustaut motion, by itself, never requiring to be wound up, never running down, but moving perpetually so long as its components exist It might easily be called a perpetual motion, and it is so in one sense, but the inventor very properly makes no such claim. The scientific will at once understand this upon inspection. The Rochester Democrat says that the clock stands upon two uprights about six feet high, with a large highly- finished diaL Its mechanism is all exposed to the closest scrutiny, and the movement of its simple escapement and its direct motion is as plain to the eye as the truth and force of its well applied principles to the mind. BUSINESS OF DUBUQUE IN 1851. It appears from the report of a committee appointed by the city council of Dubuque, Iowa, that the number of steamboats that arrived there during the boating season of 1851 was 353, and the number of departures 362. Dubuque exported 4,287 tons of merchandise of the value of $283,207 59 ; and imported 24,363 tons of the value of $1,175,207 40. The number of immigrants who have been landed from steamers we find to be 2,824. The articles embraced in the above summary of exports consist chiefly of the agricultural products of the soil, lead, horses, cattle, aud hogs. The im- ports were mostly made up of dry goods, groceries, queensware, machinery, leather, lumber Ac. The amount of insurance by merchants and others upon exports was in and about the sum of $1,749, and that paid upon imports $8,814, making the aggre- gate paid for insurance the sum of $10,563, OF THE COASTING TRADE BETWEEN NEW YORK AND VIRGINIA. An act was passed by the legislature of New York on the 20th March, 1852, “ex- empting vessels and persons engaged in the coasting trade between the port of New York and the Capes of Virginia, from Quarantine,” as follows : — Sec. 1 . Article first, title second , chapter fourteen, of the first part of the revised statutes, entitled of the place of quarantine, and the vessels and persons subject thereto, shall not apply to Vessels and persons engaged in the coasting trade between the port of New York and any of the Capes of Virginia; and all such vessels and persons may at all times enter the port of New York without being subject to quarantine, the same as if they did not pass to the south of Cape Henlopen, except in case there may be sickness on board, when they shall be subject to the existing provisions of laws. Digitized by v^.ooQle The Book Trade. 130 THE BOOK TRADE. 1. — Bite Years in an EnglUh University. By Charlks Artor Bristed, late Foun- dation Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. 2 vols. New York: O. P. Putnam, 155 Broadway. Mr. Bristed’s book has a right to a place among the latest voyages to unexplored regions, and by the side of the last jouruey to the interior of Africa. Polar seas and regions are rather better known to the American public, than the modes of life and course of studies in the Great English Universities. Our ignorance in this respect, is the more striking from our familarity with the German Universities, with which numerous books, learned and familiar, and the experience of many an American student have made us acquainted. In the colonial times, young Americans of aspiration used to repair to the EnglUh Universities, but very few have found their way there since. Mr. Bristed'a experience, therefore, was something unique and well worth narrating. Mr. Bristed has very decided talent for description, the minuteness of observation, the Cye for details, which give vividness and life. His pictures of university life are as piquant as Howitt’s similar sketches of German student life. Having graduated at New Haven also, he is enabled to contrast his experience of the American with the English College system, much to the disadvantage of the former. The book, in fact, under a narrative form is much more ; it U a formal expose of the defects of American classical scholarship, of the superiority of English, and of the mode by which the inferiority is to be removed, which is the substitution of the EnglUh system. We confess we were more struck in Mr. Bristed’s Companion, with the points of resemblance than of difference, between the English and American system of college ■tody and discipline. They were both formed on the same model — the monastic discip- line; both breathe the same school boy spirit. The difference is a difference of degree, not of kind. The American collegian ends his college course at twenty, the English begins at about that age ; the American devotes about seven years to the classics, the English student, twelve or more ; and above all, the English student pursues his course at a mature age. But the system is the same ; competition, artificial incitements, coaches, Rteam, petty restraints, study to pass examination, not to learn. The fact is, England and America must alike acknowledge the literary sovereignty of Germany in classical learning. The best labors of English scholars consist in working up the results of German erudition, translating German treatises, editing German editions. What is Liddel and Scott's Lexicon, cited by Mr. Bristed as proof of Oxford iodustry, but a translation in the main i When the classics are studied by men, as a profession, such results may be expected, but we study them as an inferior branch, preparatory to law, divinity, or medicine, not, like the faculty of Philo-»ophy in Germany, co-ordinate with them. Mr. Bristed's book, however, is full of valuable suggestions; it is written in a frank, manly spirit, with much earnestness, and withal good humor, full too of those personal details which make such interesting reading. For how many pleasant hours is the world indebted to the amiable egotism of its Pepyses and Beroeys 1 At the same time we cannot too much applaud this race instead of An American man of wealth earnestly laboring in the cause of good letters. We think Mr. Bristed underrates American scholarship. We have not space to show how ; but really it seems scarce confirma- tion of his complaint, when in a book so professedly scholarly, there occur such errors as indagimus facile andiisse , etc., which we can of "course call nothing but misprints. Is it impossible to have Latin and Greek correctly printed in New York t 2. — Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. Vol. 4. December , 1851, to May, 1852. 8va» pp. 863. New York: Harper A Brothers. A fourth volume of Harper's Magazine was completed with the May number. It is unnecessary to repeat what all the world in the United States and the Canadas well know, that nowhere else can be found the same amount of agreeable reading, at the same expense, as in these pages. The good taste of the work, the excellence of its varied contents, and the discrimination in their choice are well appreciated. The Aid of such writers as the Abbotts, and the entertainment and instruction of their ar- ticles cannot be too highly valued. It is a work that should be received into every ffcmily. Each volume improves in appearance. Many of the articles in these pages are profusely illustrated with well executed cuts. Indeed no labor or cost seems to be spared to make this work as complete, and tasteful, and perfect as possible. Digitized by v^.ooQle 140 The Book Trade. 8. — Philadelphia a* it is in 1852 : Being a Correct Guide to all the Public Buildings; Literary , Scientific, and Benevolent lnstitutione ; and Placet of Amusement , Re- markable Objects , Commercial Warehouses , and Wh lesale and Retail Stores in Philadelphia and its Vicinity. With Illustrations , and a Map of the City and its Environs . By R. A. Smith. 12mo., pp. 452. Philadelphia: Lindsay k Blakiston. The title of this work explains its contents at length. It is sufficient to say that it is issued in very good taste, and contains many well executed cuts. 4. — The World Here and There ; or Notes of Travelers. From “Household Words.** Edited by Charles Dickens. No. 4, 12moM pp. 231. 6. — The Existence of a God and Human Immortality Philosophically Considered, and the Truth of Divine Revelation Substantiated. By J. Bovke Dods. 12 urn, pp, 215. New York: Fowlers and Wells. This author is a pleasant and easy writer. In his discussion of the sutgect of the existence of the Deity he has presented many strong (acts in a forcible ana popular manner. 6. — The Hive and the Honey-Bee ; with Plain Directions for Obtaining a Con- siderable Annual Increase from this Branch of Rural Economy. To which is added an Account of the diseases of Bees , with their Remedies. Also Remarks as to their Enemies, and the Best Mode of Protecting the Bees from their At- tacks. By H. D. Richardson. With illustrations on wood. 8vo^ pp. 72. New York : C. M. Saxton. 7. — Journey to Iceland, and Travels in Sweden and Norway . Translated by Char- lotte F. Cooper. 12moM pp. 270. New York: G. P. Putnam. Madame Pheiffer, the author of this volume, is the woman who through curiosity made the tour of the world. The same motive led her to Ireland. She is shrewd, sensible, and often striking in her observations, and the reader will follow her with interest throughout her trip. The volume forms number eight of Putnam's Cheap Library. 8. — Les A ventures de Telemaque , fils JUlysse. Par M. Fknelon. D’apres l’edition de M. Charles Brun. 12moM pp. 395. New York : Leavitt k Allen. Fenelon’s Teletnachus « a work too well known to the public to require explana- tion. For two hundred years it has been the admiration of mankind. This edition is issued in very good taste, in clear and distinct type, and substantial paper. The sig- nification of the moat difficult words is added at the foot of each page, and a brief compendium of ancient history and geography, so far as may be necessary, to increase the intelligibility of the work, is placed at the close, as an appendix. We have never eeen a better edition for youth. 9. — Notes , Explanatory and Practical , on the Book of Revelations . By Albert Barnes. 12mo., pp. 506. New York: Harper k Brothers. This is an excellent work on a subject upon which so much has been written, and so little is actually known. The author entered upon the task of exposition not precisely from any previous purpose, or to establith a theory of his own, but rather in the coarse of his private studies. Finding much in historical writers to con- firm the views which arose in bis own mind, he was led to complete and publish them. His well known ability and success in biblical investigations are such as to entitle this work to a cordial reception. 10. — Miscellanies. By Rev. James Martineau. 1 2 mo., pp. 472. Boston: Crosby k Nichols. The contents of this volume consist of articles which have heretofore appeared in the English periodicals, but they treat of such high themes, and possess such a lofty tone, clearness of moral discrimination, affluence of imagery, and vigorous precision of language, that they not only made quite an impression upon their first appearance, but have been regarded, and with justice, as worthy to be reproduced m a more permanent form. The titles of some of the articles are the following : — “ The bat- tle of the Churches;” “The Church of England;” “Church and State;” “Life and correspondence of Thomas Arnold ;” and among liberal Christians this volume will find great favor, and they will regard its appearance, in the present state and tenden- cies of opinion, as very timely. Digitized by v^oosle The Book Trade . 141 11. — 8t. Pauls Epistles to the Corinthians : an Attempt to Convey their Spirit and Significance. By John Hamilton Thom. 12 mo., pp. 400. Boston : Crosby i L'avs. i r* MTiPi. W Ml»\'TT?FAT. • R DAWSON BOOTH & FOSTER, LATE J. C. BOOTH & CO. AND OUTFITTING ESTABLISHMENT, (27 < ourtlnnd (-»(., n few doors below the Western Hotel.) Wholesale <& Retail, IL L. FOSTER. SPRING, BRADLEY, & BUFFOM, DOMESTIC COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 22 BROAD AND 20 NEW-STREET, NEW YORK. Agents for the sale (exclusively on commission) of— Gramteville Co. (South Carolina,) Heavy Cottons. Kempton’s, Puntaloon Stuffs, Denims, Shirting Stripes, &c Slaters’ Shirting Stripes, Ticks, Plain Cottons. &e. WOOLENS. PRINTING CLOTHS 4nd Brown Cottons, adapted to Bleaching and Dyeing. Cotton and Wool purchased on Commission, with fund* i ranced to Manufacturers on Consignments of Goods. A full assortment of Knit Shirts and Drawers of best makes. Digitized by Google HUNT’S MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE. Established July, 1839, BY FREEMAN HUNT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. VOLUME XX VIL AUGUST, 1862. NUMBER I L CONTENTS OF NO. II., VOL. XXVII. ARTICLES. pass. I. INFLUENCE OF COMMERCE UPON LAW 147 IL COMMERCIAL CITIES AND TOWN8 OF TIIE UNITED STATES.-No. xxxm.-NEW YORK. By E. Hals, Jr., of New York lfiB IIL THE LAW FOR THE COMPUTATION OF INTEREST lQg IV. OUR METALLIC CURRENCY. By Gborob Tucker, of Pennsylvania 174 V. THE LAW OF PROGRESS IN THE RELATIONS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. By E. P. Smith, Esq., of New York 178 TL THE NAVAL DRY DOCKS OF THE UNITED STATES 187 VIL QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE THEORY OF STORMS. By Robert Harr, Em., of Pennsylvania. 181 JOURNAL OF MERCANTILE LAW. Dude* of r carrier In preserving goods Intrusted to his care Authority of a factor over goods consigned to him, etc Bottomry— the Ano C. Pratt Action of covenant when on an award of referees Credit obtained for goods by alleged fraud COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW: EMBRACING ▲ FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, ETO^ ILLUSTRA- TED WITH TABLB8, ETC., AS FOLLOWS : General activity in commercial aflklra— Rapid increase in the amount of stocks and bonds thrown upon the market— New Orleans consolidated loan — Continued ease in the money-mat* hot— Quarterly returns of the New York banks— General Banking Law of Connecticut— De- posits and coioage at Unltod States Mints for June— Commerce of the United States for the fiscal year— Laws of trade better than human legislation, illustrated by the regular supply of the necessaries of life— Imports at New York for the fiscal year— Comparative Imports of dry goods for the same period, showing the description of fabrics received— Comparative receipts of cash duties for three years— Exports from New York for the fiscal year— Comparative ex- ports of lea ling articles of produce— Fraudulent associations. 804-215 VOL. XXVII — NO. II. 10 Digitized by v^oosle 8155s 146 CONTESTS OF NO. II., VOL. XXVII. JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCY, AND FINANCE. Average dividends of Boston banks The Precious metals The assessment list or Connecticut Banks of the State of New York Banks of the city of New York. . . Sullblk Bank system of checking counterfeit bills Revenue of the United Kingdom in thirty years . The Free Banking Law of Indiana *. Banks in Illinois PACK. 215 216 218 219 223 223 224 224 225 COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. The agrioolture and manufactures of the United States 226 Production of sheep and wool In the United States 227 Whale fishery In the regions about Behring's Straits 227 Agricultural productions of Virginia 228 Exports and imports of Galena 229 Importation of Dreadstuffs into Great Britain 230 Comparative Commerce of ports in the United 8tates 230 Statistics of the slave trade 231 Import of hides into tho port of New York 231 NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE. Light on Cape Willoughby, Kangaroo Island 232 New Light at the entrance of Christiania Fiord 232 Latitude of the astronomical stations 232 COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. The appointment of wharfingers, and their duties, in New Orleans 233 New Orleans levee and wharfage dues. 233 Duties on casks and barrels 234 Of the survey of Lumber in Maine 236 Of navigation between the United States, Cuba, etc 238 Law of Ohio to prevent fraud in trade 239 Of Insurance companies in New York. 240 Law of weights and measures in Kentucky 240 RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS. Michigan Central Railroad 241 Statistics of ocean steamships 242 Effect of railroads on commercial cities. 249 Statistics of locomotives on the Pennsylvania Railroad 250 Tolls on the James River and Kanawha Canal 251 Boston and Worcester Railroad 252 RaihWis in California 252 JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES. African arts and manufactures 253 The early manufacture of iron in Pennsylvania. 254 Strength of iron 255 Manufacturing industry during the last and present centuries 257 The lead mines of Arkansas 258 The iron trade of England 280 MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. Commercial directories 282 Mercantile Library Association of Boston 263 Commercial education 264 The London bookselling system 5164 The cinnamon of Commerce 265 Adulteration of coffee in Paris — 265 Our Commerce with Brazil and the Amazon 265 High prioes of marketing 266 A business picture of Cincinnati 5266 A Mahometan's idea of a Christian merchant 266 ' THE BOOR TRADE. Notices of 44 new Books, or new Editions. 267- 272 Digitized by v^oosle HUNT’S MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. AUGUST, 1852. Art. I.— INFLUENCE OF COMMERCE UPON LAW. AGRICULTURE— -COMMERCE— -THE LATTER EXPANDING, GUIDING, AND GUARDING LAW— THE BARLY LAWS — THE ROHAN 8 T ITEM — THE ENGLISH AND AMERICAN SYSTEM BYlNCXNO THE IXPLUBMOB OP COMMERCE. Tillage of the earth is the first of arts. Ordained by the Deity, it is es- sential to natural and social existence, and forms the basis of civilization and wealth. The artisan, merchant, and mariner, are fed mainly by the farmer; who, in affording support to life, contributes to the first principle and desire of our nature. Hence, primary encouragement and encomium are demanded by this pursuit. The ancients with propriety venerated the plow ; and offered gratulations to the successful husbandman. If culture of the earth were neglected, where could moral and intellectual culture be sustained ? or, with- out rural districts to produce superabundant sustenance, whence would cities derive nutriment ? The man who stands upon his own soil, who feels that by the laws of the land in which he lives — by the laws of civilized nations — he is the right- ful and exclusive owner of the land which he tills, is by the constitution of our nature under a wholesome influence not easily imbibed from any other source.* The necessary labor performed in this pursuit contributes to invigorate health, and to enhance human zest and enjoyment The domain the farmer improves, and the trees planted by his own hand — inciting his heart by expectation — seem to him as friends ; and, in proportion to the toil and care bestowed, is the ardency of his attachment Continued com- munion, too, with the many operations of nature, inspires generous senti- ments in the human breast. Thus agriculture, the primary employment of • E. Everett. Digitized by v^oosle 148 Influence of Commerce upon Law . mankind and the seminary of steadiness and virtue, is, at once, the founda- tion of a nation’s glory and the bulwark of its liberty. It is the supply and defense of other pursuits : the substantial timber of wealth and domin- ion. Out of it arise the unpolished materials and raw productions for many . a science, and the elementary interests of enlightened government. Yet this pursuit accomplishes its end by easy and sure methods, and usually requires exertions of ordinary powers without exposure to hazard or danger. Its estimation is diminished in the presence of many pursuits more precarious and unstable : those pursuits which, often requiring less rustic and more refined acquirements, demand talents more versatile with greater exposure to vicissitudes and ventures. The sphere of the husbandman is limited ; showing less elegance and skill than rustic and rugged utility. Supplying demands of nature, it is in a great degree a stranger to cultured taste and finish, as well as to many re- finements and luxuries. Yet, bound by many ties to a single locality, the agricultor in general is patriotic and loyal. He possesses habits rather mo- notonous than migratory ; with opinions and manners but little inclined to change. Clearing and cultivating the soil, methods perhaps of hunting and fishing, the care and rearing of stock, with the plainer domestic arts and en- gagements, secure his attention. Digging of wells, regulation of roads, erection of bridges, habitations, barns and mills, together with edifices for education and divine worship, are calls upon his toil. Here, resort is had to mechanic arts affording implements and utensils necessary in these labors, with those needed in the plainest domestic manufactures. Articles needful for comfort are mainly fabricated by the females of the household. Dili- gent attention, with patient industry, keeps at bay the enemies of content- ment Games and sports of society are athletic and valiant ; and efforts at endurance and hardihood are feats most praiseworthy and pleasing. The seasons rotate with their influences and productions, while little ob- scurity attends the Creator’s unfoldings. The farmer, observing the progress of nature, fences and fertilizes his fields, and maintains productive his in- doeures. He delves and plows with a mind to tillage, and develops the strength of the steed and ox in the toil of his domain. He is diligent to know of his flocks and herds, and to attain food and clothing for his house- hold. Meditating upon the beauties and bounties of nature, his mind is ofbener quieted to repose than quickened into action. To the hazard of con- flagration he is but little exposed. Perils attending agitated waves of the ocean seldom awaken his concern. Afar from speculative adventures and risks of precarious circumstances, he is seldom anDoyed by fluctuations of trade or fanciful turns of fashion. When the harvest arrives, he fills his barns and cribs ; and his toil is rewarded in the abundance of his increase. Revulsions and panics, with sudden and overwhelming reverses in trade, find him as unconcerned as do city tumults awakened by gusts of human passion. The simple grandeur of his rural state is exempt from all com- plexity of business relations, and he lives free from that manifold collision of interests encompassing denizens of cities. What arts soever are gained different from the least mature and refined, the most rustic and simple, come from other branches of society than the ag- ricultural. Without barter or Commerce, total possessions would be indi- genous productions; while society would continue with few conveniences and comforts. Locked up within a single domain, uninitiated in remote and foreign observation, and destitute of distant exchanges and examples, a Digitized by Google 149 Influence of Commerce upon Law . simple and monotonous existence would be perpetual. Is it not Commerce that emblazons characteristics of those who appear on the ocean, that the- ater of enterprise and highway of nations f Does not Commerce prompt the erection of extensive granaries, suggest internal improvements and fa- cilitate transportation and travel ! Is it not Commerce that enables the ag- riculturist to study traditions and scan the customs and manners of other nations f Ideas upon tilth-producing soils, merits of domestic animals, with useful merchandise and novel and marvelous objects, come floating to the farmer on the tide of Commerce. Among the foremost aspects of Commerce is that of exchange, gift for gift. In daily intercourse, in the friendly circle, in the great life of the peo- ple, everywhere seeing thrift and prosperity, see we also trade. 44 Com- merce,” says Justice Story, 44 undoubtedly is traffic ; but it is something more. It is intercourse.” Surplus agricultural and manufactural with scientific pro- ductions, are taken to foreign lands ; and returning messengers bring innu- merable commodities to increase varieties and quicken ingenuity of home. As ships’ bottoms imperceptibly accumulate barnacles, so ideas enure to those engaged in trade. Exchanges and interviews in amplifying means of eru- dition, illuminate the understanding. Traffic appearing, the bugle sounds, awakening pursuits of science ; and Commerce calls out and arrays the oper- atives of progress. Giving play to affluent energies, sallying out in search of gain and instruction, and emiting incitements to scrutiny, Commerce enlarges domains of discernment and skill. It elicits and confers on rough material real and fancied utility. It urges mechanic, manufactural, and ar- tistic experiments to elaborate attention ; and, in affording a broad capacity to education and science, makes special pursuits of many departments of knowledge. Art thrives most Where Commerce has enriched the busy coast ; He catches all improvements in his flight, Spreads foreign wonders in his country’s sight; Imparts what others have invented well. And stirs his own to match them or excel.* Collisions of interests quicken human energies, and competition animates trade. Sciences, flourishing most in each other’s vicinity, the commercial metropolis presents them in their mo3t improved phases. Here intricate positions are prolific in their demands, and necessity is compelled to many ingenuities. Distinction of circumstances and diversities of condition mul- tiply. Partnerships, corporations, and combinations appear. Varieties of avocations advance the public good ; affording aptitudes, profoundness, and a lithe emulation to the community. In thus contributing to thrift and enlightenment, Commerce causes an influx of pursuits demanding the guid- ance of law. Enactments attend traffic, and lead barter in proper channels. The past presents laws preventing artificers from leaving their country; and native laboring and manufacturing interests (encouraged to independence) have been protected from the crippling power of free foreign competition. Com- merce, not being discriminating in its importations, law has been invoked to distribute the useful and necessary, rather than the useless and evil. Vitiated and spurious commodities have been excluded by enactments, and • Oowper. Digitized by v^oosle lftO Influence of Commerce upon Law . duties have been imposed on frivolous luxuries. Commerce thus guarded1 urges enterprises to diffuse advantageous plenty over the land. Years re* volve, and innumerable products of other climes, facilities of comfort, ingen ious fabrics and sparkles of invention, are wafted on the wings of trade. Extreme thirst for riches and love of competition may too adventurously run into speculations. These may drive commercial credit to an unnatural degree ; causing excessive supplies to precede demands with consequent evils and miseries. Or, peradventure, the currency or other medium of action, may by ill legislation, prevent ease and regularity of commercial operations. Crises like these are deplorable ; yet the history of Commerce is not a stran- ger to them. The fall of the improvident and prodigal with the imprudent and unfortunate, like the tower of old, is a warning to the surrounding mul- titude. Having scattered its effects, the crisis passes. Commerce, it may be, influences the passage of a “ Bankrupt Law,” and, thus disenthralled, pur- sues the tenor of her way. Established on a substantial basis, enlivening Commerce vibrates with the pulsations of the nation. Eventually its voice is heard in every avenue of the land — its advantages are secured in every rural retreat — its influence is felt in every department of government. Commerces urges a crusade against uncouthness and all things unseemly ; and lays open the radiant pathway of national grandeur. It encourages the neat, the elegant, and beautiful ; taking to the highest point the contrivances and inventions that miuister to the graces and comforts of life. It caters to the taste fostered by Him who, reigning supreme, has attired his whole creation in countless forms of elegance and beauty ; painting the flowers, giving the rose its fragrance, throwing out the arch of the rainbow, tipping the wing of the bird with gold, and filling the air with music. Scientific agriculture, gardening, hor- ticulture, keep accompanying pace with opulent Commerce. Through the influence of Commerce, the temple of Solomon arose ; and elegant archi- tecture, painting, and statuary, with the loftiest decorations of national mag- nificence, owe their amplest conceptions to maturity in this pursuit The globe is girdled by Commerce ; by her the truths of nature are sought Does she not navigate, discover, explore ? Does she not ransack continents, ascend in the air, and dive into the ocean ? Does she not penetrate the earth, scale mountains, and traverse deserts? With her are found the myriad commodities of traffic, and the many pursuits of science. By her appear all that is fascinating and wonderful in nature, and all that is curious and beautiful in art: all that human kind has of wit or wisdom, of eloquence or genius, of ingenuity or science. Here we discover the field of nature, the departments of artifice and handiwork, the faculties of mind, explored by the operations of trade, and traced by the regulations of law. Before Commerce becomes brisk or busy marts engage in enterprises, laws are few. But society in emerging from a simple, natural state, to an arti- ficial and refined condition, brings with it innumerable developments, with corresponding enactments. In adding opulent scope to language,* Com- merce throws out a potent influence upon law. “ There is no such witness to the degradation of the savage,” says Trench, “ as the brutal poverty of his language ; nor is there anything that so effectually tends to keep him in the depths to which he has fallen.” Traffic in its progress meets with terms to which the language was a stranger at its first moldings. Urging • See vol. xxlr,, M*rck*nts' Mtfniine, pp. 174*80. Digitized by v^oosle 151 Influence of Commerce upon Law. investigation, eliciting new ideas and acting the neologist, it lights the torch of information and penetrates the recesses of the temple of truth. The language of trade, enriching itself both by terms borrowed from many lan- guages and from novel inventions and discoveries, becomes fluent and volu- ble in capacity, and fertile and copious in thought And through these processes, Commerce elaborates the science of law. “ Our laws,” says Lord Bacon, “ are mixed as our language ; and as our language is so much the richer, the laws are the more complete.” Maxims and distinctions maintained in a rude and merely gregarious con- dition, differ extensively from those held by enlightened men under a liberal government A narrow scope of comprehension or of action, and a paucity of laws are inseparable ; while a broad sphere of civil authority and exten- sive trade possess numerous enactments with many questions for adjudica- tion. Growing transactions with newly arising exigencies, call for adapting statutes ; and every flourishing government, in augmenting its pursuits and population, expands the number with the scope of its enactments. Civil and criminal remedies and regulations accumulate and become complex as well in proportion to increasing opulence and population, as to the securities of- fered to the reputation, liberties, and lives of the people. Where man is active in eliciting every ability and exertion, every truth and knowledge, enactments preside with every check and restraint Every progression in so- ciety evolves new duties, extends refined sentiment, and binds the conscience to respect new rights. Laws are based upon some well established princi- ple of human nature or upon some principle or reason of policy, authority, or mercy, or of decency of balance, or harmony ; and though it be maintained that, being simple, but few are required ; yet, where mature civilization with varied avocations and copious truths prevail, statutes and authorities will be abundant. Decisions and court opinions being plainly conclusive, it is gen- erally admitted that all laws are founded upon common sense. Yet what is common sense but a judicious application of ascertained principles to things as they are ? A populous commercial community is a fertile field prolific in ascertained principles. Its intelligent sovereignty hovers over a ramification of human affaire, which baffles isolated considerations while it guards an intricate collection of interests. Laws and decisions are so nu- merous that variety may be taken for confusion of enactments ; and compli- cated, for contradictory cases. Hence arise the nice and subtle distinctions so characteristic of the law. A single and apparently trivial fact may qual- ify, restrain, or enlarge an established rule. Hence, also flows that necessity for perpetual activity of judicial tribunals; and for those multiplying reports of decided cases, which render the law so emphatically an accumulating science. With trade appear distinct authorities and rules as maritime and com- mercial remedies. Courts of admirality, guarding rights springing from marine contracts or services, afford their authority ; and, having exclusive civil and criminal jurisdiction, their sphere is broad while their u process sweeps the seas.” The Law Merchant or Lex Mercatoria, as a body of usages, is both intricate and vast. Exclusively of currency, credit, and sol- vency ; also exclusively of surety, stocks, trusts, and revenue ; matters re- lating to exchange, shipping, insurance, and the many forms and customs touching the various mercantile contracts show the extent of trade’s influence. Questions continually arise which involve interests of few, and upon cir- cumstances immediately before one ; with others involving interests of va- Digitized by v^oosle 152 Influence of Commerce upon Law . riously employed thousands, and they scattered over a broad domain. Records of law receive voluminous acquisitions from matters relating directly to Commerce ; and the law merchant affords a large proportion of reported cases. Commerce influences law by fostering national peace. Cotton bales or cannon balls affect nations ; as governments, in truth, in their intercourse with one another, know but the two mediums of war and Commerce. Un- der the benign influences of Commerce, antiquated distinctions break away, local animosities subside ; and, though mountains or seas interpose between nations, less enmity prevails with trade, and more reciprocal goodwill. Interests of trade are links of intercourse not easily sundered ; they hold the anchors of safety and security, and preserve the archives of science. Inter- changes of courtesies and commodities, at home and abroad, add strength to standard authority. Treaties of amity and Commerce resist inveterate spirits of aggression and conflict. During the reign of war and rage of con- tending arms, Commerce is fettered, and the laws are stifled and mute. Then appear lust, discord, ferocity and carnage ; then turbulent passion, belligerent and sanguinary struggles, with the havoc of the sword, usurp the places of peaceful pursuits, and of law and order. Tranquillity of govern- ment, and the reign of peace regaining prevalence, agriculture unmolested, presents her cornucopia ; and Commerce pursues her march with safety and profit Law sits, serenely, decreeing judgments ; and justice is dispensed to all Commerce, while encouraging pacific influences, rests on the sword, which prevents destruction of shipping and desolation of coast Navies, established on enterprises in commercial navigation, guard prosperity, in view of aggression, and maintain vigilant readiness and power for war — the truest safeguards of peace. Early laws, corresponding with earliest pursuits, were proclaimed by the Divine Legislator. The Decalogue, so plain and so simple, yet so compre- hensive, comprises an ample code for the regulation of a rural people, living in a simple state of nature. The early Hebrews were eminently geoponical and pastoral. Society’s advancement calls for other and more numerous enactments. When the tables of the laws were handed to Moses, additional laws to those already decreed, were required and bestowed. Maxims and enactments, illustrative and additional, appear with progress of society, as recorded in the sacred volume ; and the same observation applies to the primitive Saxons, their brethren on the continent, and the other nations of the earth. Agricultural and military combinations are less intricate than manufacturing and commercial communities; while, where all these are blended in one collection, the laws become necessarily voluminous. Modern constitutions, like ancient systems, framed for the preservation of liberty, consist of many parts. Senates, popular assemblies, courts of justice, and magistrates of different orders, are blended to balance each other, while they exercise, sustain or check executive power. Publicists, legislators, with judges, jurists and jurors, are delegated to frame, enact, elucidate and apply the laws. The complex machinery of government is kept in active opera- tion ; freedom and domestic tranquillity are maintained ; the common de- fense and general welfare provided for ; and justice and equity preserved and dispensed. Here appear, also, occasions for the development of those influences and features most prominent in distinguishing a nation. Without alluding to other systems, we will observe the two prominent ones that now sway the destinies of Christendom. We learn, says a Digitized by v^.ooQle 151 Influence of Commerce upon Law. writer,* the art of war from Rome, and maritime affairs from the English. The influence of Commerce appears conspicuously in the varied operations of the Roman and British jurisprudence. The Roman system progressed to a copious depository of legal science. Rome’s distinguishing policy, how- ever, was war ; and her intercourse proceeded directly from forces of her arms. Thus we see the iron cohorts and military sway preponderating, yet, the gaining, in the subduement of other countries, many influences flowing from trade. Commercial Greece captivated her savage conqueror, and in- troduced her arts among the Romans ; while, with extended dominions in the east, Rome’s taste for fQreign varieties became a passion, and, exacting pay for subjugation, she soon possessed every article that was expensive or luxurious. She deduced laws, through the Greeks, from Crete and Tyre ; formed a basis of intercourse and obligation ; became mistress of the seas : and acquired the principles which have placed her on an endurable pedestal in the temple of time. Yet, despising and scorning traffic, her polity has never diminished its ardor and aptitude for the shield, nor departed from tameness and timidity in trade. Her literature portrays much of battles ; her chief writers and orators were eminent in soldiery. The Roman, forum was filled, not by a crowd of mechanics nor mariners, but by warriors ; and the imperial system received its meditations from the field of Mars. With- out aggression and conquest, therefore, it appears oppugnant and callous, because, in barter it is restrictive and rigid. Catering to a taste to subdue the world, Imperial Rome has continued to throw a sway, and infuse a love of arbitrary rule and of war, over Europe, long after her pristine grandeur departed. The most renowned in European science resorted to the fountain of imperial jurisprudence. Its jurists were eminently learned. A religious order, pledged to gravity and austerity of character, with ecclesiastical insti- tutions and the most potent of polemical establishments, combined to sus- tain and perpetuate the Roman polity ; while itself, fixed and affluent, terse yet copious, invaded the judicial systems of Europe, with an influence scarcely less than that exercised over the European dialects and literature, by the Roman tongue. But, with the revolutions and changes of centuries, the more enlightened nations have, by varied courses, transcended free authority of Rome. In modern times, animosity and war among the nations, have diminished, and the principles of the great Teacher of Peace have had greater attractions ; the virtues of valor and knowledge of car- nage have been less sought; the arm of oppression and the usurper’s sword have been less lauded. Subduing conquest, less rigorous against the rights of common humanity, has been, in a measure, superseded by aflable exchange. Law has been varied to suit the genius of pacific intercourse and traffic. The spirit of Commerce, alienated from tyranny, exclusiveness, and the majesty of imperial rule, has liberalized the world. Intelligence, no longer locked in the cloister and castle, has been spread broadcast among the people. Superstition has been shorn of its legions. Novel and valuable inventions have appeared ; while elevating views have advanced. Interchange of commodities and intercourse with other countries, aug- mented the power and enlarged the ideas of the English. Advancing in trade and science, and placed in novel positions, they looked upon the Roman system as too contracted in traffic. In their social relations, in their pursuits, in their literature and science, were conspicuous variations ; • Von Muller* t Unit . HuUrf. Digitized by v^oosle 164 Influence of Commerce upon Law . and Rome began to appear as a relic of the past. When the invention of printing, awakened by commercial spirit, commenced to diffuse learning ; when the progress of religious information began to be universally dissemi- nated ; when trade and navigation were pursued to an amazing extent by the use of the compass ; the minds of men, thus enlightened by science, and enlarged by observation and travel, began to entertain a more just opinion of the dignity and rights of mankind.* The thirteenth century shows the British character to have been mold- ing. Then, out of several races, a distinctive people was rising. The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies that now meet, either in the old or in the new world, held its first sittings. The sailors who manned the barks of the Cinque Ports, first made the flag of England conspicuous on the seas ; and the common law rose to the dig- nity of a science, and rapidly became a not unworthy rival of the imperial jurisprudence.! Commerce continued to advance ; its scope and energy verged onward, throwing out and establishing theories, and thrilling its way in wider and wider circles. Generation ensued generation, with surprising additions to traffic: and century followed century, with wonderful aug- mentations of shipping. Plucked from the untraversed waters of the West- ern Ocean was a hemisphere which attracted the attention of the maritime States across the Atlantic. The policy of the common law being encourage- ment to trade — England sought with eagerness this new arena for her Com- merce. Efforts were succeeded by successes, and commercial enterprises were, for a long time, conceived and consummated with a single view to British interests. Sturdy sinews of America were exerted to elevate the parent country, whose colonial powers, in every direction, were affluent channels of grandeur. Similar courses continuing, the British empire be- came pre-eminent in commercial importance, and not only the sovereign of the seas, but the wonder of the world. The learned Blackstone conceived, at this period, the plan of his renowned commentaries. Locke had already analyzed the humau miud, and Newton, investigated the laws of nature. Though secluded geographically from the rest of the world, the British be- came commercially ubiquitous ; and the sun ceased to set on their dominions. The Commerce and common law of the English, buoyant with science and human rights, arrived together at supremacy. Long continued prevalence of trade exhibited its palpable traces and foot- prints. Did not rudeness and barbarity disappear before it ? Did it not restrain the exercise of the instruments of military prowess ? Were not feudal restraints softened much earlier, and much more effectually for its benefit than for any other consideration ? Did it not penetrate the main arteries of the body politic ? “ Formerly,” said Lord Mansfield,! “ wo were not that great commercial nation we are at present; nor formerly were mer- chants and manufacturers members of parliament, as at present. The case is now very different. Both merchants and manufacturers are, with great propriety, elected members of the lower house. Commerce having thus got into the legislative body of the kingdom, privilege must be done away. Any exemption to particular men, or to particular ranks of men, is, in a free and commercial country, a solecism of the grossest nature.” The sanguine genius of Commerce differed with Home, whose course, * Commontarioo on Low of England, B. iv. p. 434. f McCatUa^s England, Harper'll ed., VoL i. p. 325. t In ttie House of Peers, 1770. Digitized by v^.ooQle 155 Jnfiuence of Commerce upon Law . when unobservant of military armor and martial scenes, became oscitant and drowsy. Like their system of law, the active principles of religion and liberty espoused by the English , were plainly distinguished from Roman tenets. Translations of the Scriptures, the compilation of the book of Com- mon Prayer, with other means of extensive education, enlarged the intellect of England, infused a taste for knowledge, and led to a flourishing literary era. In the discovery and execution of wise plans to facilitate their pro- gress, the British stepped forth unrivalled by any nation among mankind. Shifting the scenes on the stage of time with energy and force, they pre- sented a grand and cheering exhibition to the survey of the world. The common law, commencing at an early period, and promoted by customs and usages gathered during successive invasions, gradually advanced with pro- gressing enlightenment Flexible and plastic, it was easily matured and molded by opinions and pursuits. Well adapted to conditions and cir- cumstances, it was inwoven with the favor of prevailing sentiment. Eminent judges avoided or became loth to quote imperial precepts. The Roman law grew more and more into discredit, as the common law operated w as the wheel to the car of Commerce.” The age of general intercourse and ex- change now dawns. Thought is free. Biblical theology wins attention ; discipline in logic and philosophy advance ; instruction hurls out ignorance ; liberty flashes upon the view ; serfdom diminishes ; ideas of human rights are disseminated ; London, the city of ships, looms up to the wondering gaze ; Britannia rules the waves ; the world awakes to a knowledge of free- dom. The common law fosters trade and a rapid interchange of commodities ; the civil law is restrictive of both. The civil law is replete with a by gone order of things, while the common law is full of freshness and life. The one is of the spirit of the past ; the other, of the genius of the present and future. The one, of a nature of quietude and repose ; the other, of a pro- gressive and reforming nature. Commerce found full amplitude in the New World. Earliest colonists, migrating from commercial nations, were accompanied by characteristics of a commercial people, and engaged extensively, from the time of their settle- ment, in commercial pursuits. European surprise was soon awakened by the maritime plans and intrepidity of the colonists. England looked amazed at the hardy industry of this recent people. Eloquent tributes were elicited by their stalwort energy and daring. In an effort to restrain colonial pros- perity, as they clipped the wings of the Dutch navigators, the British met resistance eventuating in American independence. Conspicuously in the celebrated Declaration, appeared the signature of the president of the con- tinental congress — a distinguished commercial character. Want of power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, was one of the leading defects of the confederation, and, probably, as much as any one cause, conduced to the establishment of the constitution.* The immortal Henry urged that Com- merce be unfettered, and portrayed the advantages of swift-winged trade. While many commercial men contributed muniflcently to sacred and literary institutions, the nearest universal freedom soon spread over the most commercial regions of the land ; thus diminishing the hereditary evil of slavery. In preferring the oomraon law, upon which to predicate a national polity, the Americans deviated from that love for the heroic possessed by the * Story** C*mmmtari»* on the Constitution of tht U. 8, Digitized by v^oosle 156 Influence of Commerce upon Law . Romans, and revealed a greater regard for interchange of commodities. The North American Union, like the English, repudiated the doctrine holding trade as inconsistent with Christianity. They could not determine, with Pope Urban II., that it is impossible with a safe conscience to exercise any traffic ; nor could the American Republic be induced to favor any Roman tenet in respect to barter. The constitution of the United States laid down the rule by which to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and displayed for the Union’s home trade the broadest basis. These regulations were not long without flattering advantages and encomiums. “ Happy Americans !” said a European,* 44 while the whirlwind flies over one quarter of the globe, and spreads everywhere desolation, you remain protected from its baneful effects by your own virtues and the wisdom of your government. Separated from Europe by an immense ocean, vou feel not the effect of those prejudices and passions which convert the boasted seats of civilization into scenes of horror and bloodshed. You profit by the folly and madness of the contending nations, and afford, in your more congenial clime, an asylum to those blessings and virtues which they wantonly contemn, or wickedly exclude from their bosom ! Cultivating the arts of peace under the influence of freedom, you advance by rapid strides to opulence and distinction.” In his farewell address, Washington offered opinions encour- aging to trade, maintaining that 44 harmony and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy, humanity and interest” Diffuse and diversify, by gentle means, the streams of Commerce, recommended the patriot, by giving trade a stable intercourse, defining the rights of our merchants, and enabling the government to support them by conventional rules of intercourse — the best that circumstances and mutual opinions will permit Thus, the Americans have attained and favored the influences of the common law, and thrown to neglect the dicta of the Roman system. 44 In the one,” (the common law,) says a recent writer,! “you see the activity, the throng, the tumult of business life ; in the other, the stagnation of an inconsiderable and waning trade. In the one, the boldness, the im- petuosity, the invention of advancing knowledge and civilization ; in the other, feebleness of intellect, timidity of spirit, and the crouching subserviency of slaves.” A moment’s notice, now, of those nations which still adhere to the Roman school, and those that have followed or improved the English system, will reveal the different characters of their Commerce and condition. Excepting Russia and Turkey, the nations on the continent of Europe, Mexico, Guati- mala and all those of South America, including the empire of Brazil, main- tain the supremacy of the civil or Roman law. England, with her colonies in all parts of the globe, and the United States, excepting Louisians, adhere to the common law. The Commerce of the civil law is circumscribed by a limited range, and prosecuted in inferior ships ; it moves languidly along a few familiar shores, or, if occasionally venturing forth into remoter regions, it is with a hesitating, faltering movement, sluggish in its progress and unprofitable in its results. The Commerce of the common law, with en- couraged merchants and superior Vessels, enlivens every port and roams over the surface of every sea ; urging onward from city, bay and inlet, it pushes its career wherever civilized man can penetrate ; girdles the globe in search •Cha*. J. Fox, 1794. t JUpvrt f# C klifvrui* LfitUtMr* §n tk§ Ctmm i Civil L*w. Digitized by Google Influence of Commerce upon Law. 157 of the necessaries and luxuries of life, “ and returns laden with the spoils of a ransacked world.” The English, in disregarding the turbid principles of an austere and antiauated jurisprudence, were enabled to suggest and meet the exigencies of advancing science, and to build up a system affording more cheering views and better precepts for the operations of mankind. Inventions ana discoveries were vital signs of progress. Rights of humanity, the limits and duty of government and laws of nations, were brought forth and defined. The confederated North American republic, leading on in the path of enlight- enment, declared for the highest privileges of the English law, and added a recognition of inalienable rights, everywhere to be acknowledged among men. Through an unexampled solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity and wisdom of conclusion, the United States afford influences, as well in the frustration of the hopes of tyranny as in the advancement of Commerce. To secure fullest authority for trade, and in pursuit of its love for freedom, the sceptre has been wrested from kings : and, in giving its operations celerity, the lightning has been snatched from heaven. The press, the pulpit, the school have been active ; the rail car, the steamship and magnetic line have been busy ; distance has been abridged ; w space has been contracted and shrivelled up like a scroll.” The progressive evolutions of trade, and those of its concomitants, are without parallel in history. Legal science has been correspondingly considered and enlarged. The American law system, as well on sea as on land, is broadly presented to the world. w Wherever there is an American ship,” says Marsh,* “ there is American law.” “Especially in its improved and varied condition in America, under the benign influence of an expanded Commerce, of enlightened justice, of republican principles, and of sound philosophy,” says Kent,f “ the common law has become a code of natural ethics and enlarged civil wisdom, admirably adapted to promote and secure the freedom and happiness of social life.” “ Throughout the land, and more especially in thirty distinct and independent empires, many of them covering a territory exceeding the limits of the island of Great Britain, this body of law,” says J. Anthon, “ is subjected to an elaboration of the most expansive character, arising from new social positions, under novel forms of government, demanding equally novel applications of estab- lished rules and principles.” Had the voices of valor, with the emblazonry of the shield, still been the most captivating — had the terms of the civil law, impregnated with martial habits, won the primary attention of the people of the American confederacy, and the peaceful pursuits of Commerce been unencouraged — the people of the United States might long have been numbered among the melancholy vic- tims of misguided councils — must, at best, have been laboring under the weight of some of those forms which have crushed the liberties of the rest of mankind. But, happily, “a new and more noble course” was pursued. With the formation of the Constitution of the American Union, appeared an epoch in the history of governments ; then arose a monument of wisdom, exhibiting to the study of the world a human record unrivaled in the annals • •* On whatever errand an American vessel may be bound— whether, freighted with Commerce, the links continents together ; or laden with provisions, she points her prow to a famishing people ; Whether she bears the emblems of a nation’s progress to a convention of the world, or brings irosa Imprisonment the exiled patriotism of an ancient and heroic race ; or, whether in search of some noble and gallant explorer, she rides on icy billows, and inter- penetrate* the towering bergs of the Arctic circle ; wherever she is and whatever her business— there, on her decks, invisible on! mb* mending, stands erect the mijeeiio form of American law.”— Lutksr R. Marsh, Esq. t James Kent, LL. D. Digitized by Google 15$ Commercial Cities and Towns of the United States: of the family of man. Then ushered forth the light of genuine toleration and liberty, which, manifesting the spirit and essence of Christianity, elevated individual and social character, and irradiated society with a halo of genial liberality. The knowledge of circumstances, the suggestions of good sense, with the lessons of experience, prevailed over an undue regard for the opinions and habits of other countries, and a blind veneration for antiquity. Under this constitution and form of government — detached and distant from rival nations, espousing no foreign prejudice, entangled in no alliance — the courses of our country have been free, and the scope of her progress extensive. Advancing to a significant position of power, she has success- fully buffeted impediments to free developments ; and, already superseding Britannia on the waves, promises a grandeur surpassing the ancient as* well as modern governments of the globe. While, whithersoever public energy has gone, or to whatever point inventive genius has led, regulating enact- ments have followed ; and with every wave of science, with every verge of enterprise or sovereignty, an o’er-hovering aegis has appeared in our system of law. The accumulating tide of American precedent and example, has tended with impetuous force from the new to the old world ; and a polity already appears, destined, perhaps, by its exuberant wisdom, to overspread, with the sway of a freshet, the systems of the past. A. H. B. Art. II.— COMMERCIAL CITIES AND TOWNS OP THE UNITED STATES. KtJXBKR XX IIIU NEW YORK. Our design in this article is to present not merely a statement of the ab- solute condition of the Great Emporium, but by comparison of the various particulars, with corresponding statistics of other cities of the United States, and of other countries, to show her relative position, in the several depart- ments, among the cities of the earth — to point out her differences from them, and reveal her peculiar excellencies and deficiencies. Of course, the article, thus constituted, will be also, to a considerable extent, an exposition of the condition, absolute and relative, of the other citicsy brought into the comparison ; and will be in fact, excepting as to some details regarding New York, not followed out in the case of the others, a Comparative View , in their principal features , of some of the leading Commercial and Manufac- turing Towns on the two continents. DESCRIPTION OT NEW YORK. Situation. The commercial metropolis of America stands upon an isl- and, at the head of a bay formed by the junction of the Hudson, or North, with the East River, (a strait, connecting at the other end with Long Island Sound,) and at a distance of about eighteen miles from the Atlantic Oceatf. It is separated from the mainland by a winding water-way of eight miles in length, called Harlem River on the east side, and Spuyten Duyvel Kill on the west, or North River side. This island, bearing the name of the city, Digitized by v^oosle New York 15* and called by the Indians Manhattan, is 13£ miles long, from north to south, with an average width of one mile, 3,220 feet, or 8,500 feet, the greatest breadth being on the line of Eighty-eighth-street — 12,500 feet, about 2 £ miles. Its area is about 14,000 acres. The latitude of the city, reckoned from the City Hall, is 40° 42' 43" north, and the longitude west from Greenwich, 74° O' 41", or east from Washington, 30° 1' 13". Its distance from various places, within the United States, by the nearest mail- routes, is as follows : — Albany. Boston Portland. Maine Philadelphia. Baltimore Washington. Charleston, S. Carolina.. . .miles 769 New Orleans. . . 1,428 Buffalo 857 Cincinnati 729 St. Louis 1,046 Surface. The surface of the upper part of the island is still consider- ably diversified; the highest point is 238 feet above tide- water. The lower part, the site of the city, was formerly varied with hills and hollows, swamps, ponds, marshes, rocks and acclivities, most of which diversity has been swept away by the hand of improvement. Many creeks and inlets on the mar- gins of the rivers have also been filled up, and a considerable area in the southern part of the city is made-ground, considerably altering the original water-line. The Battery is an artificial esplanade, built upon a ledge of rocks, and a large part of water. Front and South streets, on East River, and Greenwich, Washington, and West, on North River, contiguous to the Battery, were reclaimed from the rivers. Pearl-street, to some distance above Wall, was the original shore of the East River. As improved, the site of the denser part of the city consists of a gentle slope from the center toward either river, Broadway, the principal street, running along the line of the ridge. Formation. The soil is a sandy alluvion, and less fertile than in many other parts of the State. The basis is principally gneiss, but the north part of the island is composed of granular and primitive limestone, which is quarried, and known as Kingsbridge Marble. The gneiss foundation is cov- ered by a bed of alluvial or tertiary sands, of considerable thickness, upon which lies the diluvium to the depth of ten to eighty feet. Extent of the City. The city at present extends northward about three miles from the Battery, and covers about one-fifth of the island. The com- pact portion is over nine miles in circumference. The rest of the island is under cultivation. Plan . The city was originally laid out without any regularity, the streets being mostly narrow and crooked. The founders had no idea of the destiny of their humble settlement. They knew little of the great advantages of its situation ; the vast resource of the interior of the continent was to them as though it had no existence, and had they known of it, their sober imag- ination would never have dreamed of the artificial river which was to bring down the wealth of that far region. Little did they fancy their sheep-walks were to be the thronged avenues of a mighty trade. Could they have seen the future, even the phlegm of the old Knickerbockers would have yielded to amazement The irregularities and deformities of the early period have been mostly corrected of late. After the Revolutionary War, great and systematic im- Digitized by v^oosle 160 Commercial Cities and Towns of the United States : orovements were undertaken, in view of the anticipated growth of the city. The upper portion of the island was surveyed between 1811 and 1821, and laid out into sixteen avenues, extending from Fourteenth-street in parallel lines and cut through rocks and hills at great expense. These were inter- sected, at right angles, by 156 cross streets, running from river to river , and numerically designated, forming squares, varying not much from 200 by 800 feet. In the lower part, beside the improvements before mentioned, a irreat many streets have been straightened, widened, or extended, at enor- mous expense. The work is progressing, and in a few years more the whole city will be provided with spacy and commodious avenues. No other city, probably, has made as great expenditure in correcting defects of this nature. F A style of building, combining a high degree of elegance with much en- larged conveniences, has superseded the old methods, and is rapidly sup- planting the structures built after them. In the lower part of the city, the old stores and residences are giving way to large and magnificent stores and warehouses, many of them having brown stone, and a few marble fronts. Up* town, the dwellings are mostly built in large and uniform blocks of brick with ornamented iron railings in front, and make a very pleasing ap- pearance. Some of the private mansions are most elegant structures. * Business Locations. The population principally resides in the upper part of the city, and the lower part is nearly, engrossed in the accommoda- tion of business. The principal business portion— that where the great commercial establishments aie located— lies within the lines described by the lower end of Broadway, Ful ton-street, and the East River. A great part of this section was burned down in the fire of December, 1835, but was soon rebuilt in superior style. Wall-street is the focus of the great monetary operations, that are watched with great interest not only over the United States, but in Europe. Here are the great speculations m stocks bonds, houses, lands, and other merchandises. It is occupied by the offices’ of brokers, banks, insurance companies, &c., and contains also the Merchants’ Exchange and Custom-House. South-street is occupied by the principal shipping houses, and the offices of most of the foreign packet lines. The dry goods jobbing and importing business, formerly confined to Pearl- street, has extended to William, Broad, Pine, Cedar, Liberty, the eolomn of air supporting the balloon, so low down os the base rest- ing on the terrestrial surface ? Does not this reasoning apply equally to a mass of air warmer thanHhat sur- rounding it, in consequence of the latent heat yielded by condensation of the contained vapor. Is not this the reason why the inflammation of a stratum of carded cotton above the mouth of an inverted open-necked bell glass, produced not the slight- est movement in fibers of the same material, situated on a wire gauze within the bell immediately over the bore of the neck ? Are not all the Espyan requisites for the production of a tornado to be found in the upward current of air over equatorial regions, by which the trade winds mre induced ? If so, wherefore does not a tornado prevail there, as enduring m that upward current ! QUERIES TO METEOROLOGISTS GENERALLY. The following queries are not made with any reference to Espy’s theory or generalizations ; but with a view to complete the series which has at this time been suggested to me as worthy of the attention of meteorologists. Does it not follow that whenever any portion of the atmosphere is charged positively, or negatively, the aerial particles must undergo a corresponding rare- faction from the reciprocal repulsion consequent to a similar state of electrical excitement ? May not this be one cause of a buoyancy and consequent aacen- tional power, producing a penetration of the region of frost, by the lower strata of the atmosphere ! Whenever electrical repulsion tends to counteract gravitation, is it not reason- able that barometrical pressure should be diminished, And may not oppositely charged aerial masses by rushing together, sustain a diminution of volume, and cause a precipitation of vapor as rain, by super-saturating the space within which they commingle ? u, as above suggested, a diversity of electrical excitement be followed by cor- responding variations of tho density of the Air and of the space occupied by it, whenever by such means a dilatation of bulk occurs in a mass of the atmos- phere, will it not take up any moisture to which there may be access sufficient to saturate the additional space occupied ; and whenever the opposite change of diminution of volume ensues, will it not deposite a proportionable quantity of moisture I Is not the action of the air in this respect in taking up and giving out mois- ture, analogous to that of a sponge, which absorbs or gives out any surround- ing liquid, accordingly as it may be allowed to dilate by its own elasliOity, or made to contract by mechanical compression? May not each globule of water in a cloud be inflated with air like s bubble, while this bubble may be expanded by electrical repulsion, so as to be more buoyant, than if it were electrically neutral, and may not this be one cause of the buoyancy of clouds ? May not ii buoyancy thus arising, be one source of ascensional power indu- cing those upward currents which cause rain ? It is well known that clouds intercept the radiant heat given off by the terres- trial surface to Buch an extent, that white frost, which is always the consequence of radiation, only takes place when the sky is clear. Does it not follow that the clouds mubt acquire heat by terrestrial radiation, so that the air with which they are associated must consequently be made warmer and more buoyant than it would otherwise be? Have we not reason then to infer, that the heat arising from radiation, is one of the causes of the buoyancy of clouds ? Nevertheless, for the most, is not the persistence of clouds only apparent f Are they not formed as the vapor, in any rising column of air, reaches the level where there is sufficient refrigeration to condense it ; but is not the cloud thus formed, dissolved usually by tho air above, of which the dew point is so low as to enable it to take up the precipitated vapor ? Digitized by Journal of Mercantile Law. 106 Are not the phenomena analogous to those of the fog or cloud, which may appear to surmount persistently the escape pipe of a steamboat boiler, although this is manifestly the effect of a successive condensation of succeeding portions of the aqueous vapor ? JOURNAL OF MERCANTILE LAW. Freeman Hunt, Eso, Editor of the Merchant f Magazine , etc. : — St. Louia, June 10, 1852. I inclose you the decision of one of our courts upon a commercial question of some importance, here, where there is no statute declaring the authority of a factor over the goods consigned to him — the whole matter being left to the com- mon law : — DUTIES OF A CARRIER IN PRESERVING GOODS INTRUSTED TO HIS CARE. The case of Bird us. Cromwell, 1 Mo. R. 81, referred to in the decision of the case of Chouteau vs. Leech, in the Merchants' Magazine for June, 1852, (vol. xzvl, page 715,) may be of some interest, and I send you a note of it : Bira vs. Cromwell, 1 Mo. R. 81. Cromwell brought his action on the case against Bird, for negligence in transporting a quantity of coffee, shipped on board the defendant’s barge, from New Orleans to St. Liouis, whereby the same got wet and was damaged. On the trial, plaintiff proved the bill of lading, showing the shipping of the coffee, to be delivered in St. Louis, M the dangers of the river only excepted,” and also proved, that when the coffee was delivered, part of it had been wet The defendant proved, that on the voyage, the barge struck a nand shipped about four inches of water ; that, for the purpose of repairs, arge was got to the shore in about twelve or fourteen minutes, and, the bow being raised, the water ran back and damaged the plaintiff's goods. None of the plaintiff’s goods were taken out, but, the leak being stopped, the barge was re- paired, and she proceeded on her voyage after a detention of about 24 hours, The court decided, that it was the duty of the carrier to use all exertions to pre- vent damage, so long as they may probably avail, in all cases, whether the char- acter of the accident be such as, in the event of a total loss, would discharge him or not ; and that, in this case, it was the duty of the carrier to use all means in bis power to dry the coffee, and, if by opening the barrels and drying the coffee he might have prevented the damage, and he neglected to do it, he was liable for such neglect This case was decided in 1821, and has since been considered os the settled law of this State, upon the subject of the duties of the carrier, in preserving the goods intrusted to his care. Respectfully yours, &c., CHAS C. WHLTTELSEY, AU’y at Law. AUTHORITY OF A FACTOR OVER GOODS CONSIGNED TO HIM, ETC. In the Court of Common Picas, (St. Louis, Missouri, June, 1852,) James Berry, Jr., & Co., vs. Christopher Rhodes. This was a suit which, under the old code, would have been an action of trover, for the conversion by the defendant of a quantity of glass belonging to the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs, merchants of Pittsburgh, consigned to Love & Osborne, factors and commission merchants in St. Louis, a large quantity of glass for sale, at six months, or cash, but drew no bills upon the shipment. Love & Osborne’s commissions were five per cent, which included storage in their own house, and insurance, but did not include freights, drayage, nor the storage in other warehouses. Love & Osborne paid for freight and drayage about $280 . Love & Osborne being indebted to the defendant Rhodes upon a due bill for the sum of $482 89, Rhodes applied to them for payment, and they not having the Digitized by v^oosle 107 Journal of Mercantile Law. money, he offered to take it in glass. They declined at first, stating that the glass did not belong to them, bat to a house at Pittsburg, and that taking the glass would bo robbing Peter to pay Paul. After many solicitations, Love Si Osborne finally consented, and made the defendant a bill of gloss, treating it at a cash sale, and discounting the interest off the six months’ price, and credited the bill with the amount of the due bill, still leaving a small balance in favor of defendant The sale, as regards the defendant was treated as a cash sale, but as regards the plaintiffs, was treated as a sale at six months. At the time of this transaction, Love Si Osborne had made no advances except for freight and dray- age, and had given no acceptance to the plaintiffs. In their correspondence with the plaintiffs, they merely stated that they had made sale, but gave no account. In April, 1851, the plaintiffs drew on L. Si O., at four months, for $1,000, and this bill was paid. In May, the plaintiffs drew another bill, at four months, which was not paid. In August, 1851, L. Si O. rendered an account of sales. The •ales, at the date of the payment of the first draft, in August, amounted to $2,427. In October, 1851, plaintiffs demanded the glass of defendant, which not being delivered, they sued, as for a conversion. The defendant contended, first, that the payment for the goods, by the due bill of Love Si Osborne, was a good payment, and was to be considered as a cash sale as between L. Si O. and the defendant ; although it was to be treated as a. credit sale, as between L. Si O. and the plaintiffs. 2. That if it was not good as s sale payment, then the defendant was to be credited with the amount due L. Si Q*t by the plaintiffs, for freight and drayage, and the commissions upon the bill sold the defendant, and for which L. Si O., as factors, had a lien upon the goods consigned. The plaintiffs contended, 1. That as the factor could not pledge the goods, neither could he sell to pay his own debt, to a person who bought with know- ledge of his agency. 2. That the defendant was not entitled to the credit he claimed, as, at the expiration of six months from the sale, the balance was in fcv or of the plaintiffs, against the factors. Love and Osborne. The court gave judgment in this case in favor of the plaintiffs, for the full amount claimed. The court held, that the conversion by the defendant was a wrongful conversion, as he took them with a full knowledge of the facts of the case, and that the goods did not belong to the factors, Love Si Osborne, but knew that they were the property of a house in Pittsburg; and that as the de- fendants thus took the goods with knowledge, the court held that the delivery of the due bill was not a payment for the goods ; and farther held, that the defend- ant could not, under such circumstances, recover the amount that had been ad- vanced by the factors, and was not entitled to any credit upon the amount of the bill purchased. The principle upon which the court decided the case was, that a factor cannot sell the goods of his principal in payment of his own debt, to a person who purchases with the full knowledge that the goods are not the goods of the factor. To warrant the purchaser to set off the debt of the factor against the claim of the principal, he must be a purchaser bona fide and without notice. Judgment for the plaintiff the amount of the bill of the glass, with interest after six months. BOTTOMRY. — THE ANN C. PRATT. A bottomry bond made for a larger sum than Is due, for the purpose of being used to defraud underwriters, is void, and no remedy can be had upon it, although no fraud was intended against the owners of the vessel. The rale of the Admiralty, which holds that a bond may be good for a part and bad for a part, does not apply to ona made for the purpose of defrauding the Insurers. But a fraudulent bond will not necessarily vitiate the consideration so far as it is meritorious. For so much, the creditor may recover by process is rem on the hypothecation implied by law. When the master is separated from the ship, by death or other casualty, the mate succeeds in the command as here s neces sarins. The possibility of this command being devolved on bim, is a contingency contemplated by his en- gagement, and he engages for a competent degree of skill In seamanship and navigation for the management of tbe ship on the happening of this event. He is also entitled to the ordinal? presumption In his favor, that be acted with fidelity and ordinary skill, until the oontrary k proved. Carrington, libellant, vs. the Ann C. Pratt — Pratt, claimant. This is a libel on a bottomry bond executed by the acting master. The brig Digitized by >ogle 198 Journal of Mercantile Law. Ann C. Pratt sailed from Frankfort, Nov. 7, I860, on a voyage to the Western Islands, and thence to snch foreign port or ports as the master should determine. On her outward passage she encountered heavy gales, squalls, and had fresh breezes during the whole time. She labored badly, and leaked from the com- mencement of the voyage, although she had been overhauled, and was supposed to be thoroughly repaired, so that three days after sailing, it was found necessary to lighten her by throwing over nearly the whole of her deck load. She arrived at Terceira on the 29th of November. Here she discharged part of her cargo and took part of another. From Terceira she sailed for St. Michael, Dec. 90, and made land the next day, but by a continued series of gales, squalls and bad weather, they were prevented from making a harbor till the 11th of January, when the vessel was brought to anchor and moored at Villa Franche, an open roadstead. She lay there till the 13th, when, the captain being ashore, the brig was struck by a heavy squall, which drove her from her moorings, with the loss of all her cables and anchors, except part of her best bower chain. The squall struck her from the N. W. but soon veered round to the W. S. W., driving her directly on shore, so that the hands on board, to save themselves from being driven on the rocks, were obliged to stand off On the same day, in the after- noon, as is stated in the depositions of Arey, and M^onald, the second mate, there was a consultation of the crew to consider what was best to be done. The crew on board at this time consisted of the second mate, two able seamen, one one of whom. Hurris, wns sick below, two ordinary seamen, one a Portuguese, who spoke English very imperfectly, and two boys, one only of whom spoke English, and the cook. With the exception of Arey and the second mate, the other mem- bers of the ship’s company say that they knew of no consultation of the crew. If there was any, it must have been very informal, and though Arey and McDon- ald both say that the opinion of the crew was in favor of proceeding to 8t Thomas, which was the port that the master determined to proceed to next, in^ stead of attempting to return to St. Michael or bearing away for an eastern port, it is evident that Arey, in doing this, must have been governed by hi9 own opinion in concurrence with that of the second mate. On her passage for three or four days, the brig leaked badly till she took the trade winds, and from that time she made her voyage without difficulty, and arrived at St. Thomas the 6th of February. Here Arey called on the American consul and had, under his war- rant, a survey. In a written report the surveyors stated the repairs that, in their opinion, were required to make her seaworthy. Three master shipwrights, the only persons in the place who undertook such business, were applied to for pro- posals or tenders for making the repairs ordered by the surveyors, and the con- tract was made with Pland, whose offer wns the most favorable. The money for making the repairs and to meet the other necessary charges for supplies while she was under repairs, and for fitting her for her return voyage, beyond what the master had on board, and the proceeds of the sale of the cargo, was advanced by the libellant, under an agreement with Arey, on the security of a bottomry bond and a bill of exchange drawn for the sum claimed, on the payment of which to bond was to be held satisfied and cancelled. The bill having beet* protested, this suit was commenced on the bond. Rowe and Bartlett for the libellant. Willis and Fessenden for the respondents. Ware, District Judge. Several objections have been made to the libellant’s right to recover in this case. In the first place, it is said that it was the duty of Arey, when he was blown off by the gale, to have returned to St. Michael’s and restored the com- mand of the vessel to the master, and that there was nothing in the state of the weather that rendered this impracticable. But whatever fault may have been committed by Arey in this part of his conduct, whether an error of judgment or a delinquency of a graver character, it cannot affect the libellant. The vessel came into St. Thomas in distress. It is certain that repairs were needed. There was a regular survey by competent surveyors, appointed by the American Con- sul, and there is nothing in the evidence to impeach the fairness and the honesty Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Mercantile Law. 1W of the surveyors. The libellant knew nothing of the causes which brought her there, without her master and without her papers, except what he could learn from Arey and the crew, and their account sufficiently explained the fact. On the separation of the master from the ship by death or other casualty, the mate succeeds to his authority as keres neccssarius; the law imposes on him the duties and responsibilities, and clothes him with the authority of master. This substi* tntion is a contingency that is contemplated by his engagement, which cannot be declined by him but by a default of duty. Arriving at St Thomas as he did, he had all the authority to order necessary repairs and to make all contracts for that purpose that he would have had, if he had been originally appointed master. The circumstances under which he arrived, it may be said, ought to suggest caution and prudence, and to awaken the vigilance of those who dealt with him, hut his authority was the same as would have been that of the original master. Arey, who was now the acting master, not having the control of means adequate to meet the cost of repairs, and being unable to obtain them on the personal credit of the owners, was authorized to borrow on the credit of the vessel. But ltie said that this authority, having its origin in necessity, is limited to the cost of such repairs as are indispensably necessary to enable the ship to proceed on her voyage; that the repairs ordered exceeded that necessity, and that beyond this the master has no authority to charge the owners by a resort to the onerous ex- pedient of a bottomry bond. And it is argued, that beyond this there was a want of prudence and a wasteful extravagance in making the repairs that were made. This argument presents itself with a double aspect — first, as it touches the rights of the bonder, and secondly, as it questions the discretion and good faith of the master. As it affects the bottoinrv creditor, the answer appears to me to be very obvious. All that is required of the lender, in such cases, is to be assured that an unprovided necessity exists, and that the means cannot be obtained on the personal credit of the owners. If the money is then advanced in good faith, without collusion with the master for the purposes of fraud, the lender is not bonnd to see to its application. Emerigon Tracts a la Grapa, ch. 4, sec. 7. Dig . 14. 1. 1. 59. The June , 1 Dodson , 465. If the sum advanced \& somewhat more than is strictly necessary, unless the lender’s suspicions are justly awakened by gross and manifest extravagance, his claim under his bond will not be im- paired. For when a case of apparent necessity exists, the law does not impose on him the ffeamftiibilHy of determining the extent of the repairs required. The lender, says Emerigon, is justified in relying on the honesty of the master; and besides, if he were required to decide on the nature and the necessity of the re- pairs, it would be requisite for him to be an expert in the business — U faul etre du metier. As relates to the mnster, the arguments apply with more force. His authority to borrow money on bottomry is strictly limited to the necessities of the ship, and in order to justify himself to the owners, he must show the extent of the necessity. But then the question will return, what, in the sense of the law, are necessary repairs? The text writers on this subject merely use the words ne- cessary repairs without proceeding to describe, except in very vague and general terms, what they are. In what sense, then, is the word necessary used in this connection ? Is it in the strict sense, repairs that are indispensable to enable the vessel to proceed on her voyage, or is it in a more loose sense, such as are proper, fit and suitable under the circumstances ? This question was raised and very fully considered by the Circuit Court, in the case of the ship Fortitude , 3 Sum., 337, and the conclusion to which the court arrived, after a very elaborate examination of the theoretical writers, as well ns the judicial decisions on the subject, was, that the word necessary was used in the latter sense, as including what was proper and suitable under the circumstances. The same doctrine, in substance, was held by Lord Tenderden in the case of Webster ts. Sechamp, 4 Bam. <$• Aid. 354. The proper test to determine what, in the sense of the law, are ne- cessary repairs, is found by inquiring what a prudent owner, having a proper re- gard to the safety of the property at risk, and the security of the lives of the crew would do if he were present In this case, the repairs ordered by the master Digitized by (L-ooQle 200 Journal of Mcrca&tiU Law. were only snch as were reoommended as necessary by the surveyors, in their report, and this, it appears to me, is sufficient to exonerate the master from any imputation of bad faith, fiut the most difficult objection to be overcome, is the charge of meditated fraud, not on the owners of the vessel but on the underwriters. To enable the owners to perpetrate the fraud, two sets of papers and accounts were made up by the libellant— one for the owners, by which the matter was to be settled and the payment made. This account made the whole cost of the repairs to be $4,460 83 Deducting $310 60 for cash received of the master, $216 85, the avails of the sale of the cargo, $250 discounted by Pland, the contractor, who made the repairs, loft $3,683 38 as the amount actually advanced by the libellant, and adding the maritime premium, $193 87, it amounts to $3,877 25. For this sum a bill of exchange was drawn by Arey on Seth Pratt, tho father of the master and owner, he having been left at St Michael, and not expected to return in season to meet the bill. Together with the bill, a written agreement was sent, by which the libellants agreed to discount the maritime interest and to take $3,683 38 in satisfaction of the bond, provided the bill was duly honored and the pay- ment promptly made. With these papers, another package of accounts and papers was sent for the use of the owners in adjusting and settling the loss with the underwriters. These accounts showed the cost of the repairs to amount to $4,7 12 57, and after deducting $216 85, the sum received from the sale of the remains of the cargo, but without any deduction for the eash received of the master or the discount of the contractor, left the amount advanced by Carvington $4,591 42, and for this sum the bond was executed, which, with the addition of the maritime premium, amounts to $5,050 56. The reason given by Carvington, in his letter to Seth Pratt, to whom the papers were sent, for preparing this duplicate set of accounts, is, that it was w done to protect your son’s interest; for, doubtless, you are aware that there are many charges attending vessels similarly circumstanced as the Ann C. Pratt, which the insurers and the underwriters will not admit ; consequently owners of vessels have to protect their interests and make up their accounts in such a form as their officers will permit of.” After this explanation of the fabricated papers and accounts, he proceeds to say — u The other packages of papers relate to the owners, and in the account current, which will there be found, the facts and original charges are those set forth, showing the balance due us to be only $3,877 25, Ana for which amount Captain Arey has given us a draft on you, and we have an agreement with him, as we do have with all others, who favor us with their business, similarly circumstanced, that we are to relinquish the 10 per cent maritime premium, which persons making advances on vessels enact* The calm self-possession and air of frankness with which all this is disclosed, would lead one to suppose that such practices belonged to the ordinary usages and common business habits of the place ; and I feel a secret persuasion that 1 might do injustice to Messrs. Carvington & Co., to impute to them a greater loose- ness of mercantile morality than is customary in such transactions in that com- munity, or perhaps in other commercial places under like circumstances. But 1 feel bound to say that I cannot view such practices, even if sanctioned to some extent by custom, in the same light in which the interested parties appear to contemplate them, and I trust that I shall be doing no disservice to the general interests of Commerce by suggesting that they cannot be tolerated in a court oi justice. The letter of Carvington shows that the bond was executed for a larger sum than was due, and that false accounts were fabricated to support the bond and to enable the owners to extort from the underwriters a larger sum than by their contract they were bound to pay. It being apparent that the bond is tainted with fraud, can an action be maintained upon it 1 In the Admiralty, a bond may be good for a part and bad for a part. If others are mixed up, and in it demands for which the creditor is not entitled to claim maritime interest, as for money which hod been previously advanced on the personal credit of the owner, with other advances for which he had stipulated tor this security, this will not vitiate Digitized by Google Journal of Mercantile Law. tbe bond in toto. He may recover upon it so much of the consideration as is good, and it will be rejected for the residue. The w Aurora,” 1 Wheat. 69. The M Hero,” 2 Dodson, 146. The ship “ Packet,” 3 Mason , 259. But 1 am not aware that this equitable indulgence has ever been extended to a fraudulent bond. From the language of Lord Stowell, in the case of the “ Tartas ,” 1 Haggard, 14, L, infer the contrary. “ This court, he says, 44 proce ted ing on principles or general equity, does not hold that a bottomry, bad in part, necessarily vitiates the Test.” But he immediately adds, “ It may be invalidated by a case of fraud and the ill- conduct of the party ; and if such a charge could be established, then indeed this bond would share the part of the other unprofitable transactions connected with this vessel.” A plain intimation that a bond tainted by fraud is, even in the Admi- ralty, a totally void instrunent. The fraud to which Lord Stowell alludes, is undoubtedly a fraud on the owners, and, in the present case, as all the facts were disclosed and explained, no fraud was intended or attempted on them. But in its original connection, it was intended to operate as a fraud on the underwriters, who were ultimately to bear the loss ; and in morals, it certainly makes no difference, and ought to make none in law, whether the fraud was intended to affect the primary or the ultimate party who was to suffer by the loss. But even if the insurers are to be con- aidered as third persons and strangers to the transaction, a bond is sometimes, even by the rigid rules of the common law, held to be void when it is intended to operate as a fraud on a third person, though it may be perfectly fair and unim- peachable between the parties. Such was the case of Boynton rs. Hubbard, 7 mass. Rop. 1 12. That action was on a post obit bond, and though the jury found that the transaction was fair and free from fraud between the parties, judgment was arrested and the bond held to be void on principles of public policy applicable to such transactions, because it operated as a fraud on third persons. And it appears to me that such a bond ns this, framed with a view of practicing a fraud on underwriters, ought to be held void, though as between the immediate parties there was no fraud. It is easy for parties m foreign countries to make up ac- counts and find vouchers to sustain exaggerated losses, and it is difficult for underwriters to detect the fraud that is concealed under fabricated papers. They are obliged to increase their premiums on fair and honest shipowners to coyer risks of this kind. And it seems to me that when a bottomry creditor lends him- self to a transaction of this kind, though he may not derive any direct profit from it himself, that a proper regard to thereat interests of fair and honest trade, as Woll as a due respect for commercial morality, requires that the bond should be held to be void, and the creditor left to seek such other remedy for the amount justly due as his case admits. Under these views of the subject, 1 must pronounce against the bond. If I have come to a wrong conclusion, I am happy that my opinion is open to be renewed by a higher court. But though the bond be void, this does not of necessity vitiate the considera- tion for which it was given, so for as it was meritorious. For repairs and sup* plies furnished, the law gives a lien on the vessel without any instrument of hypothecation, which the creditor may enforce by process in rem. The counsel for the libellant has amended his libel by filing an allegation to meet this posture of the case, founded on the consideration, in which he claimed the actual amount advanced for the repairs and supplies. This I have no doubt of his right to re- cover. In the account current which is supported by regular vouchers, this ap- pears to be (3,683 38. But this being aworaed on the hypothecation implied by law, does not carry maritime interest. Arey, libellant, vs. The Ann C. Pratt. The libel of Arey for bis wages was argued and heard at the same time, and on the same evidence with that on the bottomry bond. But in considering the mate's claim for wages, his own deposition, which was admitted in the case of bottomry, (“ Fortitude,” 3 Sumner ,) must be excluded. The exclusion, however, of this part of the evidence, does not materially change the the aspect of the case. The objection to the mate's libel is, that he forfeited his wages by misconduct, Digitized by Google 202 Journal of Mercantile Law . and the facts retied upon to show his alleged misconduct sufficiently appear from the testimony of the other witnesses. The principal cause of forfeiture insisted upon is the alleged misconduct of Arey at St. Michael. When blown off by stress of weather from the island, it is said that it was his duty to bring the vessel back and restore the command to the master, and that the condition of the vessel and the state of the weather being such as to render this practicable, if not clearly the safest and most prudent course to be taken, his determination to bear away for the distant isle of St Thomas, can reasonably be accounted for on no other supposition than a deter- mination to leave the master, and assume for the remainder of the voyage the command himself. If such was the fact it was a gross violation of duty, and the lightest penalty with which it ought to be visited would be a forfeiture of his Wages. Two experienced shipmasters were examined as experts on this question ; and with all the facts explained to them, with respect to the condition of the ship and the state of the weather, they expressed a clear opinion that tne vessel might with safety have been carried back to the island, and that a judicious and prudent navigator would have done this rather than bear away fora distant port as that of St Thomas. Their opinion is, undoubtedly, entitled to much consideration, but it cannot, even admitting its correctness, be held to be decisive of the present case. The question here is not precisely, whether this on the whole was the most advisable and prudent course to be taken, but whether it was so clearly and manifestly so, that no man of ordinary judgment could have mistaken it Arey, like every other man, is entitled to the ordinary presumption in his favor, that ho has acted fairly and honestly, until this is overcome oy satisfactory evidence. But Arey also, like every other man who offers himself for a particular service, engages and pledges himself both for his competency and his fidelity. A mate may be degraded and put before the mast, as well for want of skill as for want of faithfulness. And we are bound to suppose that be had a reasonable degree \ of skill and experience in seamanship and navigation to enable him to take the command and manage the vessel on the happening of any casualty which sepa- rated the master from the Rhip. This is one of the contingencies that is contem- plated by his contract Up to this time the conduct of the mate seems to have been entirely unex- ceptionable, and we are not justified in imputing to him wilful misconduct, on doubtful and inconclusive evidence. By a casualty, for which no blame attached to him, he was left in the command of the vessel, and was obliged to act under trying circumstances, and such as involved considerable danger. Taking all the evidence together, it appears to me that there was but one of two courses which could with propriety be taken : either to return to the island and rejoin the master, or bear away for a West India port. Had he attempted to return and the weather continued as it had been for the preceding fortnight or three weeks, the vessel and the lives of all on board would have been exposed to no inconsid- erable danger. The brig had, during the whole voyage, leaked badly, and she had shown herself unfit to contend with tempestuous weather. By steering for St. Thomas, it was known that in a short time she would take the trade winds, when the wind would be in their favor, with an assurance of favorable weather. They might then with confidence calculate on saving themselves and the ship. Wc have the opinion of two respectable and experienced shipmasters, that, under all the circumstances, the proper course would have been to return to the island. Arey chose the other. If it be admitted that the opinion of the shipmasters it the most probable, is the case so clear as to leave no room for an honest differ- ence of opinion ; so clear that we are driven to impute the conduct of the mate to dishonest and fraudulent motives 1 I think not Granting that it might have been more judicious to have attempted to return to the island, the determination of Arey to proceed to St Thomas, at the worst was but an error of judgment, and such an error aa it would be very harsh to ascribe to a fraudulent and dis- honest purpose. Digitized by Google Journal qf Mtrcantil* Lav. tOt In procuring the repairs to be done at St. Thomas, I see nothing in the evi- dence that gives a serious countenance to the charge of fraud. The expense was probably somewhat more than the same labor and materials would have cost in her home port, perhaps something more than would have been the cost if the owner had been present to superintend the repairs. But this is, 1 presume, not unfrequently the ease when vessels are repaired under such circumstances. On the whole, I find nothing in the mate’s conduct which will justify the court in refusing to him his wages; but they are allowed on the contract price, and nothing can be given, in this case, extra for his service as master. ACTION OF COVENANT WHEN ON AN AWARD OF REFEREES. In the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, March Term, 1852. Azof Maynard vs. Jabez Frederick. This was an action of covenant, broken on an award for (220 87, with interest and the costs of reference, amounting to (15, rendered under a submission, the material portions of which are as follows : “Know all men hereby, that whereas Azor Maynard and Jabez Frederick, both of Boston, in the county of Suffolk, have heretofore had trades and dealings to* gether, and trade and dealings with other persons, in which they were interested, or however otherwise ; and, whereas there exists a difference of opinion as to the just and equitable rights of each, relative to, or in matters growing out of, said trade and dealings, or however otherwise : NW, therefore, in order that a just and equitable settlement shall be made between the said Maynard and the said Frederick, and the true balance of account which shall be due from one to the other, if any, shall be determined, the said Maynard and Frederick agree to sub- mit all matters in dispute, touching the trade and business hereinbefore referred to, or however otherwise, to the arbitration and determination of Thomas Lord, Reuben Lovejoy and Seth Whittier, all of whom are mutually chosen and agreed upon as referees, by the said Maynard and said Frederick, and the said M. and F. agree to appear before the said referees, with such evidence as they shall con- sider expedient, and will give evidence before said referees, of all matters relating to said matters submitted to them. And nfter hearing the parties, &c., and the evidence they or either of them shall produce, the said referees shall proceed to consider the matters and the evi- dence, and shall make up an award in dollars and cents in favor of the one or the other, if, upon the whole, they shall consider that any Anm is or shall be due from the one of said parties to the other; which award, so to be made up by said re- ferees, or by a majority of them, shall be final and binding upon both of said parties, and shall bo in full settlement and discharge from one to the other, of and concerning, and in respect to their said trade and dealings, from the com- mencement thereof to the date of this agreement, &c., &c.” Dated July 8, 1847. The award was signed by Lord and Whittier only, and at the trial in the Court of Common Pleas, before Wells, C. J., it was proved, 1st. That no oath was ad- ministered to the witnesses who testified before the referees ; 2d. That one of the referees refused to agree to or sign the award ; 3d. That at the last meeting, at which all three wero present, Lord, the chairman drew up the award and signed it; Lovejoy refused to sign, and Whittier declined to sign it then, alleging that Lovejoy’s refusal made it necessary for him to give the subject more con- sideration ; that a day or two after, a messenger called and asked him to go to Lord’s ; he went, conversed with Lord about it, and then signed it, Lovejoy not being present or notified of the meeting. This evidence, however, was contro- verted by the plaintiff, who introduced evidence tending to show that, at said meeting, two of the referees agreed upon the award to be made, and thereupon the chairman drew it up and signed it; that Lovejoy refused to sign it, and Whittier said, in consequence of this refusal, he would take time to consider. The referees separated, and upon reflection Whittier decided to sign it, and upon request to go to Lord’s place of business for this purpose, went and signed, in Digitized by LiOOQle t04 Journal of Mercantile Law . pursuance of his previous determination, without being influenced by any sugges- tion then made ; 4th, that it was sent to Lovejoy, who refused to sign; 6th. That in making their award, the arbitrators went behind the following receipt which had passed between the parties. “ $200. Received of Azor Maynard, two hundred dollars in full for rent of wharf to April 1st; also in full of all demands to date. Boston, April 1, 1847. (Signed) Llbez Frederick.” And the defendant contended that the award should be set aside : Because, 1. The witnesses should have been sworn, by the terms of the submission. 2. The award should have been unanimous. 3. The award, as Whittier signed under the influence of Lord, at a meeting where Lovejoy was not present, and of which he was not notified, was inconsistent with law and with the terms of the sub- mission. 4. There was not sufficient evidence that the award was submitted to Lovejoy, which was necessary. 6. The referees exceeded the submission by going behind the receipt. But the court ruled that it was not necessary to administer an oath to the wit- nesses, nor that the award should be unanimous ; that it was necessary for a majority of the referees to agree upon the award at a regular meeting, and if then agreed upon, reduced to writing and signed by one of the assenting arbitrators, and the other, who had previously agreed to it, took some time to reflect, and after reflection decided to adhere to his original determination, and then volun- tarily, and without being influenced* by any one, signed the award, it would be valid, so far as this objection was concerned ; that it was necessary that Lovejoy should have been notified to be present when the award was agreed upon, and it was left to the jury, whether he was notified or present, or had reasonable op- portunity to assent or object to the award ; and that the arbitrators, if it was ne- cessary, in their opinion, to affect a just settlement between the parties, might go behind the receipt The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, and the defendant excepted to the foregoing rulings. He also maintained in this court, that the arbitrators had no power to award costs, and that the award was vitiated by including them. C. T. Russell for the plaintiff. J. C. Park for the defendant The opinion of the court was delivered by Bigelow, J. The award is not invalidated by the omission to administer an oath to the wit- nesses. References are not bound by the strict rules of evidence applied in courts; they may, for example, examine interested witnesses. And however this might be, the defendant cannot be permitted to stand by when such a course is adopted, opd afterwards object to it His permitting it, sub silentia, is a waiver of any objection. It is urged that there was no consultation among the arbitra- tors, but this is not supported by facts, and is overthrown by the finding of the jury, who were instructed that it was necessary a majority should agree upon the award at a regular meeting. The jury have found that there was such a meeting, at which a majority did agree. But it is said that one of the referees refused to sign the award ; this was of no consequence ; if the majority had power to deter- mine the matter submitted, and he refused to act, it was competent for them to meet alone. Carpenter vs. Wood, 1 Met. 409. It is further argued that no one asked for time. But he had agreed to the award ; no further consideration waa necessary, unless he changed his mind, and nothing was wanting but his sig- nature. That the award was signed by a majority only, would be sufficient to avoid it, were it not for the express agreement that it should be binding if u mode up by aaid referees, or a majority of them. Towne vs. Jaquith, 6 Mass . 46. The right of the referees to go behind the receipt of April 1st, depends on the agreement of submission, which comprises “ all matters in dispute, touching the trade and business hereinbefore referred to, or however otherwise,” while the award was to be “ in full settlement and discharge, concerning the said trade and dealings, from the commencement thereof to the date of the agreement,” the trade and dealings being described as such as they had u heretofore” had together. Digitized by foozle 806 Journal of Mercantile Law. &c., &e. Under this submission, it was competent for the arbitrators to go be- hind the receipt There was no limit as to time, and they were not restricted to matters subsequent to its date. The receipt was net in itself conclusive, if erro- neous from fraud or mistake, and it would be a much stronger objection to the award if they had refused to go behind it, under such circumstances, than that they disregarded it. The objection that the arbitrators had no power to award costs, is well taken, so far as it affects that part of the award, which is bad only for so much as is thus awarded. The plaintiff may remit the costs, and have judgment for the remainder. The other exceptions are overruled, and the costs wing remitted, judgment may be entered on the verdict for the plaintiff CREDIT OBTAINED FOR GOODS BY ALLEGED FRAUD. In the Court of Common Pleas, (Cincinnati, Ohio, June 7, 1852,) before Judge Piatt. McCoy et al vs. Perkins, Woodruff el al. In this case Perkins, as is alleged, obtained by fraud credit for a large amount of goods, ($18,000,) and in comple- tion of previous design, is arrested in the act of disposing of them to various per- sons, to whose stores, in the night season, he is delivering them. A bill was filed, upon which an injunction was allowed and a receiver appointed. The argu- ment arose upon a motion to dissolve the injunction so far as C. S. Woodruff, the auctioneer, was considered, upon the ground that he was an innocent pur- chaser from Perkins. Judge Piatt held, that an allegation set forth that M defendant fraudulently sold and disposed of goods for the purpose of defrauding his creditors, to a per- son well knowing the intent,1' brought the case within the meaning of the statute passed March 14, 1831, directing the mode of proceeding in chancery, which reads, that if any one M is about to convey, assign, concern, or dispose of his property with intent,11 &c., as such actually perpetrated, is more positively within the meaning of the statute than when it is only intended. Judge Piatt remarked that this was one of a class which is tending to cast shame upon the ^ood name of the merchant, and if permitted to go unpunished, bring our courts into contempt. Debts are contracted under various pretenses for the sole purpose of fraud, and collectors come among us in the shape of sheriffs, to be satisfied by writs of habeas corpus . This is one of the most strik- ing instances. It is not sought to be denied that Perkins, from the start, intended to swindle, and among those receivers of, I could almost say, stolen goods, I am asked to discriminate in favor of Woodruff, and why ? Can any one look at the facts, as exhibited, and believe him an innocent purchaser? To think so, we must consider him devoid of all prudence or common sense. He purchases goods to the amount of $8,000 upon an invoice furnished, as he claims, by a total stranger, and at a moment's notice. Yet how does this agree with the fact that he consults his counsel as to the nature of the writings, and secures a witness to the payment of $3,000. He cannot take time, or use ordinary prudence in ex- amining the stock he purchases, yet ho advises over an ordinary bill of sale, and takes counsel upon a note of hand. He has sufficient caution and foresight to come into this court armed, apparently, it all points. He must have Anticipated a storm somewhere, for he shields himself behind Mr. Blackburn's well known character, by making that person an innocent witness of the sale. it is difficult to say how Woodruff could have got to the store of Wm. Perkins without being warned. The place is fairly hedged in by information. Eshelby, looking from his shoe store over the way, sees rascality ; Rooney, a very quiet man, knows all about it ; the sheriff is on guard, and creditors ore besieging the premises — vet Woodruff goes and comes in entire ignorance. I can well understand why Perkins should be swift. The creditors, headed by the officers, are close upon his heels — they drive him into Woodruff's auction store, and he has no time for delay. But what is the trouble with Woodruff! Why should he lose all presence of mind and prudence ? It may be that, in his Digitized by ^ooq le 206 Commercial Chronicle and Review. anxiety to secure a great bargain, he forgot himself, but the evidence does not so indicate. I believe there was a combination between the parties, and so believ- ing, will sustain the injunction. COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW. OISKRiL ACTIVITY IN COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS— RAPID INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF rTOCKS AN* BONDS THROWN CPON THE MARKET— NEW ORLEANS CONSOLIDATED LOAN — CONTINUED EASE IN THE MONEY MARKET— QUARTERLY RETURNS OF THE NEW YORK BANKS— GENERAL BAN KINO LAW OF CONNECTICUT — DEPOSITS ARp COINAGE AT UNITED STATES MINTS FOR JUKE— COMMERCE OF TBE UNITED STATES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR— LAWS OF TRADE BETTER THAN HUMAN LEGISLATION, ILLUSTRATED BY THE REGULAR SUPPLY OF THE NECESSARIES OF LIFE— IMPORTS AT NEW YORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR— COMPARATIVE IMPORTS OF DRY GOODS FOR THE SAME PERIOD, SHOWING TBE DESCRIPTION OF FABRIC8 RECEIVED— COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS OF CASH DUTIES FOR THRER TEARS— EXPORTS FROM NEW YORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR— COMPARATIVE EXPORTS OF LEADING ARTICLES OF PRODUCE— FRAUDULENT ASSOCIATIONS. The Review for this month is usually uninteresting, from the fact that many active business men are absent from the great commercial centers, seeking re- creation in the country or at 6ome fashionable retreat. Not unfrequently also, the cholera or some other devastating epidemic has made its appearance and hurried away those who would else have lingered in the haunts of business. But the present summer has been comparatively healthy in the large cities, and, although there has been much bustling to and fro, and many departures, the regular routine of commercial affairs has been less interrupted than usual. Capital is still freely offered, and at lower rates of interest The disturbance among the fisherman has caused a cloud on our north-eastern horizon, to which the timid have occasionally turned a furtive glance, but there has been no general apprehension of any serious difficulty. Largo amounts of stocks and bonds are created almost daily, and thrown upon the market, which seems to suit its ca- pacity to the quantity offering. We have been frequently asked to give our opinion in regard to the security of such investments, but could not do so with- out making invidious distinctions. Should our national prosperity be uninter- rupted, it is probable that nearly all of the companies who have thus borrowed a portion of their capital, will be able to pay the interest promptly. Host of the bonds thus introduced, propose 7 per cent as the rate of interest, and have been negotiated, or sold by auction without very material depreciation. The Milwaukee and Mississippi bear 8 per cent interest, and were taken at an average of 96.36. They are now held at par, and are slowly, but surely, gaining in public estimation. The city of New Orleans called for proposals for a loan of $2, 000, 000, the proceeds to be applied to the extinguishment of the present floating liabilities of the first, second, and third municipalities, and the city of Lafayette, which are united under one financial government The bonds bear interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum, and are secured by a most ample provision for the payment of both principal and interest. The bids were opened at the office of Messrs. Corning & Co., in the city of New York, on the 19th of July. It was generally supposed that the stigma of repudiation, which has been fastened upon State securities in that quarter, would operate against the bonds Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review . 20? in question, and few were prepared for a higher rate than 90 a 92 per cent. This is manifest from the fact that many who bid a fraction over 91, at which twice the amount wa9 offered, expected to obtain at least a portion of the loan. Above these there was one offer for 61*000,000 at par, and the successful bid for the entire loan at $100 G8. This, deducting the accruing interest, brings the bonds down nearly to par, and we are very much mistaken if at this they are not among the cheapest investments made during the year. The bid, it is understood, was on foreign account, and our remarks will not, therefore, have anything to do with its market value. The ease in the money market has led to the general belief that the banks were greatly extended, and many have supposed that this extension was beyond a safe limit. Recent returns show that this is not the case. The banks of the State of New York have been called on by the Controller for their quarterly statements, and the New York city banks have completed their returns, which give us in round numbers the following comparison : — Loans and Private Date. Capital. di^counls. Specie. Circulation. Deposit*. June 26, 1862 $35,343,000 $81,873,000 $12,166,000 $8,202,000 $50,108,000 March 27, 1852 35,137,870 71,660.064 9,716,070 7,671,989 43,416,126 December 20, 1861... 35,133,640 64,141,399 7,364,439 7,073,346 34,631,459 September 20, 1851.. 84,603,100 65,426,353 6,032,463 7,876,113 36,640,617 March 29, 1851 28,876,855 68,106,072 7,955,640 7,048,973 36,600,622 This may be varied a trifle by the official returns, but is near enough for all practical purposes. It shows an increase in coin of $2,440,000, thus reducing the relative propor- tion between the loans and discounts and the specie basis. But even this differ- ence does not fully indicate the real strength of their position. The increase in loans and discounts, amounting to $10,300,000, is made up almost wholly by temporary loans of the increased deposits which can be called in at a moment’s warning. We doubt if the time-loans of the banks in question are as large as they were at the date of the previous return. A large amount of the best business paper ha9 been placed in the hands of private capitalists, and the banka have large sums loaned upon the most substantial stocks subject to call. There appears at present to be no danger of any sudden and unexpected demand for money. It is not at all unlikely, as the fall business commences, that more capital will be required, and the competition among business men may cause a alight strengthening of rates. Such a movement would have a moat salutary effect by checking rash enterprises, and limiting the expansion of the over- sanguine. The Legislature of Connecticut has passed a general banking law since our last, and we annex a summary of its principal provisions. It authorizes the Treasurer of the State to procure suitablo bank-bills to be issued under the provisions of the Act. It provides that associations for banking purposes shall consist of not less than twenty-five residents of the State, with a capital of not less than $50,000, or more than $1,000,000, half to be paid in before commencing operations, and the other moiety within one year. The circulating notes are to be countersigned in the office of the Treasurer of the State, and issued to the associations, upon the deposit of the stock of the United States, either of the New England Statee, the States of New York, Ohio, Penn. Digitized by v^oosle 208 Commercial Chronicle and Review . sylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky ; the cities of New York and Boston, or of any incorporated city in the State of Connecticut; all such securities to -be taken not above par, and to be made equal to a 6 per cent stock. Upon non-payment of the notes upon presentation, they may be protested ; and if not paid within ten days thereafter, with costs, the Treasurer must sell out the stock and call in the circulation ; the holders of the bills under protest being entitled to 12 per cent -interest until they are paid. The Treasurer conjointly with the School Com- missioner, whenever in their judgment it is necessary for the safety of the bill-holders, may require the deposit of additional security by giving due notice to the parties. The stockholders, in addition to their stock, are made individually liable for all debts of the association to an equal amount The officers of the association must make annually, and as much oftener as directed by the Treasurer, a full statement of its affairs, to be published at its own expense. There was no seeming necessity for a general banking law in Connecticut, and its enactment was of course strongly opposed by the banks already chartered in the State, but the provisions of the new Act possess but few objectionable features. In our Journal of Banking will be found a complete statement of the de- posits and coinage of gold at the United States Mints, from the date of their or- ganization down to the 31st of May. We now present our usual statement for the month of June : — DEP08XTB roa JUNK. NSW ORLEANS. PHILADELPHIA. From California. Total. From California. Total. Gold $268,795 $379,092 $6,680,000 $6,687,000 Silver 1,479 9,497 20,000 27,400 Total $260,274 $388,689 $6,600,000 $6,714,400 GOLD COINAGE. Piece*. Value. Pieces. Value. Double eagles 11,000 $220,000 168,170 $3,863,400 Eagles 22,680 226,300 Half- eagles 41,688 208,166 Quarter-eagles 20,000 50,000 97,670 244,175 Gold dollars. 227,876 227,876 Total gold coinage 81,000 $270,000 657,978 $4,269,915 SILVER COINAGE. Half-dollars 20,000 $10,000 Dimes 150,000 16,000 105,000 $10,500 Half-dimes 260,000 18,000 Three-coot pieces 1,850,700 65,521 Total silver coinage. . . 480,000 $88,000 1,955,700 $66,021 COPPER COINAGE. Gents 936,788 $9,867 Total coinage 461,000 $308,000 8,450,466 $4,346,803 The total deposits for coinage at our mints of California gold, since its die* covery to date, amount to nearly $130,000,000; and the total production of the California mines may be safely estimated at $200,000,000. Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review . 209 We are now enabled to present some important statistics of the Commerce of the country for the fiscal year which expired on the 30th of June ; by which it will be seen that our previous estimates of the course of our foreign trade, have been fully vindicated. Many predictions were put forth, in certain quarters, concerning the ruin which should come upon the country by the overstock of foreign goods ; and the assertion that there could be no falling off in our re- ceipts, unless the government interposed, has been more than once repeated. Our own opinion, heretofore fully given, has been that the laws of trade would regulate this matter, far better than could be done by mere human legislation. It is strange that with such experience of the wisdom of the Divine Lawgiver, men should be so afraid to trust themselves in this, to the same rules which govern them in other cases. Take, as an illustration, the supply of food necessary for the daily subsistence of a large city with a population of half a million. What an im- mense amount of provision is consumed there in a single day ! What govern- ment would undertake to feed so great a multitude, with such a variety of luxu- ries as they now enjoy ? What could mere human legislation do, toward limiting the supply, so that there should be nothing lacking and nothing wasted ? If, in the changing seasons, some article of usual consumption fails, who would undertake to supply its exact equivalent in another commodity, so that there should be no essential want or waste 1 Place the population of New York city in the most uncultivated of our inland States, and soon the necessaries, and even the luxuries of life, would reach them methodically and without stint. Now, shall we undertake to regulate such supplies and demands by our petty laws, when the subject is not only far above our wisdom, but is already ordered for us by One who can make no mistake ? Such restrictive policy is founded in selfishness, and cannot stand before the progress of light and truth. As shown in our last number, Commerce tends to unite all nations in a common brother- hood, and its direction should not, therefore, be entrusted to men of narrow minds. In illustration of the workings of the laws of trade, we see at the port of New York, in the total receipts from foreign ports, for the fiscal year just closed, a falling off, as compared with the previous year, of $12,943,573, exclusive of specie. The apparent falling off in specie is $7,862,1 10, but this is owing to the fact, that during the previous year, some of the receipts of gold dust via Chagres, were entered as foreign imports. There is an increase in the receipts of free goods (chiefly tea and coffee) of $3,607,870, so that the decline in the receipts of dutiable goods is over $15,500,000. In the following table, the fifth column shows the total actual receipts from foreign ports, and the seventh column gives only the amount of such goods thrown upon the market. During the year 1850-51 (the totals of which are added at the foot of the table) the amount thrown upon the market was considerably less than tho receipts at the port, more goods having been warehoused ; for the year under review, the reverse is the case, the stock in bonded-warehouse having been drawn down more closely ; so that the amount thrown into the channels of consumption is greater than the receipts : — VOL. xxvii. — no II. 14 Digitized by v^oosle 210 Commercial Chronicle and Review. IMPORTS July August . . 8eptem*r. October.. NovemV. Decena’r. January.. February. March... April.... May June Total.. Do. ’50-1. ENTERED AT NEW YORK FROM FOREIGN PORTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDINO JUNE 80TH, 1852, COMPARED WITH THE PREVIOUS YEAR. Entered for Entered Withdrawn from Total thrown cnniumpt inn. war**ho''*e. Tree eond.. Sp« Total. ware'-onae. an mnrket. $12,374,701 $1,022,725 $1,027,481 $81,143 $14,500,050 $1,167,644 $14,650,960 11.279,004 1, 338.1 189 638,33 4 180,503 13.461.931) 1,252.245 13,356,086 8.384,172 864,916 366,153 115.550 9,730,791 J, 669 304 10,535,179 5,790,795 1,204.994 1,558,720 23,165 84*77,674 1,602,436 8,975,1 16 4,399,085 938,056 4 1 5, *38 218,473 5,971,452 1,377,100 6,410,496 5,073, 1G2 1,050.185 575.001 25,376 0,724,324 1.117,456 6,791,595 8.854,3 1 1 1,281,594 1,041.456 104,736 11.012,097 1, 584.6 j2 11,315,155 7,024,953 1,003.383 1,110.949 1 10.293 9,249,577 1,788,997 10,035,191 9,302,024 910.519 1,843,938 525,421 12,587,902 1,005,849 13,277,232 8,410,448 732.422 1,490.449 327.400 10.966,719 1,255,429 11,489,726 6,096,996 453,109 789.046 380.584 7,719,735 1,380,371 8,640,997 7,620,181 640,722 1,002,947 429,747 9,739,597 911,479 10,030,354 $04,345,831 $11,466,714 $1 1 $26.9 12 $24128,391 $120,267,848 $16,712,962 $125,514,096 107,559,164 14,802,824 8,321,042 10,390,5(11 141,073,531 12,201,313 138,472,020 The falling off in the imports of merchand se, as shown above, has been more than half of it in dry goods, divided between woolen, cotton, silk, and linen fab- rics, all of which have been received in smaller amounts. Miscellaneous dry goods, including embroideries, artificial flowers, gloves, matting, &c., show a slight increase, as will be seen by the following comparative /summary : — FOREIGN DRY GOODS ENTERED AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK FOR THE FI80AL YEAR. DescripUon of goods. 1850-51. 1851—52. Difference. Manufactures of wool $17,067,081 $14,888,565 Decrease $2,673,466 Manufactures of cotton 11,671.600 9.982,547 * 1,688,958 Manufactures of silk 24,858,850 22,319,951 « 2,538,899 Manufactures of flax 7,068,731 6,346.259 M 712,472 Miscellaneous dry goods 8,957,635 4,183,740 Increase 226,105 Total $64,613,747 $57,221,062 Decrease $7,892,685 But a small portion of this decrease occurred during the first six months of the fiscal year, that is, from July to December, inclusive ; much the greater por- tion having accrued since the first of January : — 1850-51. 1851—52. Decrease. First six months, (July to December.).. . . $31,781,481 $29,964,465 $1,767,016 Lost six months, (January to June) 32,882,266 27,256,597 6,625,669 For the year. $64,613,747 $57,221,062 $7,392,685 We now annex full particulars of the imports of dry goods at New York for the year. The first table shows the amount of the various fabrics entered di- rectly for consumption, to which the total of the second table (which contains the amount withdrawn from warehouse) is added, to make the total thrown upon the market. The third table shows the amount entered warehouse, to which the footing of the first table is added, to make the total receipts at the port : — VALUE OF FOREIGN GOODS ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30lH. WOOLEN. OOTTON. 1850-SI. 1851-51. 1850— SI. 1851— SS. July ,. $8,552,120 $2,354,643 $1,007,776 $1,193,817 August. 2,254.069 1,736.232 943,925* 870,116 September 1,580,248 1,293.205 546,523 600.073 October... 676.580 416,738 814,028 229,166 November 879,899 285.308 267,516 264,439 December 225.717 690489 806,972 676,453 January 1,600,098 1,306,822 1,843,441 1,808,452 Digitized by foozle Commercial Chronicle and Review. 211 WOOLEN. COTTON. 1850-41. 1851-5!. 1850-51. 1851-5!. February 1 ,278,619 990.291 1,452,882 938,177 March 1,134,479 1,132,921 1,123,009 1,002,88* April 918,580 762.030 698,767 768,90* May 686.850 397,805 287.349 277,361 June 1,068,762 688,785 428,923 830,786 Total $14,950,011 $12,054,269 $9,771,100 $8,460,116 Add withdrawn . 2,024,636 2,167,409 1,432,310 1,686,82* Total ent. for cons’on $16,974,647 $14,211,678 $11,203,410 $10,046,939 CONTINUED. BILK. FLAX. 1850-51. 1851-5!. 1850-51. 1851-5!. July. $4,572,161 $3,933,092 $741,095 $611,250 August 2,803,145 2,632.029 619,777 636,816 September. 1,874,495 1,653,943 483,040 477,74* October. 762,231 687,355 461.465 278,065 November 673,438 347,862 323,704 831,716 December 682.307 938.506 216.914 865.301 January 4,032.002 2,970,633 692,138 669,161 February 2,423,859 1,980,164 887,394 604,650 March 1,640,577 1,688,099 873.251 701,679 April 1,281.669 999.303 569,399 604,499 May 918,399 618,369 268 986 263.607 Juno 1,512,986 1,011,909 244,949 292,015 Total $23,077,269 $19.161.2.'3 $6,372,102 $6,621,29* Add withdrawn .... 1,181,048 2.342,742 696,067 861,704 Total ent. for consump'n $24,258,817 $21,503,995 $0,867,169 $6,372,997 CONTINUED. MISCELLANEOUS. TOTAL. 1850—51. 1851-52. 1850-51. 1851-5!. July $380,698 $453,476 $10,858,649 $8,646,278 August 883,468 882.831 7,004.384 6.058,024 September. 342,998 331.601 4,627,304 4,266664 October 202,295 195,475 2,360.589 1,801,799 November 240.446 148,685 1,884,602 1,368.009 December 123,195 201.299 1,4 56,105 2,872,048 January 540,204 461,243 8,707,883 6,605.811 February 419,240 849.4S0 6.456,994 4,762.668 March 399,988 519,964 6.171,804 5,044,941 April 259,456 291.033 8,727,801 8,425,767 May 124.013 246 796 2,185,097 1,703,427 June 176,070 103,838 8,432,280 2,426,83* Total $3,592,670 $3,665,227 $57,763,152 $48,862,168 Add withdrawn .... 866,201 474,362 5,599,262 7,413,040 Total ent for consump’n $3,958,871 $4,139,589 $63,862,414 $66,276,198 VALUE OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE AT TOE ] PORT or NEW YORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30TU. WOOLEN. COTTON. 1850-51. 1851-5!. 1850-51. 1851-5!. July $314,619 $318,717 $104,880 $167,371 Augut*. 463.417 297,124 201.4S0 121.31* September 861,100 494,484 117,801 107,164 October 161,313 78,782 48,803 48,188 Digitized by v^.ooQle 212 Commercial Chronicle and Review. WOOLEN. COTTON. I860— SI. 1851-52. 1850-51. 1851-52. November 64,997 62,948 49,676 84,911 89,071 December. .... 111,360 106,827 78,660 58,168 January 214,102 254,224 280,601 February 90,176 201,936 202,950 811,647 March . 84,662 117,031 143,427 171,886 229,218 April 149,662 140,401 144,667 May 76,800 70,684 62,646 37,902 June. 103,444 62,094 29,446 24,586 Total withdrawn .... $2,024,636 $2,167,400 CONTINUED. $1,482,310 $1,686,828 BILK. FLAK. July $124,674 $266,709 $24,696 $37,782 August 146,787 121,689 46,888 65,850 September 126,316 245,100 65,715 44,778 October 66,932 144,646 23,907 53,667 November 67,088 184,560 32,396 25,160 December 67,184 129,256 41,949 41,508 January 106,370 291,886 109,936 121,635 February 140,724 384,198 69,066 188,788 March 119,483 104,735 193,600 56,204 140,042 April 155,249 68,188 75,329 May 49,843 138,717 28,980 40,355 June 72,662 88,132 27,246 17,310 Total withdrawn. . . . $1,181,048 $2,342,742 CONTINUED. $695,067 $857,704 MISCELLANEOUS. TOTAL. July $10,984 $21,109 $679,762 $800,688 August 8,912 28,816 19,767 857,384 625,242 September 31,059 694,748 922,675 October 6,263 68,638 296,218 898,821 November. 18,176 66,083 212,332 868,662 December. 68,338 60,967 386,999 384,442 January 63,960 22,320 680,306 930,544 February 42,686 63,071 645,600 1,149,639 March 46,165 60,674 477,240 756,956 April 60,262 66,654 480,557 631,661 May 28,616 26,705 286,884 314,263 June 19,046 7,626 261,742 199,647 Total withdrawn. . . . $366,201 $474,362 $5,599,262 $7,413,040 VALUE OF FOREIGN DRT GOOD8 ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30tH. WOOLEN. COTTON. 1850-51. 1S51-52. 1850-51. 1851-52. July $486,339 $341,315. $393,933 $129,572 August 358,198 495,957 181,452 143,970 September .... 232,783 277,963 116,729 159,998 October 96,366 128,408 94,744 90,130 November 79,641 87,820 101,690 81,037 December. 39,719 214,273 103,186 349,086 January 189,656 184,111 222,412 208,856 February .... 72,846 108,492 173,826 52,631 March 126,591 164,179 170,125 154,083 April' 142,721 121,917 106,873 80,984 Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Chronicle and Review . 213 ■WOOLEN. COTTON. 1850-Si. 1851-52. 1851-5!. 1851-5!. May 107,244 109,786 92,118 39,519 June 234,916 105,126 144,811 32,565 Total ent. for warehousing. . $2,117,020 $2,334,296 $1,900,400 $1,522,431 Add ent for consumption . 14,960,011 12,054,269 9,771,100 8,460,116 Total entered at the port $17,067,031 $14,388,665 $11,671,600 $9,982,557 CONTINUED. SILK. FLAX. July $222,142 $268,318 $71,207 $45,003 August 181,543 371,652 70,028 92,295 September 232,620 184,289 56,833 137,148 October 63,977 494,462 63,647 98,658 November 67,224 172,607 49,068 101,206 December 64,043 145,876 30,185 143,176 January 206,005 837,357 54,355 66,839 February 196,362 150,177 32,402 8,662 March 211,348 132,833 116,799 87,520 April 186,904 203,334 69,923 48,171 May 111,418 111,309 59,082 26,580 June 109,085 86,984 23,100 19,708 Total ent. for warehousing. $1,781,681 $3,158,698 $686,629 $824,966 Add ent. for consumption . 23,077,269 19,161,253 6,372,102 6,521,293 Total entered at the port $24,858,850 $22,319,951 $7,058,731 $6,846,269 CONTINUED. MISCELLANEOUS. TOTAL. July $12,313 $27,465 $1,185,934 $811,673 August 7,526 38,693 798,747 1,142,567 September 25,521 90,092 664,386 849,490 October 20,912 73,081 339,647 884,739 November 45,597 66,642 333,220 509,212 December 60,671 21,651 277,814 874,063 January 42,253 24,402 664,681 1,321,565 February 70,171 45,685 645,107 360,647 March 43,392 52,762 668,255 540,877 April 24,487 45,301 468,908 499,707 May 9,777 19,817 379, 6S9 806,961 June.. 12,345 13,022 524,257 257,404 Total ent. for warehousing. $364,965 $518,513 $6,850,595 $8,358,904 Add ent. for consumption.. 3,592,670 3,665,227 $57,763,152 $48,862,168 Total entered at the port $3,957,635 $4,183,740 $64,613,747 $57,221,062 This falling off in the imports has resulted, of course, in a corresponding de- crease in the receipts for duties, amounting at the port of New York to a de- cline of $2,991,284 93 from the preceding year. We annex a comparison for three years, beginning each year on the first of July : — RECEIPTS OK CASH DUTIES AT NEW YORK. 1849— §0. 1850-81. 851-88. First Quarter $7,645,956 08 $10,190,324 37 $9,402,997 SO Second quarter 3,811,743 60 4,827,205 32 5,025,600 18 Third quarter 6,996,656 48 9,295,257 30 7,617,887 72 Fourth quarter 6,033,253 57 7,857,408 30 6,632,425 16 Total $24,487,609 73 $31,670,195 29 $28,678,910 36 Digitized by v^oosle 214 Commercial Chronicle and Review . While the imports at the port, where more than three-fifths of the whole revenue is received, have thus declined, the exports have been without material change. The shipments of specie from New York to foreign ports have increased $10,650,972, and of foreign free goods, §389,825; while domestic produce, ex- clusive of specie, has fallen off $8,643,221, and foreign dutiable goods, <1 ,162,958 ; leaving a net increase over the preceding fiscal year of $1,233,825. The decline in the exports of domestic produce occurred previous to the 1st of January; for the last six months the shipments were $24,478,521, against $24,488,201 for the corresponding period of 1851, being a difference of only $10,000. We annex a monthly statement for the entire fiscal year, with a comparison of the totals for the last two years : — EXPORTS F&OM NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 80, 1852. Domestic Produce. Foreign dutiable. Foreign free. Specie. Total. July $3,1 88,027 $284,397 $2,311 $6,004,170 $9,478,905 August 3.250.594 334.549 22,974 2,673,444 6,290,661 September 2.593,986 816,047 134,271 3,490,142 6,534.446 October 2,702,382 858.292 106,626 1,779,707 4,947,007 November 2,451,511 897,597 62,368 6,033.996 7.946,472 December 2,512,436 351,428 21,918 6,668,236 8,554,017 January 2,419.296 358,244 26,693 2,868,958 6,673.191 February 8.352,943 322,272 93,932 3,561,543 7,320,690 March 4,313,245 357,230 100,567 611,994 6,383,026 April 4,244,044 353,262 67,719 200,266 4,865,291 May 4,249,924 645 973 !0«,818 1,834,893 6,737,608 June 3,566,369 482.594 125,600 8,656,356 7,730,818 Total $38 853,757 $4,461, 8S5 $871 687 $87,273,708 $81,461,032 Do. 1850-51 47,496,978 6,624,843 482,655 26,622,731 80,227,207 We continue our monthly statement of the comparative exports of some of the leading articles of domestic produce from New York to foreign ports, from January 1st to July 17th, inclusive : — 1851. oo 1851. 1858. Ashes — Pots . . . .bbls. 11,516 9,577 | Naval Stores. . ..bbls. 193,181 230,818 Pearls 1,196 425 Oil*— eeswax lbs 173,079 147,790 Whale . galls. 772,779 30,246 readxtnffx — Sperm 256,682 291,622 Wheat flour . .bbls. 612.356 671,547 Lard 180,445 18,495 Rye flour 5,766 7,040 | Linseed . . . . 4,240 7,791 Corn meal 25,448 26,826 Provision * — Wheat bush. 383,702 761,021 Pork . .bbla. 27,828 21,467 Rve 236,460 Beef 18,480 30,774 Oats 2,108 5,228 Cut meats. . ....lbs. 2,674,669 1,145,406 Barley 347 Butter 1,669.640 862,216 Cora... 1,221,253 620,377 Cheese 2,702,615 466.528 Candles — Mould, bxs. 24,194 37,209 Lard 3,674,145 2,03.8,177 Sperm .... 1,371 2,403 Rice ...tcs. 18,367 21.689 Goal. tons 3,146 17,897 'fallow ...lbs. 1,863.477 260,719 Cotton bales 205,350 262,132 Tobacco — Crude.pkgs. 10,44*2 13,305 Hay 3,406 6,189 Man’d.... lbs. 1,987,836 2,109.474 Hops 113 457 1 Whalebone. .. . 917,610 443,635 It will be seen from the above that the exports of cereals, with the single ex- ception of Indian corn, are considerably in advance of last year. There is a falling off in the shipments of oils of over three-quarters of a million of gallons, owing to the high prices occasioned by the disasters among our whale fisheries. In several items of provisions there is also a decline, although there is an in- Digitized by v^oosle 215 Journal of Banking , Currency, and Finance . crease in beef equal to 11,294 barrels}, the tea. and bbls. in our statement being all reduced to the latter denomination. We cannot forbear, in conclusion, from warning the public against irresponsi- r JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCY, AND FINANCE. AVERAGE DIVIDENDS OF BOSTON BANKS. The following statement, for which we are indebted to Mr. Foxcroft, exhibits the annual average dividends paid by twenty- three Boston banks, during fifteen years ending with 1851 : — Atlantic 27-30 Mechanics’ per cent 0 23-80 Atlas. 4 11 80 Merchants’ 7 3-30 Boston 7 6-80 New England 0 21-30 City. 5 12-80 North ; 6 8-30 Columbian 0 8 ;:0 Sh«»e and Leather Dealers* 7 8-30 Raglp 6 28-80 ! State 5 24-80 Freeman’s 7 11 80 Suffolk 8 24-80 Globe 6 19 30 j Traders’ 6 14*80 Granite 6 27-30 Tremont 0 1-30 Hamilton 6 9-30 j Union 0 9-30 Market 6 28 30 Washington 5 7-30 Massachusetts 5 17 30 The above named are the only city banks that have been in operation throughout the last fifteen years. There were, in 1887, thirty-four banks in operation, but since then, eleven of them have closed up their affairs. Nine others have taken their places — there being now thirty-two banks established in Boston. Digitized by v^.ooQle 216 Journal of Banking, Currency , and Finance . THE PRECIOUS METALS. We present herewith a statement of the deposits and coinage of the precious metals at the United States Mint and branches, from the date of their organization down to the 1st of June, 1852. It will be Been that the receipts of domestic gold continue to increase, although not in as great a ratio as during the last year. How long it will be before the maximum is reached, it is of course impossible to tell If the quartz rock in California is as rich as represented, it is possible that the quantity produced will be farther increased during the coming year. Our own impression has been that 150,000,000 per annum is the largest yield which can reasonably be expected, and that even this amount will not be continued for many years. The recent discoveries of gold in Australia may be but the prelude to other more startling developments of mineral treasure, in quarters where no search has yet been made, but we have no fears that it will be found in such quantities as greatly to depreciate in value, or to seriously im- pair the security of existing investments in other species of property. The impetus which it gives to production, will create a demand for fully as much capital as it will furnish, and thus the equilibrium between supply and demand be undisturbed. The Crescent City arrived recently with about $2,500,000 in gold dust, being one of the largest freights ever brought from that quarter. This will make the receipts here since the first of June, about $7,250,000, as $4,770,000 have already been deposited at the Philadelphia Mint We are greatly indebted to R. Patterson, Esq., of the Phila- delphia Mint, for his kindness in assisting to complete our tables, and for much valuable information heretofore furnished upon this subject It will be remembered that the coinage at the Philadelphia Mint commenced in 1798, and at the branch mints in 1888. The Philadelphia Mint coins gold, silver, and copper ; the New Orleans only gold and silver ; and the other branches only gold. STATEMENT OF THE COINAGE OF THE MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND ITS BRANCHES FROM THEIR ORGANIZATION TO MAT 8l8T, 1852. PHILADELPHIA MINT. Periods. Gold. Silver. Copper. Total coinage. To the close of 1847 $52,741,850 00 $62,748,211 90 $1,145,591 21 $116,635,153 11 Do. 1848 2,780,930 00 420,050 00 64,157 99 3,265,137 99 Do. 1849 7,948,332 00 922,950 00 41,984 82 8,913,266 32 Do. 1850 27,756,446 50 409,600 00 44,467 50 28,210,618 00 Do. 1851 62,143,446 00 446,797 00 99,635 43 62,689,878 48 Five months 1852 . . 18,707,879 00 243,652 00 25,088 74 18,976,619 74 Total $162,078,382 50 $65,191,260 90 $1,420,925 19 £228,690,568 59 NEW ORLEANS MINT. Periods. Gold. Silver. Total coinage. To the close of 1847 $15,189,365 $8,418,700 $23,608,065 Do. 1848 358,600 1,620,000 1,978,500 Do. 1849 454,000 1,192,000 1,646,000 Do. 1850 3,619,000 1,456,500 5,076,600 Do. 1851 9,795,000 327,600 10,122,600 Five months 1852 8,015,000 46,000 3,061,000 Total $32,430,865 $13,060,800 $45,491,665 CHARLOTTE MINT. DAHLONEGA MINT. AT ALL THE MINTS. Periods. Gold. Gold. Gold, silver, & copper. To the close of 1847. $1,656,060 p0 $3,218,017 50 $145,117,295 61 Do. 1848 864,330 00 271,762 50 6,879,720 49 Do. 1849 361,299 00 244,130 60 11,164,695 82 Do. 1850 847,791 00 258,602 00 83,892,306 00 Do. 1851 324,454 50 351,592 00 63,488,624 93 Five months 1852... . 157,629 00 141,083 00 22,336,331 74 Total $8,211,568 50 $4,485,077 50 $281,878,874 59 Digitized by Google Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance . 217 statement or the value or gold, or domestic production, deposited at the mint, AND ITS BRANCHES, FROM THEIR ORGANIZATION TO MAT SlST, 1852. PHILADELPHIA MINT. Periods. From California. Other sources. Total. To the dose of 1847 17,797,141 $7,797,141 Tear 1848 $44,177 197,867 241,544 1849 6,481,439 285,658 6,767,092 1850 31,667,505 12.2,801 81,790,306 1851 46,939,367 185,153 47,074,620 Five months 1852 17,830,018 68,886 17,898,878 Total $101,962,506 $8,606,970 $110,569,476 NEW ORLEANS MINT. Periods. From California. Other sources. Total. To the dose of 1847- $119,699 $119,699 Year 1848 $1,124 11,469 12,693 1849 669,921 7,268 677,189 1850 4,675,567 4,464 4,680,021 1851 8,769,682 1,040 8,770,722 Five months 1852 2,292,457 .... 2,292,457 Total $16,308,751 $148,930 $16,452,681 CHARLOTTE MINT. Periods. From California. Other sources. Total. To the dose of 1847 $1,678,718 $1,673,718 Year 1848 870,785 870,785 1849 390,732 390,732 1850 320,289 820,289 1861 $15,111 800,950 316,061 Five months 1852 6,151 173,426 179,676 Total $21,262 $3,229,899 $8,251,161 DAHLONEGA MINT. Periods. From California. Other sources. Total. To the close of 1847 $3,218,017 $3,218,017 Year 1848 271,753 271,758 1849 244.131 244,131 I860. $30,025 217,673 247,698 1851 214,072 165,237 379,809 Five months 1852 71,466 68,971 f40,437 Total $315,668 $4,185,782 $4 601,346 AT ALL THE MINT8. Periods. From California. Other sources. Total. To the dose of 1847 $12,808,676 $12,808,576 ar 1848 $45,801 851,374 896,676 1849 6,151,860 927,784 7,079,144 1860 86,278,097 665,217 86,938,814 1851 65,938,282 602.380 56,540,612 Five months 1852 20,200,092 311,261 20,511,348 Totel $118,608,082 $16,166,581 $134,774,663 From the above it will be seen that the deposits of California gold at our mints, for coinage, since its first discovery up to the first of June, amounts in round numbers to $118,600,000; to this add $7,250,000 for June, and the amount thus in hand is $125,850,000. It is probably safe to estimate the total production of the California mines to date, at nearly $200,000,000. The exports of gold from New York to foreign ports since the 1st of January last, are $12,000,000, and from other ports about Digitized by Google 218 Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance . $2,000,000. The imports from abroad, regularly entered at the Custom-IJouse, are about $1,500,000. In addition to this, a large sum in foreign coin is brought each month in the hands of immigrants. The total exports of coin from the country since the first receipts of gold from California, over and above the imports, still l^ave an in- crease of gold coin in this country of between forty and fifty millions of dollars; part of which ha9 been added to the amounts on deposit in the banks, and the remainder u in circulation. We annex also a comparative statement of the deposits of gold at the mint and branches for the first five months of the last and current year : — COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS OF GOLD AT THE MINT AND .BRANCHES Of THE FIRST FIVE MONTHS OF 1S5I AND 1852. RECEIPTS OF GOLD AT PHILADELPHIA. U. 3. Gold. Other gold. Total. First five months of 1851 . . . $16,748,516 $324,816 $17,073,332 Do. 1852 17,898,873 533.232 18,432,105 Increase. $1,150,357 $208,416 $1,368,778 AT NEW ORLEANS. First five months of 1851 .. . $4,964,029 $85,105 $5,049,184 Do. 1852 2,292,467 74,273 2,366,730 Decrease- $2,671,572 $10,832 $2,682,404 AT CHARLOTTE. First five months of 1851 .. . $160,078 $160,078 Do. 1852 179,576 Increase $19,498 $19,498 AT DAHLONEGA. First five months of 1851 .. . $99,386 $99,386 Do. 1852 140,437 140,437 Increase $41,051 $41,051 AT ALL THE MINTS. First five months of 1851 .. . $21,972,009 $409,921 $22,381,930 Do. 1852 20,611,343 607,505 21.118,848 Increase $197,584 Decrease $1,460,666 $1,263,082 We trust that Congress will, ere long, give us the new silver coin, made 7 per cent lighter than the present currency, so that it may be retained in the country. We also wish, if the dispute about a mint in this city must be continued, that an Assay Office might be established here at once, which would relieve our business community of the real difficulties connected with the present arrangement. The cost of such an estab- lishment would be but trifling; the assay er might receive the dust on arrival, and the moment its value was ascertained, the proper officer give an order on the Assistant Treasurer here for the amount The government could then transmit it to Philadel- phia and coin it as its leisure ; and when enough expense had been incurred in the useless effort to maintain a mint so far from the point where the gold arrives, it could be transferred to this city. THE ASSESSMENT LIST OF CONNECTICUT. It appears fVom a statement published in the New Haven Journal and Courier , that the assessment on the grand list of the State, bearing 8 per cent of the total value, with ten dollars for each taxable poll, excluding railroad and some other stocks, Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance . 219 amounts this year (1852) to $5,802,953 18, being an increase of about $1,100,000 over the previous year, (1851.) Hartford County stands first, having the largest pop- ulation, and nearly the greatest territorial extent, but New Haven has been rapidly gaining upon her of late years. In 1849, the list of Hartford County exceeded New Haven by $137,084; now it exceeds it only $43,871. The several counties stand as follows : — Hartford .... $1,179,443 27 New Haven 1,135.572 00 New Loudon 801,848 90 Fairfield 967.168 71 Windham. 378,156 05 ! Litchfield $681,510 01 Middlesex 411,022 91 I Tolland. 248,200 48 ! Total $5,802,953 18 The assessments on the Grand List of New Haven amount to $174,973 99 Of Hartford 430,771 70 Of Norwich 169,385 68 Of New London. 168.876 69 Of Bridgeport 1 38.895 08 Of Middletown.. 120.471 84 Of Waterbury 103,844 42 No other town in the State exceeds $100,000. The list of New Haven amounts to nearly half the whole list of the county. It ex- ceeds that of Hartford by $44,185 29, and Norwich, the next largest town, by over $300,000. The six cities of the State have an assessment of $1,603,377 83, or more than one-fourth of the whole wealth of the State. BANKS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. The following is a complete list of the Banka of the State of New York, with the names and residences of their respective agents at this date (July 1, 1852.) as pre- pared by D. B. St. Joux, Superintendent of the Bank Department, pursuant to the laws of 1851 : — Name of the Bank. Location fc P. O. Adams Bank Ashford Agricultural Bank Herkimer . . . . Amenia Bank Leedsville. . . . American Bank Mayville Ballston Spa Bank Ballston Spa. . Bank of Albion Albion Bank of Attica Buffalo Bank of Auburn Auburn Bank of Bainbridge Penn Ynn . . . . Bank of Cayuga Lake Paiuted Post. . Bank of Central New York. Utica Bank of Chemung Elmira Bank of Chenango Norwich Bank of Coming Coming Bank of DansvBle Dan*ville Bank of the Empire State. . Burton Bank of FLhkill Fishkill Bank of Fort Edward Fort Edward. . Bank of Genesee Batavia Bank of Geneva Geneva. Bank of Havana Havana. Bank of Kinderlmok Kinderhook. . . Bank of Lake Erie. Buff do Bank of Lan-ingburg. Lansingburg . . Bank of Lowville .... Lowville Bank of Malone Maloue Agent. Residence. Washburn A Co Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. George Jones Albany. Washburn A Co Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. New York State Bunk Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. Amasa S. Foster N. York. Albany Exchange Bank Albany. Thomas Adams A Co N. York. New York State Bank Albany, Mechanics’ A Farmers’ Bank. Albany. New York State Bank Albany. New York Exchange Bank. . N. York. Metropolitan Bank N. York. Commercial Bank of Troy. . . Troy. Bank of Albany Albany. Henry Dwight, Jr N. York. Commercial Bank of Troy. . . Troy. American Exchange Bank .. . N York. New York State Bank Albany. Pepoon A Hoffman N. York. Albany Exchange Bank Albany. Union Bank of Troy Troy. Digitized by v^oosle 220 Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance . Name of the Bank. Location k. P. O. Bank of Newburg Newburg Bank of Orange County. . . . Goshen Bank of Orleans Albion Bank of Owego...* Owego Bank of Pawling Pawling Bank of Poughkeepsie Poughkeepsie. Bank of Rome Rome Bank of Rondout Rondout Bank of Salina Salina Bank of Saratoga Springs . . Saratoga Spr*s. Bank of Silver Creek Silver Creek. . Bank of Syracuse Syracuse Bank of the Union.. ....... Belfast Bank of Utica. Utica Bank of Vernon Vernon Village Bank of Watertown Watertown. . . Bank of Water ville Water ville . . . Bank of West Troy West Troy . . . Bank of Whitestown Whitestown . . Bank of Westfield Westfield .... Bank of Whitehall Whitehall Rlack River Bank Watertown... . Broome County Bank Binghamton .. Camden Bank Camden Canal Bank of Lockport . . . Lockport Catskill Bank Catskill Cayuga County Bank Auburn Central Bank Cherry Valley. Champlain Bank Ellenburg.. . . . Chautauque County Bank . . Jamestown.. . . Chemung Canal Bank Elmira Chester Bank Chester Citizen’s Bank Ogdensburg . . Commercial Bank of Allegha- ny County Friendship.. ... Commercial Bank of Clyde.. Clyde Com. Bank of Lockport Lockport Com. Bank of Rochester.. ... Rochester.. . .. Com. Bank of Whitehall . . . Whitehall.. . . . Cortlandt County Bank .... Ashford Cuvier’s Bank Palmyra Delaware Bank. Delhi Drovers’ Bank of St. Law- rence County Ogdensburg .. Dunkirk Bank Dunkirk Dutchess County Bank Amenia Eagle Bank Rochester Essex County Bank Keeseville. . . . Excelsior Bank Meridian. ..... Exchange Bank of Buffalo. . Buffalo Exchange Bank of Genesee. Batavia. Exchange Bank of Lockport Lockport Fallkill Bank Poughkeepsie . Farmers’ Bank of Amsterd’m Amsterdam.. . Farmers’ Bank of Hamilton County Arietta ...... Farmers* Bank of Hudson.. . Hudson Farmers’ Bank of Mina .... Mina Farmers’ Bank of Saratoga County.^ Crescent . . . . . Farmers’ afid Drovers’ Bank at Somers Somers Agent. Residence. Merchants’ Exchange Bank. . N. York. S. Van Duzer N. York. Mechanics’ A Farmers’ Bank. Albany. Henry Dwight, Jr N. York* Leather Manufacturers’ Bank. N. York. Merchants’ Exchange Bank. . N. York. New York State Bank Albany. North River Bank N. York. Commercial Bank of Albany . Albany. New York State Bank Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. Taylor Brothers N. Yprk. Aloany City Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. Bruce unty Bunk Bath Suffolk County Bank . . . . i . Sag Harbor. . . Sullivan County Bank Monticello. . . . Syracuse City Bank Syracuse Tauners’Bmk Catskill The City Bank, O-wego. . . . Oswego Tompkins County Bank .... Ithaca Ulster County Bank Kingston. Unadilla Bank Unadilla. Union Batik of Sullivan Co.. Monticello. . . . Utica City Bank Utica Valley Bank Boonville Village Bank Randolph .... Walter JoyV Bank Buffalo Washington County Bank . . Gr’nwieb, P. 0. Warren County Bank Johnsburg . . . . Watertown Bank A Loan Co. Watertown. . . Westchester County Bank.. . Peekskill Western Bmk of Lockport. Lock port Western B'k. Washington Co. Cambridge . . White Phdns B ink Naples White’s B ink of Buffalo. . . . Buffalo Williamsburg City Bmk . . . Williamsburg. Wooster Sherman’* Bank. . . Watertowu. . . Wyoming County Bank .... Warsaw Yates County Bank Penn Yan.. . . . Agent Residence. Henry 0. Tanner N. York. Houghton A Co N. York. Houghton A Co N. York. Henry C. Tanner. N. York. Albany City Bank Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. Mechanics’ A Farmers’ Bank. Albany. Washburn A Co Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. Charles Sanford N. York. Henry Shelden A Co N. York. American Exchange Bank. . . N. York. Bank of Albany Albany. American Exchange Bank. . . N. York. Washburn A Co Albany. Washburn A Co Albany. Merchants’ Exchange Bank. . N. York. Mechanics’ A Farmers’ Bank. Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. New York State Bank Albany. Henry Dwight, Jr N. York. Pepoon A Hoffman N. York. Commercial Bank of Albany. Albany. Bauk of Albany Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. Ilenry Dwight, Jr N. York. Anthony Lane N. York. John Thompson N. York. Metropolitan Bank N. York. North River Bank N. York. Albany City Bank Albany. American Exchange Bank. . . N. York. Albany Exchange Bunk Albany. Albany City Bauk Albany. Merchants’ Exchange Bank.. N. York. William Watson A Co Albany. Morford A Vermilye N. York. New York State Bank Albany. Washburn A Co Albany. Palmer A Co N. York. Mechanics’ A Farmers’ Bauk. Albany. Commercial Bauk of Troy.. . Troy Washburn A Co Albany. Albany City Bank Albany. Bank of North America N. York. Commercial Bank of Troy. . . Troy. George W. Robinson N. York. Phelp* A Scovel Albany. New York State Bank Albany. Bank of State of New York. N. York. Bank of Albany Albany. John Thompson N. York. Mechanics’ A Farmers’ Bank . Albany. Digitized by v^oosle 223 Journal of Banking , Currency , anrf Finance . BAXES OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. LIST OF BANKS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, THEIR LOCATION, CAPITAL, PAR VALUE OF STOCK, DISCOUNT DAYS, AND TIME OF PAYINO DIVIDENDS. Banks. Locution. Capital. Par. Discount days. Dividends. Ameiican Exchange . 50 Wall.... $ 1,600, 000 $100 Tues. A Frid. May it Nov. Bank of America. . . . 46 “ 2,001,200 100 u u Jan. it July. Bank of Commerce... 32 44 5,000,000 100 (1 44 44 44 Bank of New York. . 48 44 1,000,000 600 44 M May it Nov. Bank of N. America . 27 44 .... 1,000,000 100 Wed. Ornci, Adelaide, December 30, 1851. Notice is hereby given, by the authority of his Excellency, the Lieutenant* Govern- or, that oo and after the 10th January, 1852, the light in the Sturt Light-house, lately erected on Cape Willoughby, Kangaroo Island, wifi be exhibited from sunset to sun- rise. This Light-house is situated on the eastern extremity of Kangaroo Island, in lati- tude 85° 49' 20" South, longitude 188° 18' SO" East, and is a Revolving Light, ap- pearing at regular intervals of one-and-a-half minutes. This light is elevated 241 feet above the level of the sea, and can be seen 24 nauti- cal miles, illuminating 259 degrees of a circle, from N. by W. A Wn round to S. W. by W. AW. By his Excellency’s command, CHARLES STURT, Colonial Secretary. HEW LIGHT AT THE ENTRANCE OF CHRISTIANIA FIORD. Royal Norwegian Marine Department, Christiania, June 5. As the present coal-light on Fcerder, at the entrance of the Christiania Fiord, will, in the course of the summer, be replaced by a fast lens-light of the first class, notice is hereby given that in the course of twelve or fourteen days the said light will be placed 180 ells (260 feet) south of the present light-house, about 190 above the level of the sea. The light on this place will be equally visible, as from its present site, to those vessels coming from sea, and seeking the Christiania Fiord ; only in cases of vessels withio Fcerder, coming west of the Fuglehuk Light, will the light on Fcerder be invisible, in consequence of the high ground north of the light. Due notice will be given of the period when the new apparatus will be lighted. LATITUDE OF THE ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS. Coast Suryey Station, (near Petersburg,) Virginia, July 13, 1852. Sir : — I have the honor to report the following results of preliminary computations of observations for latitude on the western coast, made by Assistant George David- son, during his expedition with the reconnoissance party of Lieutenant-Commanding Allen, from San Francisco southward. The longitude results will be furnished as soon as completed. I would respectfully request authority to publish the present no- tice:— LATITUDE OF THE ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS AT THE SEVERAL POINTS, AS DETERMINED BY PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS BY ASSISTANT GEORGE DAVIDSON, UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. Name of Station. General locality. Latitude. Santa Crui Bay of Monterey, California .... 86° 67' 26.9" San Simeon San Simeon Bay, M .... 85 88 24.4 8an Louis Obispo San Louis Obispo Bay, “ .... 85 10 87.5 Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Cban’l, “ .... 84 24 24.7 Prisoner’s Harbor. Island of Santa Crux, “ .... 84 01 10.2 San Pedro San Pedro Bay, 11 .... 88 48 19.0 Very respectfully yours, Ac., A. D. BACHS, Superintendent. W. L. Hodge, Acting Secretary of the Treasury. Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Regulations. 233 COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. THE APPOINTMENT OF WHARFINGERS, AND THEIR DUTIES, IN N. ORLEANS. The Common Council of the city of New Orleans recently passed the following “ Ordinance for the Appointment of Wharfingers, and for Regulating the Duties of the same f — AN ORDINANCE FOE THE APPOINTMENT OF WHARFINQERS, AND REGULATING THE DUTIES OF THE 8 AM E. Section l. That there shall be appointed by the Common Council, in the month of Hay, (or as soon after as practicable,) and every year thereafter, the following Whar- fingers and Assistants, who shall enter upon the discharge of their duties on the first day of June. One Wharfinger for the steamboats, steamships, flats, etc., of the First District One Assistant Wharfinger for all that portion of the First District from the flatboat landing unto the upper line of said district One Wharfinger tor the whole of the Second District Two Assistant Wharfingers for the Second and Third Districts. One Assistant Wharfinger for the Fourth District Sec. 2. The Assistant Wharfingers of the First and Fourth Districts shall make daily reports of the arrivals and departures of all vessels, flats, etc., with their ton- nage, to the Wharfinger of the First District The Assistant Wharfingers of the Sec- ond and Third Districts shall also report in same manner to the Wharfinger of the Second District Sec. 8. It shall be the special duty of the Wharfingers to make a weekly report to the Controller of all and every description of vessels, their tonnage, etc., which may each day enter and moor within the limits of the port under their superintendence ; which weekly report shall be filed in the office of said Controller for further refer- ence and examination, in regular rotation and dates. Sec. 4. The Wharfingers and Assistants shall perform such duties as are now pre- scribed by existing ordinances, or that may be hereafter prescribed by the Common Council. The office of the Wharfingers 6uall be open from sunrise to snnset, (Sun- days excepted.) They shall receive for compensation fifteen hundred dollars per an- num, payable monthly, and the Assistants nine hundred dollars per annum, payable monthly. Sec. 5. For the faithful performance of their several duties, the Wharfingers shall fiirnish bonds and security in the sum of five thousand dollars each ; and the Assist- ants in the sum of two thousand dollars each. Sec. 6. All ordinances or parts of ordinances conflicting with the foregoing ordi- nances be, and the same are hereby, repealed. NEW 0RLEAN8 LEVEE AND WHARFAGE DUES. The Common Coilbcil of the city of New Orleans have passed the subjoined ordi- nance, which was approved by the President of the Board and Assistant Board of Aldermen, and by the Mayor of the city, on the 28th of May, 1852, and is now in force: — AN OEDINANCE TO REGULATE THE LEVEE AND WHARFAGE DUES ON SHIPS AND VESSELS AR- RIVING FROM SEA, AND ON STEAMBOATS, FLATS, BARGES, ETC. Art. 1. That from and after the passage of this ordinance the levee or wharfage rates on ships or other sail vessels, steamships, steamboats, flats, barges, and other craft, shall be fixed as follows : — On all ships or sail vessels of 1,000 tons and under, 25 cents per ton. Excess of tonnage over 1,000 tons, 20 cents per ton. On all steamships, 17| cents per ton. On all steamboats of 1,000 tons and under, 15 cents per ton. Digitized by ^ooq le 2$± Commercial Regtdatione. Excess of tonnage over 1,000 tons, 10 cents per ton ; provided, that boats arriving and departing more than once each week shall pay only two-thirds of these rates. On each flatboat not measuring over 80 feet, $10. On each flatboat measuring 80 to 100 feet, $1?. On each flatboat measuring over 100 feet, $15. On each barge more than 70 feet long, $12. On each barge less than 70 feet, and not exceeding 16 tons burden, $8. On each steamboat hull used as a barge, $25. On each scow and coastwise pirogue, $2. For every flatboat, barge, or other vessel, not including steamboats, employed in transportation of brick, lumber, or other building materials, or in bringing produce from this and neighboring parishes to this city, and measuring not over 25 tons, the levee and wharfage dues shall be $80 per annum. From 25 to 50 tons, $60 per annum. Over 60 and not exceeding 76 tons, $80 per annum. Over 76 and not exceeding 100 tons, $126 per annum. Over 100 tons, $200 per annum. Art. 2. Every proprietor of any small craft of the description above mentioned, who shall desire to enjoy the privilege accorded by the present ordinance, must apply to the Treasurer of the city of New Orleans for the purpose of obtaining a license, approved by the Mayor, and couutersigned by the Controller, which license shall specify the number or name of such craft, which shall be painted in a conspicuous place on the side of said craft. Art. 3. Hereafter it shall not be lawful for any pirogue, flatboat, barge, boat or keelboat, to remain in port longer than eight days, under the same provisions and penalties contained in Art. 8 of an Ordinance of the General Council, approved May 26,1848. ™ J Art. 4. That the payment of the levee dues on ships or sail vessels, steamships, and steamboats, shall be exacted and collected by the Collectors of Levee Dues, and an extra duty of one-third these rates shall be paid by all sail vessels or steamships which may remain in port over two months, the same to be recovered at the com- mencement of the third month ; and if over four months, an additional duty of one- third these rates. Steamboats shall be entitled to remain thirty days in port after payment of the dues. All over thirty days to pay an additional duty of $2 per day. Art 5. That all vessels now in port, and that have paid a daily or weekly wharf- age, shall be allowed (and the Collectors are hereby authorized) to deduct the amount so paid from the rates now to be collected. AU ordinances or parts of ordinances conflicting with the foregoing be, and the same are hereby, repealed. DUTIES ON CASKS AND BARRELS. Treasury Department, Jons 7, 1852. Sir : — In reply to your inquiry on the subject of the claims for a return of the duty which has been paid upon the coBt of casks containing molasses imported from Cuba, on the plea that they were originally made in the United States and shipped to that Island, and therefore exempt from duty as being articles of American manufacture, I have the honor to state that nearly if not all of the casks in which molasses is im- ported from Cuba were originally shipped from the United StatefTas molasses shooks ; that is to say, the cask is made and put together and the heads fitted in ; the tempo- rary shop-hoops are then removed and the casks taken apart, the staves being laid one on tne other in a solid form, and strapped together in that mode by two small hoops ; the heads of the hogsheads, each head complete, are in like manner laid one on the other, generally six or eight together, and also strapped together with hoops ; and in this form shipped sometimes in entire cargoes to Cuba, where they are pur- chased by the planters, who also buy the hoops likewise shipped from tne United States, either as poles in their original state, as cut in the woods, or split into hoops, and ready shaved for use, and tied up in long bundles. The molasses hogsheads are then put together from the materials thus sent from the United States, and are used for the return cargoes of molasses. These molasses shooks, complete in the above form, are usually sold in Cuba, according as the supply may be more or less abundant, at from 90 to 100 cents each, besides which is the labor of putting them together, hooping them, and other work needful to render them suitable for use. But, whilst Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Regulation*. 2*5 the original coat of these shooks is as above only from 90 to 100 cents, the cask for the molasses is universally charged in the invoices at the rate of 5| cents per gallon, which, on the average size of 110 gallons each, is equal to $6 05 for each hogshead, This very heavy charge for the cask had its origin many years since, and has been steadily adhered to ever since, and, as it will be seen, is an enormous profit to the parties upon the actual cost. It is in fact a part of the real co9t of the molasses itself ; for if the parties were not, by custom and agreement, authorized to charge this very heavy price for the cask, but were obliged to furnish it at the real cost, then the price pf the molasses would necessarily have to be increased in the proportion, and the duty therefore on the cask, of which compluint is made, though nominally on it, is virtually on the molasses. In proof of this it is only necessary to state that parties sometimes furnish their own casks, in which cases the bill for the molasses is nevertheless rendered by the vendors in the usual form, charging the molasses at the stipulated price per gallon, and for the casks at the rate of 5$c. per gallon, or about £6 each, and then from the foot of the bill a deduction i9 made for the casks furnished by the vessel at the current market value of them, which is frequently only 87$ cents, and rarely if ever exceeds $1 25, leaving the difference between these latter prices and the $6 per cask charged as a clear augmentation on the price of the molasses itself, and which would appear in the charge per gallon for the molasses, if it was not allowed to be made in the extra charge for the cask. There seems to be no good or just reason why the present law exempting from duty American productions returned from a foreign port should be charged so as to apply to molasses casks thus shipped in the form of shooks, sold as merchandise, and probably changing owners various times in Cuba, and returned as complete packages containing foreign merchandise. It is shipped as a rough material, and returned in a new shape, after having had foreign labor bestowed upon it The law in question provides that American goods from a foreign port, in order to be entitled to free entry, shall not only be in the same state as when shipped, but also contemplates that it "shall be free from any increased value from foreign labor which may have been bestowed upon it, and shall not in the mean time have been applied to any other use. There is no calculating the extent to which a principle of the kind contemplated in this clause for an exemption from duty would lead. American wool- en or cotton fubrics could be returned in the shape oi ready-made clothing ; Ameri- can leather in the ehape of boots and shoes ; American wood in the shape of furniture ; and so of other articles. Still less reason exists why, under the circumstances, as detailed above, such exemption should be made for a remission of duties upon the value of the cask, charged as it is at so high a rate, with a view of compensating for the low nominal price at which molasses is sold, for it would be a virtual remission of the duties on the molasses itself. The average price at which molasses is sold in Cuba ranges from 1$ to 2 reals per keg of 6$ gallons, and at some seasons has gone up to 8 and 8$ reals of 12$ cents each ; at the former rates, which are those at which the great bulk of the crop is sold, it would only be 8$ to 4$ cents per gallon — a rate which evidently shows the necessity of having some perquisite in the shape of an outside charge, to give an increased com- pensation for the article. But to put the case in a still stronger point of view, it is only necessary to state that, so depressed was the article in the year 1830, that no charge whatever was made for the molasses, and entire cargoes were furnished at the only charge of 5$ cents per gallon for the cask ; and, had an ad valor em duty then existed, not only the cask, but the molasses also, would, on the principle now claimed by the parties, have been admitted free of duty. The claim as it regards molasses casks would equally apply to the boxes for sugar, and could not be denied to the latter if granted to the former. Box shooks, that is to say suitable boards sawed to the proper size for sides, top, bottom, and ends of boxes, are strapped together, as in the case of the molasses shooks, and shipped by hundreds of thousands to Cuba, as it is believed all the boxes (1,700,- 000) for the entire crop of the island are shipped from the States ; and these box shooks are sold at from 65 to 75 cents each, but are charged to the purchasers of sugar at the fixed and invariable price of §3 25 each, and, as in the case of the molasses casks, forms a part of the real cost of the article they contain, as they in like manner with the hogsheads are put together in the Island and prepared for the reception of the sugar. The planter, in making his calculations as to the price of his sugar, of course takes into view his large profit on the box ; and if he asks 3 cents for the sugar and $8 25 for the box, he would demand 3$^ cents for the sugar, if the purchaser was Digitized by v^oosle 236 Commercial Regulations. to famish his own box — which, however, is never done — though, as already stated, it is occasionally the fact as regards casks for molasses. The number of hogsheads of molasses imported into the United States during the fiscal year ending ending the SOth of June, 1851, was about 851,000, which, at the average invoice price of $6, would be $2,106,000 ; the duty on which, at 80 per cent, was $681,800. The number of boxes of sugar was about 956,000, which, at the in- voice cost of $3 25 would be $2,107,000 ; the duty on which at 80 per cent, was $682,100. If the principle is adopted that this duty was erroneously exacted, it would, for the six years that the present ad valorem tariff has been in operation, make an aggregate of $8,790,800 on the molasses casks, and $8,792,600 on the sugar boxes, and, together, $7,588,400 to be returned from the Treasury. Congress, of course, when enacting the present tariff of ad valorem duties, took in- to view these items, as forming a portion of the invoice cost of molasses and sugar, and levied the rate accordingly, which on sugar, including the heavy charge for the box, is only about one cent per pound instead of 2| cents, which previously existed ; and on molasses only about 8 cents instead of 5 cents per gallon, which existed under the tariff of 1842. The principle now put forward would equally apply to other objects of importation, and, altogether, would form demands upon the Treasury which it would be extremely difficult to meet ; and it may be further added that a very large portion of the mil- lions which would be returned on the molasses and sugar importations would accrue to the benefit of non- resident foreign merchants, who are the owners and shippers of those articles, and who, as well as the resident American importers, made their calcu- lation at the time based upon the duties which were levied agreeably to existing laws, paid for the merchandise at corresponding rates, and who of course realized the Regular and usual profits on their importations. To now return these duties would be an actual bounty to the parties, which they would not have enjoyed bad they been exempted from duty at the time, as the purchasing price in Cuba and the selling price iu the United States would so have regulated themselves that the average profits would not have been greater than what has already been realized upon those impor- tations. The duties on these packages have not been paid from the pockets or at the cost of the importers, but by the citizens of the United States who consumed the articles in question ; and in the opinion of the Deportment, the former, neither in law nor equity, have any claim for a return of said duties. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, TH08. CORWIN, Sec. Trees. Hon. R. M. T. Hunter, Chairman of Senate Committee on Finance. OF THE SURVEY OF LUMBER IN MAINE. AN ACT REGULATING THE SURVEY OF LUMBER ON THE KENNEBEC RIVER. Seo. 1. The Governor hereby is authorized, with the advice of the council, to ap- point some suitable person to be surveyor general of lumber, for the counties of Ken- nebec and Lincoln, and the town of Brunswick, in the county of Cumberland, and the town of Fairfield, in the county of Somerset, to hold his office for the term of four years, unless sooner removed by the governor and council, who shall give bond with sufficient sureties to the treasurer of the county of Kennebec, in the sum of two thou- sand dollars, for the faithful discharge of his duty, to be approved by the governor and council, and shall be sworn to the upright and faithful performance of his trust And said surveyor general shall be authorized aOd required to appoint such number of deputies, not less than ten, who shall be sworn to the faithful performance of their duties, and give bond therefor to the surveyor general, and may be removed by him at pleasure. Provided, that nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent any per- son or persons from completing any contract, heretofore made, with express reference to a survey by a particular individual. Sec. 2. In the survey and admeasurement of lumber, of the sorts in this act here- after mentioned, the following rules and regulations are hereby established. Pine boards and planks shall be divided into four sorts. The first sort shall be denomina- ted number one, and shall include boards not less than one inch thick, straight-grained and free from rot, sap, knots and shakes. The second sort shall be denominated number two, and shall include boards not less than one inch thick, free from rot and lam knots, and suitable for planing ; provided, that such boards as are clear but may be Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Regulations. 29? deficient in thickness as aforesaid, shall be received as number two, by making each allowance for the deficiency in thickness as may be required to make them equal to one inch thick. The third sort shall be denominated number three, and shall include boards not less than sev£n-eighths of an inch thick, nearly free from nit, and nearly square edged, and suitable for covering buildings. The fourth sort shall be denomi- nated number four, and shall include all boards and plank of every description, not being within the other three denominations. Spruce, hemlock, and juniper boards, plank and joists shall be of two sorts. The first shall be denominated number one, and shall include all boards, plank and joists, that are sound and square edged. The second sort shall be denominated number two, and shall include all other descriptions. Pine joists shall be divided into two sorts. The first sort shall be denominated number one, and shall include all joists that are sound and square edged. The se- cond sort shall be denominated number two, and shall include all other descrip- tions. Sec. 3. Timber shall be surveyed forty cubic feet to the ton, and shall be divided into two Borts. The first sort shaU be sound, straight and square-edged, and in lengths or joints of not less than sixteen feet, and due allowance shall be made for sap. The second sort, or number two, shall include all other timber. No provisions in this act shall change the present method of surveying ship timber, knees, masts, spars or ship plank. 8kg. 4. In surveying the lumber aforesaid, the contents thereof shall be truly marked thereon in plain characters and all other marks erased. Allowance and de- duction shall be made for splits, not exceeding in any case one-half of the length of laid splits. And all said lumber shall be received and sold according to the aforesaid marks ; and it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to sell or purchase any of said sorts of lumber within the aforesaid territory on said river, unless the same shall be surveyed and marked as aforesaid by the surveyor general or by one of his deputies, except such as may be purchased by any person or persons, for his or their own use, or home consumption. In all surveys by the surveyor general or his depu- ties, there shall be placed upon each piece of lumber, except such as belongB to num- ber four, the numerical mark showing the particular sort or quality, to which it be- longs. Sec. 5. The fees of the surveyor general or his deputies for marking and surveying said lumber, and giving certificates therefor, shall be paid by the purchaser, and at the following rates, via, for boards, plank and joists, sfxteen cents per thousand feet board measure, and for timber, six cents per ton. And whenever said survey and marking shall have been done by a deputy of said surveyor genera), he shall pay to aaid surveyor general for his perquisite, one-eighth paTt of the fees therefor. Sec. 6. If any person shall sell or purchase within the aforesaid territory, any of the aforesaid descriptions of lumber not surveyed and marked as this act requires, he shall forfeit one dollar for every ton of timber or every thousand feet of said other lumber, sold or purchased as aforesaid, and if any person not being the surveyor §eneral or one of his deputies, shall take an account of, or survey any of the aforesaid escriptions of lumber, sold or purchased as aforesaid, he shall forfeit not lees than two nor more than ten dollars for every ton of timber, or every thousand feet of said other lumber which he shall survey or take an account of; but said forfeiture shall not extend to such lumber as the parties may agree to have shipped without survey ; provided the same be actually shipped in pursuance of said agreement. Sec. 7. Whenever any seller or purchaser of any of the lumber aforesaid shall be dissatisfied with the survey made by any of said deputies, he may appeal to the sur- veyor general, who shall decide the point of difference, and the survey and certificate shall be made according to said decision. Sec. 8. If the surveyor general or any deputy, shall unreasonably refuse to do and perform any duty required of him by this act, or shall be guilty of any fraud or deceit in the performance or any such duty, he shall forfeit a sum not less than ten or more than fifty dollars for every such offence. Sec. 9. All fines and penalties, forfeited by any person or persons under the pro- visions of this act, may be recovered by action of debt ; or the same may be recovered by indictment in the district court or supreme judicial court, one-half to the use of the county in which such offense may have been committed, and the other half to the perron who shall sue or prosecute for the same. Sec. 10. Any person aggrieved shall have a right to commence and prosecute to final judgment and execution an action on the bond given by the surveyor general in the name of the treasurer of the county of Kennebec, for the benefit of the persons Digitized by v^oosle 238 Commercial Regulations. ■o aggrieved ; and said aggrieved person shall indorse the writ, and the judgment, when for the defendant, shall be rendered against said person for whose benefit the suit was brought, and execution shall issue thereon. Sko. 11. The said surveyor general shall be required to keep a record of all lumber surveyed by him, and by his deputies ; and his deputies shall be required to make return of all lumber surveyed by them respectively to the surveyor general, as often as once in each month, ana oftener, if required by said surveyor general. 8 ec. 12. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby repealed. [Approved April 28, 1852.] OF NAVIGATION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES, CUBA, ETC. ETC. CIRCULAR INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COLLECTORS AND OTHER OFFICERS OF THE CUSTOMS Treasury Department, June 30, 1853. The Department has received official information that the Spanish government, by a royal decree of 3d January, 1852, has authorised the admission into the ports of Spain and islands adjacent, oa a footing of equality with Spanish vessels as to navi* gation and port duties, the vessels of all nations which may concede a like benefit in their respective territories to the vessels of the Spanish mercantile marine, and that the American Minister at Madrid had made an arrangement with the Spanish govern- ment by which the privileges conceded by said decree to foreign vessels should take effect, as regards the American flag, on ana after the first day of May last * The Collectors of the Customs are therefore requested and instructed to admit Spanish vessels arriving from Spanish or any other foreign ports, those of Cuba and Porto Rico excepted, to entry on the same footing as American vessels, as regards tonnage duty, light money, and all other dues to the United States, so for as respects the vessels; but the provisions of the act of 18th July, 1882, as regards Spanish vessels arriviog from the ports of Cuba or Porto Rico, are to remain in full force. Any tonnage duty or light money which may have been exacted contrary to the tenor of the preceding instructions from Spanish vessels that may have arrived in the United States since the first ultimo, will he returned by the Department under the usual certificates and formalities. Under the circular instructions from this Department, of 13th June, 1849, Spanish vessels from the ports of Cuba have been admitted to entry free of tonnage duty when arriving with a cargo of molasses or in ballast, in consequence of American vessels arriving in the ports of that island being exempted from the customary foreign tonnage duty, provided they arrived in ballast, or loaded outward with a full cargo of molasses. The Department, however, has recently ascertained that this exemption of tonnage duty on American vessels arriving in ballast is not acoorded to such vessels unless they likewise depart in ballast, and that the full toimage duty of one dollar and fifty cents per ton is exacted if they take away any portion of a cargo of the pro- duce of the island, molasses only excepted. Under these circumstances the Depart- ment does not consider itself authorized, under the provisions of the act of 18th July, 1882, to admit to entry Spanish vessels from Cuba on any other terms than American vessels are admitted into the ports of that island; and, consequently, all Spanish vessels arriving from said island in ballast, must pay the same tonnage duty of one dollar and fifty cents per too, as is exacted on American vessels entering the ports of Cuba, unless they likewise leave the United States in ballast; but Spanish vessels arriving from the ports of Cuba with a full cargo of molasses will continue to be ex- empted from the payment of any tonnage duty. Spanish vessels arriving from a port in Porto Rico, will, in all cases, whether in ballast or cargo of any description, pay a tonnage duty of eighty seven-and-a-half cents per ton, being the amount which, agreeably to the latest authentic advice in possession of the Department, is exacted upon American vessels in that island, unless any vessel so arriving from said island shall produce a certificate from the principal officer of the customs at the port of her departure, duly certified by the American consul, that a less tonnage duty is charged at said port upon American vessels, or that the latter under any particular circumstances are entirely exempted fr&m the payment of toonage duty ; In which case said vessel shall be admitted to entry on like terms as may be thus accorded to American vessels in the ports of Porto Rico. In all cases where Spanish vessels may arrive from the ports of either Cuba or Porto Rico, and shall produce certificates as above, duly verified by the American Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Regulations. 230 consul of any modification in the rate of tonnage doty on American vessels in the ports of said islands, the collectors of the customs will report the same to the Depart- ment, and if they may not hare been already authorized, they will be instructed to make a similar modification, agreeably to the act of the 18th .July, 1882, in the ton- nage "duty upon Spanish vessels thus arriving from said islands. Complaints hare been made to the Department that under the instructions of 5th ultimo, to the collectors of some of the principal ports, annulling so much of the cir- cular of 18th June, 1849, as exempted from tonnage duty Spanish vessels arriving in ballast from Cuba, various Spanish vessels have paid this duty when they had no knowledge of the change at the time of their departure for the United States. The collectors are instructed to report all such cases for the consideration of the Depart- ment, with the view of affording such just relief as it may be in its power to grant. The report in any such case will state the time of clearance and departure from Cuba, the time or arrival in the United States, and the amount of tonnage duty paid in each case. The collectors will report promptly to the Department any authentic information they may receive of modifications in the tonnage or other dues upon American vessels in the ports of either of the above islands, in order that the Department may promptly meet any such modifications in favor of American vessels by extending the same to Spanish vessels arriving in the United States from the ports of either of those colo- nies, WM. L. HODGEy Acting Sec. Treat. LAW OF OHIO TO PREVEHT FRAUD Iff TRADE. The following Act of the General Assembly and Senate ef the State of Ohio, to prevent fraudulent practices in trade, was passed at the last Session of the Legisla- ture, and approved March 19, 1852. AN ACT TO PREVENT FRAUDULENT PRACTICES. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio , That if any person shall execute and deliver, or shall cause or procure to be executed and de- livered to any person, any false or fictitious bill of lading, receipt, schedule, invoice, or other written instrument, to the purport or effect that any goods, wares or mer- chandise, had been or were held, delivered, received, placed or deposited, on board of any steamboat or watercraft, navigating the waters in or bordering upon the State of Ohio, when such goods, wares and merchandise were not held, or nad not in fact and in good faith been delivered, received or deposited on board of such steamboat or other watercraft, when such bill of lading, receipt, invoice, schedule or written instru- ment was made and delivered according to the purport and effect of such bill oflading, receipt, invoice, schedule or written instrument, with intent to injure, deceive, or de- fraud any person whomsoever, or if any person shall indorse, assign, transfer, or put off or shall attempt to indorse, assign, transfer or put off any such false or fictitious bill of lading, receipt, invoice, schedule, or other written instrument, knowing the same to be false, fraudulent or fictitious, the person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in the peni- tentiary, and kept at hard labor, for a term not exceeding four years, nor less than one year. Sea 2. If any person shall execute and deliver, or shall cause or procure to be executed and delivered to any other person, any false and fictitious warehouse re- ceipt, acknowledgment, or other instrument of writing, to the purport and effect that such person, or any person or persons, copartnership, firm, body politic or corporate, which he or she represents, or pretends to represent, held or had received in store, or held or had received in any warehouse, or in any other place, or held or had re- ceived into possession, custody, or control, of such pereem or persons, copartnership, firm, or body politic, any goods, wares or merchandise, when such goods, wares or merchandise were not held or had not been received in good faith, according to the purport and effect of such warehouse receipt, receipt acknowledgment, or instrument of writing, with intent to defraud, deceive, or injure any person whomsoever, or if any person shall indorse, assign, transfer or deliver, or shall attempt to indorse, transfer and deliver to any other person any such false and fictitious warehouse receipt, re- ceipt acknowledgment, or instrument of writing, knowing the same to be false, fraudu- Digitized by v^oosle 240 Commercial Regulations. lent, or fictitious, Mich person shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con- viction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary, and kept at hard labor, for a term not more than three years, nor less nor one year. Seo. 3. Tb it if any person or person*, or the agent of any person or persons, hav- ing in hid or their possession, custody or control, any goods, wares or merchandise, by virtue of any geuuine instrument of writing, of the purport or effect of any such instru- ment of writing as is mentioned in the first or second sections of this act, shall, with* out authority, arid with intent to injure or defraud the rightful owner thereof, sell as- sign, transfer or encumber such goods, wares or merchandise, or any part thereof, to the value of fifty dollars or upwards, or shall in any way convert the same to his own U9e, or if the consignor or consignors or the agent of such consignor or consignors of any goods, wares or merchandise, not being the absolute owner thereof, and not hav- ing authority to stop, countermand or change the consignment thereof, or not having authority to sell or encumber the same during the transit, shall, after the shipment thereof on board any watercraft, or after the deposit thereof in or upon any vehicle for land carriage, in any way stop, countermand or change the consignment thereof, or shall sell, dispose of or encumber such goods, wares or merchandise, during thehr transit or after their delivery, or shall in any way convert the same, or any part thereof, to his or her own use, to the value of fifty dollars or upwards, so that the right owner thereof shall sustain a loss thereby to the value or fifty dollars or up- wards, the person so offending, with intent as aforesaid, shall be guilty of a misde- meanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary thereof, and kept at hard labor, for a term not less than one year, nor more than four years. Sec. 4. That the ninth and tenth sections of the act entitled an act to prevent fraudulent practices, passed the 12th day of March, 1844, and the first section of an act entitled an act to amen 1 the act entitled aa act to prevent fraudulent practices, passed January 31st, 1846, be, and the same are hereby repealed. OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN NEW TORE. The following act to amend the act entitled M an act to provide for the incorporation c f insurance companies,” passed April 10th, 1849, was passed April 1, 1852, and is now in force : — Seo. 1. It shall and may be lawful, for any marine insurance company to be organ- ised pursuant to the provisions of the said act hereby amended, to establish and main- tain one or more agencies beyond the United States, for the transaction of its lawful business, upon such terms and conditions as the said company may prescribe. Seo. 2. in case any such agency or agencies shall be established in Asia or Europe, the statement required by the thirteenth section of the said act hereby amended, may be deferred for the Bpace of five months from and after the first day of January in each year, and when made, it shall refer to the first day of January then next pre- ceding. Seo. 3. This act shall take effect immediately. LAW OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN KENTUCKY, From a revised statute of the law of Kentucky we extract the following, with re- gard to weights and measures, which takes effect on the 1st of July next: — Seo. 6. The hundred* weight shall consist of 100 pounds avoirdupois, and 2,000 such pounds shall constitute a ton ; and all contracts hereafter shall be construed according- ly, unless the contrary be expressly stipulated. Sec. 7. Sixty pounds of wheat, fifty-six pounds of rye, fifty*six pounds of Indian corn, forty* eight pounds of barley, tbiriy three-and-a third pounds of oats, sixty pounds of potatoes, sixty pounds of beans, twenty pounds of bran, sixty pounds of clover- seed. forty-five pounds of timothy-seed, fifty-six pounds of flax-seed, forty four pounds of hemp-seed, nfty-two pounds of buckwheat, fourteen pounds of blue-graes-seed, fifty pounds of ooromeal, fifty -seven pounds of onions, and fifty-six pounds of salt shall constitute a bushel of such articles respectively. Digitized by v^.ooQle Railroad, Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. 241 RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS. MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. This road extends from Monroe to Laporte, a distance of 188 miles. The stock is principally owned, we believe, by eastern capitalists. The President of the company, Gbobge Bliss, Esq., resides in Springfield, Massachusetts. The managers of this company have issued a brief statement of the condition of that company and its busi- ness of last year. When it connects directly with Chicago, which will be during the spring, the traffic must be very largely increased. The earnings for the year 1861 were as follows : — January February March. April May June July August September October. November December. Mails for the year , Malls and Passengers. Freight. miscellanea. |1,820 81 $14,668 76 1,869 73 18,676 32 $595 25 2,810 99. 9,546 48 20 88 4,016 10 17,682 40 45 50 5,404 44 19,649 08 7 96 5,850 96 17,824 77 170 67 6,058 04 16,980 13 5,027 81 19,776 66 827 88 8,612 89 27,762 84 9,596 83 40,895 59 6,134 89 26,419 50 502 50 4,759 60 18,757 68 8,167 36 $60,462 09 $248,106 16 $9,887 88 $818,404 62 Recapitulation for 1861, as compared with 1850 1850. Passengers. $25,770 22 Passengers. Freight. Mails and miscellaneous. 109,268 81 4,604 94 $189,537 97 1351. $60,462 09 243,105 15 9,837 88 $313,404 G2 139,537 97 Increase about 125 per cent $173,866 65 The earnings for 1851 were upon a longer line than was open for use in 1850 — 26 miles of new road having been opened in March, and about 20 more in September, 1851. The expenses for repairs and operating and managing the road, including taxes and rents of the Erie and Kalamazoo Road for the year 1851, were $187,404 19. Earnings as above $313,404 62 Expenses 187,404 19 Net earnings $176,000 48 Two dividends of 7 per cent each, upon the amount of capital stock paid in, have been declared as follows : — 1st July, 1851, upon $712,600, being amount paid in upon stock at that date $49,882 00 2d January, 1852, upon $902,020. 68,141 40 $118,028 40 Total VOL. XXVII. — NO. II. Digitized by Google 242 Railroad, Canal, and Steamboat Statistics, The total amount expended in construction and for equipment to 1st January, 1852, was The indebtedness of the company at that date was as follows ; — 7 per cent mortgage bonds doe in 1860 — total amount issued Less amount unsold $1,000,000 94,000 Balance of debt due to the State of Michigan, payable $50,000 per annum, with interest at 6 per cent 8 per cent bonds due in 1853 All other indebtedness, after applying cash and available means on hand Capital stock subscribed $992,700 Less amount unpaid 90,500 Dde to income account for amount expended in construction $2,878,082 05 $906,000 00 200,000 00 31,614 00 187,068 79 902,200 00 151,199 26 Total $2,378,082 06 Mortgage bonds on hand, unsold 1st January $94,000 00 Amount payable on stock subscriptions at BAme date. 90,500 00 Total $184,500 00 The main line of the road is all built with a heavy rail, except about twenty milee at the eastern end, the iron for which is now at Dunkirk, and will be laid down early in the ensuing spring. The equipment of the road on the 1st January, 1852, consisted of twenty-five loco- motives, (including four purchased and delivered at Buffalo, which cannot reach Michi- gan until the opening of lake navigation,) sixteen passenger cars, four hundred and twenty-six freight cars, equal to cars of four wheels, and ninety-two repairing and lumber cars. The preceding statement is exclusive of the Northern Indiana Railroad, the ex- penditures upon which, up to 1st January, 1852, for all purposes of construction and equipment, had been $1,553,183 88. This road was opened for use to Laporte (187 miles from Lake Erie) in December last ; and from Michigan City to Chicago on the 20th inst A continuous line is thus formed by the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Roads from Lake Erie to Chicago, with the exception of thirteen miles be- tween Laporte and Michigan City, which is now supplied fcy a plank-road. It is ex- pected that the entire line will tie completed in April next, when the trains can pasa without interruption from Lake Erie to Chicago. Further expenditures will be required for completing the stations and depot accom- modations, and for covering advances by the company for their steamboat connections upon the Lakes. The work of construction upon the road will be substantially com- pleted previous to the issuing of the annual report in June next, by which time the cost of the work can be definitely ascertained. STATISTICS OF OCEAN STEAMSHIPS. 00LXJN8 LINE — CUNARD LINE — HAVRE LINE — BREMEN LINE — CALIFORNIA LINES : VANDER- BILTS— PACIFIC STEAMSHIP COMPANIES — MILLS* LINE, AO. In the Merchants Magazine for September, 1851, (vol. xxv., pages 377-379,) we published a comparative statement of the amount of duties paid on merchandise by the Cunard steamers arriving at New York and Boston, from their commencement to the year 1851 ; and in the number for November, 1851, same volume, Merchants Magazine , we gave a tabular detail shewing the value of, and the amount of duties paid on imports into the port of New York by the vessels belonging to the “Steam Navigation Company ” and the “ United States Mail Steamship Company,” since the establishment of these lines. In the Merchants Magazine for March, (vol. xxvl, pp- 379-381,) we gave the passages of the Cunard and Collins line from June, 1851, also the amount of specie taken to Liverpool on each voyage, and the passengers carried from port to port to the dose of the year 1851. Digitized by v^oosle 243 Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. The subjoined tables, furnished by the Courier and Enquirer , giro some additional particulars of the Collins and Cunard lines, and also of the Havre, Bremen, and Pacific steamers : — By the first table it will be seen that the shortest passage from New York to Liver- pool in 1851, by the Collins line, was performed by the Pacific, in May; time 9 days 20 hours : the longest (of the same line) was made by the Atlantic in October ; time 12 days 15 hours. The passages average 10 days 21 hours and 10 minutes, the year through. The largest amount of specie shipped on any occasion was $1,096,644, by the Baltic, in November last. The total amount of specie exported during the year by this line was $10,520,841. The Pacific took out 238 passengers in May, being the largest number hence during the year. Total number of passengers carried to Liver- pool from New York 2,129. The second statement shows the average passages of the return voyages from Liv- erpool during the year to have been 11 days 17 hours and 80 minutes. The Pacific brought out the largest number of passengers (192) in September. The total number brought by this fleet from Liverpool to New York in 1851, amounts to 2,027. The duties paid at the Custom-House for goods imported during the year amount to $2,122,637 56. By the third statement the Ounard steamers are shown to have performed twenty- three passages from New York to Liverpool, at an average speed of 11 days 4 boors and 13 minutes per trip; they carried over 2,012 passengers — the largest passenger list numbering 175, per the Africa, in April. The total amount of specie exported by these vessels was $16,726,675; the heaviest sum on freight per any voyage was $1,425,992, taken out by the Africa in December last The fourth table gives the passages of the Ounard steamers from Liverpool to this port, which averaged 12 days 15 hours and 7 minutes per trip. The Asia took out the largest passenger list in August numbering 168. Total passengers from Liver- pool to New York, per Cunard steamers, in 1851, 2,106. The duties paid count up to $2,829,001 31. The fifth and subsequent tables of similar character relate to other lines of steam navigation connected with the port of New York. STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF 8 AILING, NUMBER OF DATS PA88AGE, PASSING EES AND SPECIE, OF THE OOLL1NS LINE, OUT OF THE PORT OF NEW TORE, DURING THE TEAR 1851 . Passage. Date. Name. D. H. Passengers. Specie. January 8 Baltic 10 16 50 9484 “ 22 Pacific 11 18 84 208,680 February 5 Arctic. 11 5 80 125,000 5 Baltic 11 16 79 2,826 “ 19 Pacific- 10 20 60 817,940 April 2 Arctic 12 2 124 212,880 M 16 Baltic 12 4 197 160,000 May 10. Pacific 9 20 288 875,860 “ 24 Arctic 11 , . 144 425,880 June 7 Baltic 10 6 168 887,000 M 21 Parifift, .... 10 4 160 981,000 July 5 Arctic. 10 5 125 780jo00 “ 19 Baltic 10 4 70 620,000 August 6 Atlantic 10 . . 68 106,670 “ 16 Pacific 10 4 70 413,000 M 80 Baltic .... 10 2 68 557,970 September 18 .... Atlantic 10 14 65 288,400 “ 27 Pacific 10 2 88 611,857 October 11 Baltic 10 9 78 10,000 M 25 Atlantic 12 15 40 872,750 November 8 Pacific 11 . , 46 858,120 * 22 Baltic 11 10 59 1,096,644 December 6 Atlantic 11 11 83 887,500 * 20 Arctic 11 9 40 871,440 Total 261 04 2,129 $10,520,341 Average time, .. 10 2110 Digitized by v^.ooQle 244 Railroad, Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF ARRIVAL, NUMBER OF DATS PASSAGE, PA88ENGXRS AND AMOUNT OF DUTIES OF THE OOLLINB LINE INTO THE FORT OF NEW TORE, DURING THE TEAR 1851. Pwage. Date. Nine. D. H. Panen’B. A*t of duties. January 1 Baltic, via Provincetown. . . . 17 .. 106 $120,636 <0 “ 27 Arctic, via Halifax 16 .. 87 154,786 20 February 19 Baltic 11 21 81 185,846 90 44 19 Cambria, with Atlantic’s cario . . ,, , . 146,503 40 March 6 Pacific 12 2 22 162,402 76 44 28 Arctic 14 18 15 67,206 25 April 8 Baltic 12 8 26 78,769 96 44 19 Pacific 9 19 20 83,259 20 May 11 Arctic. 10 19 15 17,662 70 24 Baltic 10 7 87 16.977 96 JnnA 6 t... Pnrifip. , , , , 10 2 60 25,689 72 68,693 91 44 22 Arctic. 11 5 97 July 5 Baltic 9 22 94 119,119 45 44 21 Pacific 12 4 120 182,455 80 August 8 Atlantic 10 15 132 192,809 45 * 11 Arctic 11 6 36 128,466 15 44 18 Baltic 9 18 148 68,890 10 September 1 Atlantic 11 14 182 72.189 50 44 14 Pacific 10 17 192 58,780 15 44 28 Baltic 10 20 102 82,712 18 October 15 Atlantic 18 15 155 24,129 50 44 26 Pacific 11 .. 148 21,961 60 November 9 Baltic 10 19 92 17,765 25 44 28 Atlantic 10 14 60 15,810 85 December 7 Pacific 11 7 47 24,545 85 44 28 Baltic 13 5 61 90,186 20 Total Average time 293 8 11 17 80 2,027 $2,122,687 66 STATEMENT SHOWING TOE DAT OF SAILING, NUMBER OF DATS FA8SAGE, FA88ENGER8 AND SPECIE OF THE OUNARD LINE OUT OF THE PORT OF NEW TORE, DURING THE TEAR 1851. Date. Name. Passage. D. H. Passengers. Specie. January 1 Africa 10 14 51 1218,713 44 29 Asia 10 19 70 272,687 February 26 Africa. 10 11 79 211,179 March 26 Asia ... 10 8 102 706,600 April 28 Africa. 10 14 175 558,288 May 7 Asia 10 10 140 372,609 44 21 Europe 11 1 no 579,000 June 4 Africa ... 10 19 142 681,000 44 18 Asia 10 3 150 1,115,920 July 2 Niagara 11 3 91 950,328 44 16 Africa 10 9 94 1,101,548 44 30 Asia . . 11 1 ft>8 641,500 August 18 Niagara 11 2 69 415,000 * 27 Africa 10 13 71 857,888 September 10 ... . Asia ' 10 17 80 995,896 44 24 Niagara 12 17 55 535,000 October 8 Africa 10 13 88 500,000 44 22 Asia 10 17 61 880*000 November 5 Niagara 12 17 81 945,898 44 19 Canada 14 2 55 1,296,992 December 3 Africa 11 7 62 1,425,992 44 17.. ... , America , 11 14 80 1,120,000 44 81 Europe 18 10 53 847,494 Total ... 257 01 2,012 $16,726,676 Average time ... 114 18 Digitized by v^oosle Railroad , Canal , and Steamboat Statistics. 245 STATRMRMT SHOWING THE DAT OF ARRIVAL, NOMBKR OF DATS PASSAGE, PASSENGERS, AND AMOUNT OF DUTIES OF THE GUNARD LINE INTO THI PORT OF MEW TORE DURING THE TEAR 1851. Panage. Date. Name. D. U. Passengers. A*t of Doties. January 17 Asia 18 9 68 1262,248 90 February 16 Africa 14 9 118 827,648 85 March 14 Asia 12 20 91 157,119 15 April 10. Africa 11 21 104 128,369 26 44 28 Asia 10 17 79 107,686 80 May 8 Europa. 11 14 28 91,218 18 14 21 Africa 10 16 98 61,666 26 June 4 Asia 10 14 88 96,448 90 44 20 Niagara 12 17 68 156,606 45 July 2 Africa. 11 1 68 220,986 86 “ 16 Asia 10 28 115 174,926 70 August 1 Niagara 12 4 118 136,289 06 44 12 Africa 10 6 104 147,744 20 “ 28 Asia 12 6 178 145,693 66 September 11 .... Niagara 12 8 134 100,859 41 44 24 .... Africa. 10 19 144 89,080 45 October 10 Asia 12 16 124 66,326 60 “ 25 Niagara 18 21 109 40,296 60 November 9 Canada. 11 12 115 822 76 19 Africa 11 2 101 110,384 95 December 5 America 18 10 44 76,461 95 44 28 Europa, via Halifax. . . . 16 21 85 140,784 66 Total 267 40 2,100 $2,829,001 81 Average time 12 15 7 STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF SAILING, NUMBER OF DATS PA88AGB, PASSENGERS AMD SPECIE OF THE HAVRE LINE OUT OF NEW TORE, DURING THE TEAR 1861. Days. Name. Passage. D. H. Passengers. Specie. February 8 Franklin 12 10 49 $188,000 April 6 Franklin 18 , , 100 568,952 May 6 Humboldt 12 16 90 858,081 44 81 Franklin 11 6 140 968,680 June 28 Humboldt 12 10 101 872,126 July 26 Franklin 12 4 78 960,000 August 28 Humboldt 12 8 86 187,047 September 80 ... . Franklin 11 28 63 692,834 October 18 Humboldt 12 16 64 279,925 November 15 Franklin 12 20 45 559,846 December 18 Humboldt 18 9 25 570,000 Total .... 187 2 791 $6,704,891 Average passage 12 10 STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAY OF ARRIVAL, NUMBER OF DAYS PA88AGE, PASSENGERS AND AMOUNT OF DUTIES OF THE HAVRE LINE INTO PORT OF NEW YORE DURING THE YEAR ’61. Date. Name. Passage. D. H. Passengers. A*t of duties. January 16 Franklin 14 6 41 $311,878 60 March 22 Franklin ... 14 . . 88 129,586 90 May 19 Franklin 11 14 97 76,455 05 June 17 Humboldt 12 12 60 89,182 70 July 14 Franklin 11 5 102 329,079 80 August 12 Humboldt 12 18 79 129,998 80 September 8 ..... . Franklin 11 12 108 100,096 20 68,430 05 October 8 Humboldt 14 1 183 November 2 Franklin 10 15 186 61,975 65 December 5 Humboldt.. 14 15 65 73,956 90 Total . . . ... 127 2 864 $1,870,090 66 Average passage 12 16 Digitized by v^oosle 246 Railroad , Canal , and Steamboat Statistics. 8TATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF SAILING, NUMBER OF DATS PA8SAGX, PASSENGERS AND 8PECIE OF THE BREMEN LINE OUT OF THE PORT OF NEW TORE DURING THE TEAR 1851. Date. Name. Passage. D. H. Passengers. Bpeoie. February 22 Washington . . 50 $31,674 March 29 Hermann 15 . # 94 43,770 April 29 Washington 18 12 54 95,884 May 17 Hermann 14 12 85 47,120 Judo 14 Washington 12 12 104 265,684 July 12 Hermann.. 12 90 825,000 August 12 Washington 12 18 94 1,966 Septembers Hermann , , 28 861,640 October 18 Washington 14 . . 83 48,619 November 1 Hermann 17 .. 80 10,666 Total .... ... 143 18 662 $1,194,814 Average passage 9 STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF ARRIVAL, NUMBER OF DATS PASSAGE, PASSENGERS AND AMOUNT OF DUTIES OF THE BREMEN LINE INTO THE PORT OF NEW TORE DURING THE TEAR 1851. Date. Name. Passage. D. H. Passengers. AH of Duties. January 8 Washington 17 , . 45 $169,169 96 April 10, Washington 15 . . 81 55,980 35 9. Hermann 18 18 91 54,909 52 June 2 Washington 11 22 142 52, SOS 10 July 2 Hermann 13 12 124 188,506 86 “ 81 Washington 14 5 166 157,104 70 August 29 Herman 16 , # 192 86,691 95 September 23 .... Washington 12 20 186 40,640 95 October 28 Hermann ... 14 21 160 46,429 05 November 28. ... . Washington 18 14 141 23,698 90 December 28 Hermann.. 19 12 68 71,700 70 Total .... 152 4 1,891 $892,126 08 Average passage 18 20 STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF SAILING AND NUMBER OF PASSENGERS OF VANDER- BILT'S LINE, OUT OF THE PORT OF NEW TORE DURING THE TEAR 1851. Date. Name. Passengers. January 27 Prometheus February 29 Prometheus March 28 Prometheus April 28 Prometheus June 13 Prometheus August 15 Prometheus September 12 Prometheus October 7 Prometheus “ 22 Daniel Webster 400 November 8 Prometheus “ 22 Daniel Webster 867 December 6 Prometheus 216 “ 22 Daniel Webster Total number of passengers Digitized by v^ooole Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistia, 24 1 STATEMENT SHOWING TEE DAT OF ARRIVAL, NUMBER OF PASSENGERS AND SPECIE OF Vanderbilt’s line into the port of new tork durino the tear 1851. Date. Name. Passengers. Specie. January 21- • Prometheus March 24 Prometheus $7, 80S April 18 Pmmpfhpna r 246 May 19 . Prometheus 824 19,121 July 8 Prometheus 240 August 13 . Prometheus 178,572 September 5 . Prometheus 240 50,000 October 4 . Prometheus 466 123,081 November 6 . Prometheus 2,684 44 16 . Daniel Webster 117,848 December 1 . Prometheus 410 120,677 44 19 Daniel Webster 802 128,117 * 29 . Prometheus 68,000 Total $809,995 STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF SAILING AND NUMBER OF PA88ENGERS OF THE UNITED STATE8 AND PACIFIC MAIL 8TEANSUIP COMPANIES, OUT OF THE PORT OF NEW TORK DURING THE TEAR 1851. Date. Steamships. Pssacng’s. Date Steamships. Paaseng's. January 11. . Georgia. .... .. 160 July 28 Ohio 226 44 13.. Empire City . .. 87 August 11... Empire City. 75 * 20.. Crescent City .. 15 44 12... Georgia. 860 44 25.. Ohio. 112 44 26... Cherokee .. • . 80 44 27.. Falcon .. 86 44 28... Illinois 400 44 28.. Cherokee .... 170 September 11 Empire City. 184 February 11. Georgia 140 44 13 Ohio 616 41 18. Empire City.. 208 41 26 Georgia. 240 “ 26. Ohio 140 (4 27 Illinois 620 44 29. Crescent City 244 October 7 .. Cherokee .. . . 150 March 11 . . . Georgia .. 208 41 11 .. Empire City. . . . 850 “ 18... Empire City . .. 84 44 18 .. Ohio ... 603 * 26 . . . Ohio. .. 230 44 22 .. Philadelphia. 280 41 28 . . . Cherokee 805 44 25 .. Illinois 664 April 10 Empire City 117 44 25 .. Georgia. 200 41 11 Georgia-.. . . . 251 November 6 Cherokee .. . • 304 44 26 Ohio 240 44 10 Empire City. 210 44 29 El Dorado. . . 86 44 11 Ohio 672 May 12 Georgia. 108 44 22 Illinois 642 44 13 Empire City.. 236 44 24 Georgia. 800 44 26 Cherokee .. 82 December 1 Falcon 250 44 28 Crescent City. .. 210 44 6 Cherokee .. . . 268 June 11 Georgia 106 44 9 Empire City. 218 44 13 Empire City. 208 a 11 Ohio 875 fc 26 Cherokee .. . . 80 44 22 El Dorado .. . 270 44 28 Crescent City 287 44 26 Georgia. 610 July 11 T T r . Georgia _t ( t . . 178 44 12 Empire City. 250 Total. . . . ... 18,628 44 26 Cherokee .. . . 89 STATEMENT 8HOWING THE DAY OF ARRIVAL, NUMBER OF PASSENGERS AND 8PECIE*OF THE UNITED 8TATE8 AND PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANIES INTO THE PORT OF NEW TORE DURING THR TEAR 1851. Date. Steamships. Passengers. Sped*. January 6... Georgia... 640 $228,732 44 6... Crescent City. . . . 400 1,354,298 44 21... Cherokee- . . • • . . 250 861,387 44 24... Falcon. . . 325 14,484 February 7 . . Empire City 212 736,064 44 8.. Georgia-.. 851 105,098 44 18.. Crescent City. . . . 218 8,126 Digitized by v^oosle 248 Railroad^ Canal , and Steamboat Statistics. Date. Steamships. . Passengers. Spade. February 28 . . Cherokee 102 464,845 “ 28 . . Ohio 132 774,930 March 8 Empire City 169 689,646 M 8 . . Georgia 133 890,178 M 21 . . Crescent City 127 617,876 “ 22 . . Ohio 97 325,960 April 7 . . Empire City 261 988,890 “ 8 . . Georgia. r T .... 160 “ 12 .. El Dorado , , ’ 167 “ 20 .. Cherokee 169 403,119 “ 24 . . Ohio ... 200 575,299 May 5 . . Georgia. 224 1,269,426 44 8 . . Crescent City. r T .... 20 44 17 . . El Dorado .. . 177 « 21 . . Ohio . . 229 1,000,683 June 8 . . Empire City T , 282 1,151,210 44 5 Georgia. T 179 “ 19 . . Crescent City 527 490,700 “ 21 .. Cherokee T. 105 July 6 . . Empire City. .!.. 875 1,124,823 “ 6 . . Georgia. r 200 44 20 . . Crescent City ...” 146 1,004,987 44 21 . . Cherokee. r 200 August 7 .. Empire City 836 1,400,666 44 7 . . * Georgia. .... 280 44 21 . . Cherokee 151 1,640,689 September 6 . . Empire City. . . . .... 150 “ 7 . , Georgia 414 1,497,176 44 20 .. Illinois .... 419 1,828,288 44 22 . . Cherokee t .... 198 October 7 . . Ohio .... 508 1,435,711 “ 7 .. Empire City 150 101,107 44 18 .. Illinois .... 874 1,567,858 44 28 . . Georgia. .... 120 NoTember 2 . . Cherokee t .... 429 1,119,168 44 4 .. Empire City. tT. .... 87 “ .. Ohio .... 180 80,060 44 19 . . Georgia. .... 400 1,439,650 44 26 . . Falcon .... 61 44 29 .. Cherokee .... 209 1,692,004 December 6 .. Empire City .... 62 1,088 M 7 Ohio 112 16,175 14 21 . . Georgia. 390 1,446,000 Total $28,827,653 STATEMENT SHOWING THE DAT OF SAILING AND NUMBER OF FA88KNGRR8 OF MILLS’ LINE OUT OF THE FORT OF NEW TORE DURING THX TEAR 1851. Date. Steamships. Passengers. March 19 Brother Jonathan 176 May 26 Brother Jonathan 169 June 26 Brother Jonathan 231 July 28 Brother Jonathan 190 August 28 Brother Jonathan 273 September 17 Brother Jonathan 411 November l Brother Jonathan .... 410 December 1 Brother Jonathan 412 “ 29 Independence .... 359 Total passengers. , 2,660 Digitized by Google Railroad, Oanal) and Steamboat Statistic*. 240 BTAnBfXHT SHOWING TBS DAT OF ARRIVAL AND NUMBER OF PASSENGERS OF MILLS’ LOT, OUT OF THE FORT OF NEW TORE, DURING THE YEAR 1851. Date. Name. Paasengen. Specie. May IS . Brother J onathan 141 $2,000 June 20 . Brother Jonathan 806 64,000 July 17 . Brother Jonathan 238 2,750 August 80 . Brother Jonathan 400 September 23 . Brother Jonathan 248 October 28 . Brother J onathan 127 813 November 28 . Brother Jonathan 300 14,575 Total 1,760 $74,189 EFFECT OF RAILROADS OR COMMERCIAL CITIES. Mr. Poor, of the American Railroad Journal , in a brief editorial, gives a most striking as well as correct illustration of the effect of railroads in enlarging the eircle of business of cities, as follows j— The city of New York is now accessible from every part of New England (with the exception of the eastern part of Maine) and the State of New York, by one day’s journey on railroads. A traveler may leave Waterville, Me., which is 480 miles dis- tant from New York ; Montreal, Canada, which is 400 ; and Dunkirk and Buffalo, which are about 470, in the morning, and reach this city the same evening by con- tinuous lines of railroad, at an average charge of two cents per mile. Light articles of freight, newspapers, etc., are forwarded to, and received from the same points with equal dispatch ; so that the six millions of people residing within the States named, are within one day’s time of this city. And in the evening, the most remote parts of it are, in the ordinary course of the mail, put into possession of our morning news ; and, on the other hand, our shops and the stands in our markets display the delicacies and dainties which the morning light shone upon some 400 miles distant. The whole countiy within this distance, by means of railroads, is made the market garden of the city, and every inhabitant is brought into as intimate relation to it, as was the person who lived within 80 miles a few years since. A trip of a day is now sufficient to bring nearly every inhabitant of New York and New England to this city, and who may, if they choose, return home the next. ^ These facts will serve to show the influence that railroads are exerting, in the fa- cilities they give in the movement of persons and property. To a city they increase the area of country tributary to it in a much a greater ratio than the length of their lines. To give a clearer idea, we will briefly illustrate this proposition. We will as- sume that the speed of the ordinary loaded team on common roads is 2| miles per hour, for 12 hours, which will give 80 mileB as the extent of a day’s travel, and 60 miles as the diameter of the circle from which a city without railroads could draw its daily supplies of food, etc. This would give an area of country of not far from 2,700 square miles. The freight train on a railroad moves at an average rate of 12 miles an hour, or 288 miles in 24 hours. The circle within daily reach of a city by freight trains on railroads would be 576 miles, embracing an area of 124,416 square miles, or more than 46 times greater than the circle within reach of the same point by the ordinary wagon 1 By the use of railroads, therefore, a city increases its capacity for business, as well as its supplies of food, and all the articles used in the economy of life, 4,600 per cent 1 It will be found upon calculation that the difference in cost of the two modes of carriage supposed, is in about the same ratio as the above distances. The above statements are a most striking, as well as correct illustration, of the value of railroads, and demonstrate most clearly their importance in increasing the business of commercial, or trading points, and proves how necessary they are to farm- ing communities, in creating a value for their products, in opening a market for them. They explain the rapid growth of cities, that are the termini of a large number of railroads, and the rapid appreciation in the value of the country they traverse. With an ordinary road, a fanner living sixty miles from a city may be without a market for many of his most important articles of produce from the cost of transportation, while another living upon a railroad but 400 miles from the same point, finds a ready sale for all he can raise at remunerating rates. Digitized by v^oosle STATISTICS OF LOCOMOTIVES Off THE PEffffSYLVAfflA RAILROAD. 250 Railroad, Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. •JtOtOOOiOtOOOOOOOOOOiO© •Rf- t-t0t0©4t^©©©t0©0©©i0t-© •s n « oo « n oo <» » « « «» « oo. « ©4 o> ►C to X 00 x“ © tO nr" "<*" Hf" x" r# h* -^T o' o 00 •OOOtOOiaiOiO •K}t'ONOl»f,P» • IT^ 04 X ©4^ X CO co o» ;oooV‘ ■+ «r v ©~ | fl C8 ^ ^ .♦f-f*'**^*-*. 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C» q. a* X It o IT^ CO 04 to V* ph" co" r* co" ©i pH ©f x" XT^ X o" V. if * JjSooococococococoocococococococoooco o C COOOot. o ** * 10 CO CO Z u -a •00009000 •xxxxxxxx .OOOSOOOOOOO ^i2i2''**0k00u3*^“3'<* «®OOOOOOa)OOOOMlXlQO SHhHHHHHp«HH § CT^oT « o-©*« ,0 ®“oT® • •t-rcooco‘“cocoof©4 ©4 ©4 pH ©4 ©4 PH pH • • pH r-1 pH pH pH 04 JI‘|fs-3-3££sstj i U££i$$ii S^OaicQ^t-aaQCDPO * * O O O 53 O O »-o 53 d ? si bo $g | : » s ◄ ◄ ppi « o o o o o o S o w w ^ W W W £ • « 2 bbB g <* ® S s g>g .ssgeja Sjlrfl OOOOao TP H< © © ^ o oo ao oo oo op oo rH co" ®T *o co“ xr*~ ph ©4 ©4 cLhJ h ► J fv. <3 <3 53 <3 aJ Q « J£ § fl 12 ss H 8 8 If 22 PH pH il. £ £ 'll §§ ► ► Digitized by Google Formerly the Porter— Rebuilt this jeer, 1851. Engines marked (a) were built by M. W. Baldwin* the remainder by Norris Sc, Brother. 251 Railroad , Canal , and Steamboat Statistics . TOLLS OH JAMES RIVER A5D KANAWHA CANAL. TARIFF OP TOLLS PER TON OF 2,000 LBS. PEE MILK, TO BE CHARGED ON THB JAMBS SITES AND KANAWHA CANAL, ADOPTED THE 6TH DAT OF PEBEUARY, 1862, TO GO INTO OPERA- TION ON THE FIRST DAT OF MARCH, 1862. ARTICLES AT 4 CENTS PER TON PER MILE. a Anvils, ale, beer, bellows, books, burr-blocks, butte* candles, carpenters’ work, car- riages, crackers, cheese, Chinaware, confectionary, copper, coppers* cordage, cotton, cotton yarn And cotton bagging, cutlery, drugs, dry goods, dyestuffs, eggs, fancy arti- cles, furniture, (household,) furs and peltry, fruits, foreign articles not otherwise desig- nated, glass and glassware, hair, (curled,) hardware, hats, caps, Ao, hides and skins , (dry,) honey, hops and herbs, joiners’ work, leather, lemons, licorice, liquors, machine- ry, mechanics’ tools, metals not otherwise designated, millstones, oil of all kinds, oranges, oysters not in the shell, paints, paper, pink-root, porter, poultry, powder, put- ty, raisins, rice, saddlery, saltpeter, stationery, seed of all kinds not otherwise desig- nated, cigars, steam-engines, steel, spices, spirits turpentine, shoes and boots, snuffy sulphur, tallow, teas, tin and tinware, venison, vices, wrapping paper, wood ware, sine. ARTICLES AT 3| CENTS PER TON PER MILE. Bacon, beef, (salted and fresh,) coffee, groceries not otherwise designated, hempen yarns, lard mutton, pork, (salted and fresh,) sugar, wooL ARTICLES AT 8 CENTS PER TON PER MILE. Beeswax, cider, earthen and queensware, hemp, mahogany, moss, nails and spikes , soap, tobacco of all kinds, vinegar. ARTICLES AT 2} CENTS PER TON PER MILE. Agricultural products not otherwise designated, ashes, (pot and pearl.) apples and other dried fruits, chalk, feathers, fish, (salted and fresh,) ginseng and other roots, log- wood, molasses, snake-root ARTICLES AT 2 CENTS PER TON PER MILE. Agricultural implements, barley, beans, buckwheat and buckwheat flour, castings, (iron,) flax and flaxseed, flour, grindstones, hides, (green,) iron, (bar and railroad,) lead, (bar and pig,) marble, (dressed,) peas, pitch, potters’ and stoneware, rosin, rye, stone, (dressed,) shot and shells, (cast iron,) shot, (lead,) tar, tobacco, (stems and scraps,) tur- pentine, wheat ARTICLES AT li CENTS PER TON PER MILE. Apples and other green fruits, bark, (ground and unground,) barrels, casks, and boxes, (empty,) bloom- iron, caps, sills and dressed timber, salt ARTICLES AT 1 CENT PER TON PER MILE. Bran and other mill offal, charcoal, coal tar, coal and coke passing down the canal, corn and cornmeal, fruit trees and other shrubbery, hay, fodder, shucks, straw, find that the gems of a new and, above all others, an important branch of manufacturing industry were springing into existence. I have no returns of the state of our manufacturing industry at that period, but the writings of one of our earliest and most intelligent spinners, to whom this country is indebted for many im- provements in machinery — Mr. John Kennedy — informs us that the spinning of cotton yarn antecedent to the year 1798 was of an exceedingly limited description. That gentleman, in his account of the rise aud progress of the cotton trade, states that the band-loom, as a machine, remained stationary for a great number of years, without any attempt at improvements until 1760, when Mr. John Kay, of Bolton, first intro- duced the fly -shuttle, and that the spinning of cotton yarn from that period and for many years previous, was almost entirely performed by the family or the manufac- turer, at his own house. This united and simple process went on till it was found ne- cessary to divide their labors, and to separate the weaving from the spinning, and that Sain, from the carding and other preparatory processes. This division of labor, a* r. Kennedy truly says, led to improvements in the carding and spinning "by first in- troducing simple improvements in the hand instruments with wnich they performed these operations, till at length, they arrived at a machine which, though rude and ill-con- etructed, enabled them considerably to increase their produce.” Thus it was that im- provements and the division of labor first led to the factory system, and that splendid and extensive process which at the present moment, and for many years to come, will affect the destinies of nations. From 1760 to 1770, when Mr. Hargreaves, of Blackburn, first introduced his spinning jenny (by means of which a young person could work from ten to twenty spindles instead of one,) there was little or no change ; but a very material alteration took place shortly after the introduction of these improvement*, which were immediately followed by Mr. Arkwright's machinery for carding and roving. These, accompanied by the introduction of Mr. Orompton's mule, in 1780, may be justly considered to constitute the origin of the factory system, which has now grown to such colossal dimensions, as to render it one of the most important and most exten- sive systems of manufacture ever known in the history of ancient or modern times. M Mr. Arkwright built his first mill at Cromford, in Derbyshire — (again quote from Mr. Kennedy) — in 1771. It was driven by water; but it was not till 1790, or some thne after, when the steam-engine of Watt came into use, that the cotton trade advanced at such an accelerated speed os to render its increase and present magnitude almost beyond conception. This immense extension is not only a subject of deep interest to the philosopher and statesman, but one which is likely to furnish a large field of obser- vation for the future historian of his country. I will not trouble you with the statis- tics of the cotton trade, as it now exists, but simply observe — as many of you are doubtless better informed on this subject than myself — that I am within the mark when I state that not less than 31,600 bales of cotton are consumed weekly in the two kingdoms, England and Scotland ; that nearly 91,000,000 spindles are almost con- stantly in motion, spinning upwards of 106,000.000 hanks, or 60,000,000 miles of yarn per day — in length sufficient to circumscribe the globe 2,000 times. Out of this im- mense production, about 181,000,000 yards of yarn are exported; the remainder I* converted into cloth, lace, and other textile fabrics. This marvelous increase, this im- mense extent of production, could not be effected without considerable changes in tbe prospects of the moral, as well as the physical, condition of society. It has entirely changed the position of the resident population of the district, and the secluded valleys, farm-houses, and neat cottages — the beauties of Lancashire landscape of the last gen- eration— are rapidly giving way to the conversion of villages into populous town*, VOL. XXVII. — NO. II. 17 Digitized by Google 268 Journal of Mining and Manufacture*. with innumerable erections, which resound with the busy hum of the spindle and the shuttle. Along with these changes we see a new generation springing into existence, factories, steam-engines, and tall chimneys rising in every direction, and the noise and •moke which meet the eye and the ear of the stranger at every step, give evidence of the activity and prosperity of the industrious hive, which at some future time in Eng- lish history will announce to succeeding generations the inventions and discoveries of the nineteenth century. In this attempt to place before you a short account of the use and progress of our national industry, I must not forget that yarn, however finely and dexterously spun, is not cloth ; ana here we enter upon another and equally ingenious process The yam must be woven before it is fit for use ; and we shall find weaving one of the most in- teresting as well as elaborate operations of the useful arts. I need not inform you the ancient Hindoos, Egyptians, ana probably the early Chinese, converted their yarn into cloth. The Indian and Oriental department of the Oreat Exhibition exhibited the mode and primitive character of their looms and other implements, which have been handed down from generation to generation from the earliest periods, without change or improvement, till the present day. Looms of this rude construction were introduced into Europe during the first glimpses of civilization, and for many centuries even the most advanced nations were content to use the same instruments, almost without improvement, until the introduction of the flying shuttle, and the sub- sequent invention of Hall and Arkwright opened a new and untrodden field for im provements in every department of art and manufacture. Power- looms at that period were unknown, and although attempts were made by Mr. Cartwright, as early as 1774, to convert the hand-loom into a machine to be moved by power, it was not until the beginning of the present century that the power-loom assumed its present form, and presented that intelligence of structure which rendered it self-acting, and enabled it to compete with the hand-loom weaver. From that time (about 1810 or 1812,) we may date the commencement of that increase to which that important branch of oar manufacture was extended. The improvements introduced by Mr. Bennett Woodcraft and others, for weaving twills and similar fabrics, created new expedients and appli- cations, and greatly increased the demand for this description of manufactures; whilst the inventions of Jacquard for weaving figured cloth, startled every one with their extreme ingenuity and beauty, and accomplished the perfection of machinery for the production of textile fabrics. The increase and extent of cloth manufactured from power-looms may be estimated from official returns kindly furnished me by Mr. Leonard Horner. There are now at work in the United Kingdom above 260,000 power-looms. Now, as each loom will, upon the average, produce from five to six pieces of doth per week, each 28 yards long, say 25 yards a day per loom, we nave 250,000, which, multiplied by 25, gives 6,250,000 yards or 8,551 English mile# of cloth per day ; the distance between Liverpool and New York. Only think of the importance ana extent of a manufacture that employs upwards of 12,000 hands in weaving alone, supplying from that source (the power-loom) an annual produce of cloth tnat would extena over a surface, in a direct line, of upwards ot 1,000,000 miles. But although much has been done, much has yet to be accomplished before the supply equals the demand. It must appear obvious to those who have studied and watched the unwearied invention and continued advancement which have signalized the exertions of our engineering and mechanical industry. But neither difficulties nor dangers, however formidable, can stand against the indomitable spirit, skill, or per- severance of the English Engineer ; nor will it be denied that the ingenuity and never- fading resources of our mechanical population are not only the sinews of our manufac- ture, railways, and steamboats, but the pride and glory of our own conntry. It is for this important class that I have ventured to address you, and I trust that the time is not far distant when we shall witness establishments suitable for their education ; such as will teach them to reason and to think, and to impart that knowledge essen- tial to a more correct acquaintance with physical truth, and a clearer conception of the varied manipulation of those arts in which consist the true interests of the country. THE LEAD MINES OF ARKANSAS. , To Freeman Hunt, Esq., Editor of the Merchant d Magazine, etc . : — The object of the present paper is to give an account of the argentiferous lead mines of Arkansas, and the reasons for believiog them to be worthy of attention. These Digitized by v^oosle 2*0 Journal of Mining and Manufacturu. have excited considerable attention for several years past; and various, and somewhat contradictory statements and reports, have been made, from time to time, concerning them. The consequence is, tjiat the public mind has become quite skeptical as to their character for productiveness, if not of their very existence. The writer has spent much time in investigating them, and watching their developments, as far as it has proceeded, during the past two years; and in comparing them with other mines of a similar character elsewhere, which have been longer worked, and whose character for productiveness has been established beyond a doubt, the result is a thorough conviction that they do not fall behind those of any other part of our country in any of the essential characteristics which indicate an abundance of mineral. When any tract of country is first discovered to contain mineral, it is always the first inquiry, both of practical miners and scientific men, what is the mode of its ex- istence,— that is, whether it exists in regularly formed veins or lodes, or in disconnected, isolated patches. As soon as it is ascertained that there is a regular system of veins or lodes, especially if they run nearly east and west, no one, who is either practically or scien- tifically acquainted with mining, has any doubt of their capacity for productiveness, whenever they are judiciously and energetically worked. There is a correspondence running throughout all the works of nature, that when certain characteristics are found, others are sure to follow, as day and night, seed- time and harvest. The farmer, in judging of the capabilities of a certain soil, does not ask to see a crop growing upon it before he will believe it capable of producing one. When he sees what he knows to be the essential characteristics of a good soil, he knows, without further evidence, that if he uses the proper degree of industry, with a genial season, the labor of his hands is sure to be rewarded. The Creator has made the world for man — its mineral a9 well as its agricultural re- sources ; and He has not placed the indications of mineral wealth before us to mock our curiosity, or to entice us into ruinous enterprises, but as guides or indexes to point us to the places of their deposit. The principal difficulties that have hitherto attended mining operations in our country, have been from the want of sufficient capital, and of that steady and patient perseverance which i9 requisite, in every kind of business, to insure success. There are few examples in our country, as yet, where men have engaged in mining with the persevering energy that we witness m every other pursuit They are too much, or too little excited — too hot, or too cold ; they have the most extravagant expectations of immediate wealth, or else they are totally faithless of any success in mininsr en- ter prUes. Now, it is not reasonable, nor is it good sense, for one to expect that he is going to make hi9 fortune in a day at mining, or in a month, or a year. But it is reasonable and according to the dictates of good sense and sound judgment, to expect that where the essential characteristics of a good mineral region exist, the patient and persever- ing prosecution of mining operations, guided by the aids which experience and science afford, will as certainly be productive of a satisfactory reward, as that of the farmer, the mechanic, or the manufacturer. Nor is this all. In large operations like mining, which require much capital, as well as a rare kind of scientific and practical skill, the business is not over-done, like those pursuits which are within the reach of the generality of mankind ; consequently the profits are usually much greater. This is proved by the most abundant and reliable documents from all the principal raining countries on the globe. One of the principal sources of the overgrown wealth of England has been her mines. Whatever may be said of the fate of their operatives, their employers have grown rich almost beyond example. Mexico and South America have filled the world with silver ; and yet their ores are, on an average, no richer than those of Arkansas. The only doubt is as to the quantity. But those who have seen both the Mexican and Arkansas mines, declare that the surface signs of the latter are as promising as those of the former, but the Mexicans are down from 1,000 to 1,800 feet, while we are scarcely down 100. The English obtain their lead principally from 300 to 600 feet deep. They scarcely expect to find more than enough to guide them in their course for the first 200 feet. The same is true of their copper and tin mines; the principal part of these ores are obtained from 1,500 to 1,800 feet below the surface. Disastrous failures have sometimes occurred in mining, yet what business is there where they have not f But when we come to inquire into the causes of them, we 4* Digitized by v^oosle MO Journal of Miming and Manufacture. •hall find them to be the same that they are in every other kind of bonnes*. Some- times a failure is owing to the want of a proper knowledge of the business, and some- times to a lack of energy and skill in its prosecution, or more likely to both of them combined. Another cause of failure in mining is the incompetency, or the entrust- worthiness of the Superintendent ; but the most common of all, and the one most to be dreaded, is the practice of gambling. When failures occur in mining, they are almost always attributable to some one, or all of the above causes, though the im- pression generaUy is that they are the result of some inherent difficulty or uncertainty m the business itself. But the truth is that there is no inherent uncertainty about it ; when it is conducted with skill and energy, and persevering industry, it is certain to reward the outlay of labor and capital as any otner business is. The difficulty, when there is any, is almost always in the ignorance, or bad management, or wickedness of the men engaged in it b. LAWRENCE, a-iogisu THE IRON TRADE OF ENGLAHD. At a meeting of the Society of Art in London, Mr. Blackwell delivered a lecture on the Iron Makiog Resources of the United Kingdom. The following extract of Mr. Blackwell's Lecture, which we copy from a late London Journal, will interest a portion of the readers of the Merchant s* Magazine . In opening his lecture Mr. Blackwell alluded to the Exhibition building itself as one, the conception and construction of which illustrated in the most striking degree the extensive iron-making resources of the country. In glancing at the rise and progress of the iron manufactures of the country, the oourse pursued was to divide its history into two epochs, the first extending from the earliest historical notice existing to the period of the first introduction of fuel as an article u-ed in smelting ; and the second, bringing down its history to the present time. Many of the more extensive workings now known were, in all probability, known in the earliest periods ; and it appeared certain that the mineral fields recently discovered in the county of Northampton were known and worked by the Romans. The quantity of iroo manufactured in this country had proceeded rapidly in extent since 1*740, until in the last year the quantity manufactured was not less than 2,600,000 tons, and the total value of all descriptions of goods was not less than £10,424,000. The great increase in this branch of industry was mainly to be attributed to the ■ear proximity of the fuel with the ore, an advantage possessed to so great an extent by no other country, not even by the United States. The sources of supply were obtained from the two divisions, the argillaceous and carbonaceous iron stone, and the ore was found in part composed of, or combined with, in greater or less proportions, the oxides of iron, alumina, silica, manganese, magnesia, soda, potash, crystals of nickel and znee, copper, and lead. Among recent improvements in the manufacture of iroo, the most important were undoubtedly the discovery of the hot blast, and the applica- tion of the waste gases of the furnaces. Having described the varied localities where the mineral was found, it was stated that the entire area of the formations in which iron ore could be found was about 6000 square miles ; but that, notwithstanding the immense quantities that were annually raised, there appeared to be every reason for believing that the iron-making coal fields of the country were not even approaching to exhaustion. Most important and valuable discoveries of extensive deposits had within the last few years been made in the north of England, at Middlesborough, which oould be worked with the greatest economy ; and also an extensive district in Northamptonshire, in the immediate neighbourhood of the route of the Northampton and Peterborough Railway. Ireland contained several extensive deposits of ore, but at present no iron manufactures were carried on in that country. The results of the varied improvements in the manufacture, although strongly opposed at first, and the removal of protective duties upon iroo, had effected a most extraordinary reduction in the price, and one equally extraordinary in its consumption. The Museum of Practical Geology, recently established, was calculated to produce a vast amount of good by the diffosion of instruction upon subjects connected with mining and metal- lurgy. The number of hands employed in all branches of the iron manufacture was not less than 600,000. They were generally well paid, and, though hitherto com- pletely neglected, were now rapidly rising to a position of equality with that of any other portion of the laboring population of the United Kingdom. It is impossible, said the lecturer, after completing an interesting survey of our iron-making resources, Digitized by Google Journal of Mining and Manufactures. 261 not to be struck with the vast and almost inexhaustible supplies of iron which we possess, and with the wonderful fact that the extraordinary demand which railway and other requirements have produced, should have lead not to an increased price, but to the constant discovery of new and cheaper sources of supply. In this respect the iron trade illustrates most strikingly what appears to be a general law — that the natural resources of the world are invariably developed at the times when the pro- gress of society most requires them, and when that progress is already such as to enable us to avail ourselves to the greatest advantjge of new discoveries. Thus with the iron manufacture. At first the stores of fuel which our forests contained, and the iron ores which cropped out at the surface of tho ground were amply sufficient for our purposes. Then came the knowledge of the power of smelting with coal ; and with this knowledge, the steam-engine placed in our hands the vast stores of mineral fuel of our coal fields. Tho modem system of railways next produced a demand for iron of an unprecedented character ; and simultaneously with this demand occurred the introduction of the hot blast and the use of the black bands in Scotland. The more intimate connection of the old and the new world by means of transatlantic steamers is followed by the discovery of Californian and Australian gold ; giving to the com- mercial and civilised world at large an activity and a movement such as it has never before witnessed — causing streams of population to flow in unprecedented numbers from the older countries of Europe to comparatively new regions, and bidding fair to make the vast and magnificent countries of Central America and Australia the seats of great and important empires. And these populations, not isolated as the colonists of old — not struggling with long periods of poverty and slow growth, but springing up rapidly into flourishing communities — all take with them into their new homes the social wants and requirements of the older countries which they have left. Iron steamers will be required to continue their connection with those countries, and to carry on the extensive Commerce they will originate.; new lines of railroad will be necessitated, not from towns to towns, but from state to state, and even from ocean to ocean. And not only in America are these mighty movements at work, but else- where also. In India, with its 150,000,000 of population, railroads must be laid down ; the government of that country cannot be held without them ; its natural resources cannot be developed without them ; the rapidly extending requirements of our cotton manufacture will necessitate them ; and every mile of railway that is laid down will lead to the demand for ever-increasing quantities of iron. And even in our own country the sanitary measures to which such attention is now being directed, will require an extremely large and increasing supply of iron, both for an abundant supply of water to the dense population of our manufacturing districts, and also for purposes of building, which the rapidly increasing prosperity of our working classes will no longer permit to be overlooked as in the past If the increase during the lost twenty-five years has been so great — from 600,000 tons to 2,500,000 — there is every reason to expect an equal increase during the next twenty-five years, as the general requirements of society must develop themselves in an equal, if not in an accelerating ratio. And now, to supply these requirements another great source of iron is disclosed to us ; to the argillaceous and black band ironstones of our coal fields, and the txsmatites of our carboniferous limestones, are added the oolitic ores, with the rich per centage of iron they contain, and the low cost at which they can be raised, and their exhaustless supplies. Can this constant progression of means — this develop- ment of one resource after aoother — as society requires it, be other than a wise aud most beneficent arrangement, which has for its purpose the advancement of society to an even higher and higher point, and the attainment of that amity among all the nations of the earth which must ultimately prevail. Nor does it appear a less wise and beneficent arrangement that these stores of mineral wealth, so needful for the world’s progress, should exist in climates temperate as our own, which has produced the strong and vigorous Anglo-Saxou race, to whom work is less a toil than a passion, and amongst whom there are so many who do not shrink to devote even their entire lives to the development and extension of some great enterprise. But if to the Anglo- Saxon race has been giveu so large a proportion of the mineral riches of the world, it must not be forgotteu that equal to the power thus committed to their care is the responsibility thereto attached, and they must of necessity be the guiders and the promoters of the advancing civilization of the present ; seeing that the very basis of that civilization is to be found in the increased and increasing power to adapt to the requirements of society the great physical resources of the world, and that the science and the skill of the present day would be comparatively powerless but for the stores of iron and ooal by which that science and that skill can be rendered available. Digitized by Google 262 Mercantile Miscellanies. The steam-engine, the railroad, and the telegraph, the characteristic features of the present day, are indeed preparing a quiet revolution for the world. Breaking down class interests, and substituting universal interests in their place, they are fast uniting in one bond of unity the entire human race, and are leading rapidly, to use the words of His Royal Highness Prince Albert, “ to the accomplishment of that end to which indeed all history points, the realization of the unity of mankind/’ For ourselves it should not be sufficient that in the hands of a higher power than our own we are unconsciously working out the designs of Providence, but we should strive to discern the coming changes which are arising around us, that thus conscious w hereunto our work is tending, we may be enabled to place ourselves in harmony therewith. That we have earnest workers amongst us, men working with noble aims, with no party, or merely national spirit, but in the great cause of humanity itself, the Exhibition of 1851 has clearly shown. May its promoters long be remembered with honor, and may the important benefits which it already appears to have conferred upon all our principal trades, be productive of the results for which its promoters so nobly worked. MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. COMMERCIAL DIRECTORIES. One of the first effects of Trade and Commerce upon society is to collect large n ambers of mankind within small districts of country ; in other words, it causes large cities, with all their bustle and activity, and crowded streets and dwellings, rapidly to to spring into existence. The necessity of a guide, or directory, to the place of busi- ness or residence of each individual is thus early felt. The first directory of New York was published more than fifty years ago. It was a small two-by-three-incb book, with a paper cover, and contained a few hundred names only. Since that pe- riod, the population has doubled itself several times, and the New York Directory has become a volume of several hundred pages, and contains about one hundred thousand names. The directory of Messrs. Wilson & TVow* for the city of New York, which has lately been published, consists of seven hundred and thirty-one pages. It was compiled during the month of May, or in the twenty-six working days which succeeded May 1st, and printed and bound. It is in advance of former years by nearly three weeks. But this unusual enterprise was doubtless greatly stimulated by competition. The fact that Wilson and Trow were the competitors gave immense impetus to their efforts - The work which is first out, and which is the most accurate, full, and complete, is in- variably the successful one. This year both publishers issued their works on or about the same day. But the work of Wilsou A Trow contains twenty-five thousand names more than any former directory, while the rival directory contains a few thousand less names than some of the previous directories. It is this fact whieb has given to the feat of these publish- ers its eclat We have examined some parts of this work with considerable care. The number of lines of names on each page is 180. If we suppose each line to contain a name, then this work contains 122,000 names. Bnt each line does not in all cases contain n name. The aim is to state in each the name of the individual, his place of busineee, and his family residence. Of course, in many cases these statements are too long to come within die compass of a line. There will average on each page from fifteen to thirty • Wilson It Trow *s New York City Directory, 8von pp. 673. Appendix, 8von pp. 44. WUsoaV Street and Arenas Directory, 8vo., pp. 14. New York : John F. Trow. Digitized by v^ooole Mercantile Miscellanies. 263 instances of this kind. If we suppose the number fior each page to be twenty, sod deduct accordingly from the volume, it will be found to contain 108,500 names. The population of the city somewhat exceeds 500,000. This work, therefore, con- tains about one name out of five of the whole population. Six persons are generally considered as the average for families at large. In localities it may vary somewhat* Females and children, and young persons not in business, and transitory individuals, compose that portion of the population whose names are not found in a directory. It is just, therefore, to conclude that the canvass for names on this work must have been very faithfully and thoroughly done. That it has not been so done in former years, is now manifest by the larger number of names which this directory contains over every other. It would not be possible to estimate the names of mercantile firms, nor be worth the labor. The favorite name of Smith occupies eight pages, and Smith, John, nearly a page of double columns, while Michael, Patrick, James, Philip, Thomas, and Wil- liam Smith, each occupy a large portion of a column. There is Stevens and Stevenson, Stephens and Stephenson, Stephan and Stephani, and Stevins and Stephen, which are an example of the variations of an original word. The Mcs are an immense family of prefixes. They occupy twenty-three pages of the volume. McCarthy and McCarty are the most numerous branch, although they are run hard by the McGraths, McGuires, McGowans, McDonnells, and McCormicks. We have examined this work for correctness, within the range of our observation, and find it very accurate and reliable. It is printed in a very handsome style, and is perhaps the most tasteful and finished directory in its appearance that was ever issued in the city of New York, as it is in the completeness, fullness, and accuracy of its contents. MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION OF BOSTON, The thirty-second annual report of this association exhibits its affairs in a most prosperous and flourishing condition. Its means of usefulness have been progressive, and its future prospects arc regarded at this time as more brilliant than at any former period of its foundation. The additions made to the library during the year just closed, by purchase, have been 2,285 ; by donation, 161, and by binding of magazines and reviews, received and paid for during the year, 67 — in all, 2,513, which, added to the number of volumes on the catalogue, per annual report of the previous year, (8,938,) makes the present number of volumes in the library of the association 11,451. The expenditures for hooks, magazines and reviews, and binding during the year, amounted to $2,294 23, being an increase over the amount expended during the pre- vious year for the same purposes of $986 86. The following table shows the increase of the members of the institution for the last three years — years ending 1st of April : Number of renewals of subscription. Number of new subscriptions. Total. 1850. 1851. W CO 611 863 1,069 987 946 1,254 1,598 1,798 2,822 By the Treasurer’s report it appears the whole amount of receipts for the year ending April 1st, 1852, were $7,541 77, to which is to be added a balance received from the administration of 1850-51 of $452 58, making a total of $7,885 94. The expenditures during the year amounted to $6,385 94, besides which the association made an investment of $1,500, leaving a balance in the Treasury of $108 64. The institution is entirely free from pecuniary incumbrance, and has invested funds to the Digitized by v^oosle 264 Mercantile Miscellanies. amount of $17,600. Two courses of lectures were given, under the auspices of the association, during the past season, which, after paying lecturers and all expenses, produced net proceeds amounting to $1,487. The Lecture Committee, in their report, mention with gratitude the kindness of that highly-accomplished merchant and edu- cated gentleman, George R. Russell, LL. D., who declined the pecuniary considera- tion tendered him for his lecture, and requested that the money should be invested in books for the library. The weekly exercises for debate, declamation, and composi- tion, have, it appears from the report, been well attended during the past year. The benefit derived from a participation in these exercises can hardly be over-estimated by the members. The arrangements of the association for classes in bookkeeping, penmanship, and languages, are well calculated to promote a very beneficial object, employing the best teachers in the several branches. Among the teachers in book- keeping and penmanship we notice the name of our accomplished friend, George N. Comer, Esq. The rooms of the association ore regarded as quite inadequate to ita wants, and the erection of a building suitable for its use has from time to time en- grossed the attention of its officers. The invested funds ($17,600) will undoubtedly soon be appropriated for the erection of a building. COMMERCIAL EDUCATION. Georgs N. Comer, of Boston, a thoroughly accomplished teacher of bookkeeping, penmanship, and other branches of commercial education, has recently published a new writing-book, containing a series of exercises for acquiring a beautiful, and what in our estimation is of more practical value, a clear and distinct handwriting. “ The size of this book, (a copy of which is before us,) that of a letter-sheet, presents a practical advantage hitherto overlooked. The copies, being in a free, natural hand, and upon separate slips, precludes the necessity of dampening the paper to print upon, which renders it soft, fuzzy, and unfit for writing ; — any number of pages of any one of the copies may be repeated at convenience.” Mr. Comer brings to his task in teaching, (if that can be called a task with one who seems to enter the pursuit with an almost enthusiastic devotion to it,) genius, talent, and experience, that would com- mand fame and fortune in almost any other walk in life. Mr. Comer has appended to his writing-book some directions to teachers and pupils, forming a clear and com- prehensive lecture upon the principles of penmanship, so that the book becomes, as ifc were, a most useful teacher. To young men just entering mercantile life, we would say, if your location or circumstances prevent you from availing yourselves of Mr. Comer’s " Initiatory Counting-Rooms,” procure the various works of that gentleman on bookkeeping and penmanship, and make them your study. THE LONDON BOOKSELLING SYSTEM. A deputation from the Booksellers' Association recently attended at Stratbeden- house, Kensington, the residence of Lord Campbell, to hear the decision of his lord- ship, Dr. Milman, and Mr. George Grote, on the question of “ underselling ” in the bookselling trade. Lord Campbell, in pronouncing the decision of the arbitrators, said: — "The substance of the regulations submitted to us, we understand to be, that all booksellers keeping a shop in London, or within twelve miles of the General Post- Office, are to become members of the association, and are to receive a ticket entitling them to buy new books from the publishers ; that the publishers of new books specify a retail price for each copy ; that they sell copies to the retail booksellers at about 80 per cent under that price ; that they require an engagement from the retail books e/ Digitized by v^oosle Mercantile Miscellanies. 265 lets not to allow to their customers a larger discount than 10 per cent from the retail price ; that, without this engagement, the retail dealers cannot be supplied with copies of new books ; and that for a breach of this engagement they forfeit their tickets, and are cut off from any further dealings in new books with the publishers. Haying listened to very able arguments, haring read everything which has come within our reach on either side, and having considered the subject very deliberately, we have unanimously come to the conclusion that these regulations are unreasonable and inex- pedient'’ His lordship then t-Uted at considerable length the grounds of the opinion at which they had arrived. Mr. Longman and Mr. Chapman, on behalf of the two parties for whom they acted, ■ verally thanked the noble lord and his co-arbiters for the time and attention they had devoted to the subject THE CINNAMON OF COMMERCE. The cinnamon of Commerce is the inner bark of a tree closely resembling the lau- rel, or sweet bay, a native originally of Ceylon, but which is now grown in the other parts of the East Indies, and also in Jamaica and other West India Islands. Hie trees are usually left to grow unmolested until they are nine years old, at which time the young shoots or branches, that are about three years old, are lopped off. The bark is then slit on one side and removed from the branch, tied up in bundles until the next day, when it is loosened, and the skin or outer bark scraped off It is then dried or rolled up into quills or pipes, about three feet long, which have a slit down one side where the bark was cut. The smallest quills are rolled up inside the larger ; the whole are then tied up in bundles of 80 or 90 lbs. weight, and wrapped up in cloths, when they are ready for exportation. It is an astringent and highly aromatic and warm flavor, and yields by distillation on extremely fragrant and pungent volatile oil, kept for pharmaceutical use under the name of oil of cinnamon . ADULTERATION OF COFFEE IN PARIS. A Paris correspondent of the National Intelligencer says that a manufactory of paste-coffee has ju9t been pounced upon by the police, that would do no discredit to the inventors of the wooden nutmegs, that gave so equivocal a fame to a certain por- tion of our own countrymen. It is chiefly for their benefit, and to prove to the world that Yankees do not enjoy the monopoly of dishonest ingenuity in this line which is generally attributed to them, that I note the commencement of the manufacture of coffee in Paris. Here is the process : — A paste is prepared of about the consistency of dough for bread, and perhaps of the same materials, only of adulterated or valueless flour. This paste or dough is, by means of molds skillfully prepared, made to assume the 6hape of grains of coffee, whether of Mocha, or Bourbon, or Martinique, to suit the taste of buyers. The arti- ficial grain is then baked till it takes the color of parched coffee. It is then mixed in aer proportions with genuine parched coffee, and retailed as such, with great profit, e grocery stores. The practice, very general in France, of buying from the gro- cers, coffee ready parched, facilitates this mode of falsification, otherwise impossible. OUR COMMERCE WITH BRAZIL AND THE AMAZON. Lieut Maury proposes, in a Memorial to Congress, that a line of steam communi- cation be opened between some southern Atlantic port and the port of Para, in Brazil. Para is a port of considerable importance even now, and, situated at the out- let of the Amazon, would soon command a lucrative trade. A direct communication between it and some central port like Norfolk, already in close connection with New York, would save our merchants the labor and expense of transmission by way of England to Rio Janeiro, — a practice too commonly adopted, because of the length of Digitized by v^oosle 266 Mercantile Miscellanies . time consumed in sailing a voyage hence to Rio. Our commerce with Brasil is al- ready greater than with any other country except England and France. Her imports from the United States, in 1835, amounted to $2,608,656, and since that period they have annually increased. Our exports thither in 1850-51 were $3,752,916, and the imports hither were $11,525,304. It is needless to argue the importance of keeping up a steady increase in this reciprocal system of exports and imports. Brazil pro- duces sugar, coffee, chocolate, salt, nitrate of potash, gold, diamonds, topaz, beryl, tourmaline, amethysts, and precious commodities almost innumerable. Her agricul- ture is not perfect It neeas the incitements of commerce and internal facilities ; with an open line of communication from the Amazon to the Coast, emigration must pour in, and the resources of the country be developed in all their richness. The cattle trade of the region is a peculiar feature of its natural advantages. Ores of iron and copper, laid idle for yean, must start into circulation, and employ the minds and hands of working, energetic men. The spice trade, the traffic in fruits, exportation of animals, all proffer opportunities of profit, waiting the turn of the tide to become pro- ductive. Viewing the question in these lights, the importance of the contemplated enterprise becomes so plainly manifest that it can scarcely fail to take the attention and invite the scrutiny of the commercial public. HIGH PRICES OF MARKETING. The Providence Journal alluding to the general complaints of the ruinous and in- creasing prices of marketing, remarks that there is something not right about the present system. The consumer pays enormous prices, and the producer gets but a moderate return. There are too many interests Detween the farmer and the people who buy his meats and vegetables. With the steam communication extending west- ward, with the low fares, the easy transportation, and the wonderful cheapness of agricultural productions, only two or three days’ journey from us, there should not be such high prices of all that supplies the table. It is a subject worthy of serious con- sideration. The high prices which press upon men of moderate means, cut off the poorer classes from many kinds of wholesome food, and deprive them of many of the comforts of life. Something should be done to bring the producer and the consumer nearer together. A BUSINESS PICTURE OF CINCINNATI. A new paper, the Sun, just started in Cincinnati, gives the following picture of the business of that city : — Here, on the landing — lying side by 6ide — are steamboats which have come from Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Tennessee, Iowa, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Old States and new States — slave States and free States-— Northern States and Southern States— are all here, lying quietly togeth- er, in the friendly embraces of Commerce. But, look again: from what countries came these cargoes of merchandise and produce t Is it not one and the same coun- try f Here are the products of the Alleghanies — the grain of Ohio — the salt of Vir- ginia—the tobacco of Kentucky— the lead of Missouri — the iron of Tennessee — the cotton of Mississippi and Arkansas — the sugar and molasses of Louisiana, and the rice of the Carolinas ! And what are there returned for them f Bacon for the Ne- groes— sugar-mills for the planter — bread for the manufacturers — oil and lard for all countries. Can the most active imagination conceive of more elements of consolida- tion in national interests, and of fervent patriotism in a people ! A MAHOMEDAN’S IDEA OF A CHRISTIAN MERCHANT. Some years ago a Philadelphia merchant sent a cargo of goods to Constantinople. After the supercargo saw the bales and boxes safely landed, he inquired where tney could be stored. “ Leave them here, it won’t rain to-night,” was the reply. “But I dare not leave them thus exposed; some of the goods might be stolen,” said the supercargo. The Mahomedan merchant burst into a loud laugh, as he replied — 41 Don’t be alarmed, there ain't a Christian within fifty miles of here.” Digitized by v^oosle The Book Trade* 2*7 THE BOOK TRADE. 1. — A Prcnouneinp Dictionary of the Spanish and EnglUh Language*. Compomd from the Spanish Dictionaries of the SpanUh Academy, Terrero s, Salva, upon the Ban* of Seoanc's Edition of Newman and Barretti , and from the English Dictiona- ries of Webster, Worcester, and Walker , with the Addition of more than Eight Thousand Words , Idioms and Familiar Phrases , irregularities of the verbs , and a Grammatical Synopsis of both Languages. By M. Velazquez de la Carden a, Prof. Columbia College. Royal 8vo. pp. 1,800. New York: D. Appleton Co. Of all the dictionaries of the Spanish and English languages heretofore within the reach of the public, none have approached the completeness and perfection of this great work. It is prepared upon the basis of the most approved and successful of the works which have preceded it, but from every other, additions and improvements have been drawn ; including also, the advantage of the author's long and familiar knowledge of his mother tongue and the large works of eminent scholars of the Span- ish Academy. Many familiar words, not found in the dictionaries, but constantly in use in Cuba, in Mexico, and in South America, are now first given, as well as a long catalogue of terms used in the arts, in chemistry, botany, medicine, natural history, and mercantile terms and phrases. The pronunciation of the Spanish is so clearly set forth as to render it well-nigh impossible for any person who can read English readily, to fail of obtaining the true sound of the Spanish at sight. It contains likewise an “ Outline Qrammer of the Spanish," and a “ Grammatical synopsis of the English Lan- guage," each having a grammar in miniature and all the irregular verbs of both lan- guages. The method lor the pronunciation of the English is worthy of the attention of every one to whom the Spanish is the mother tongue. It is based upon the method ao much admired by Don Lorenzo Hervas, of giving to every elementary sound in the language, a corresponding alphabetical character instead of notation with figured rowels. The work is issued in a fine and substantial form, for which the publishers deserve high praise. 2. — Second Series of Voyages to Various Parts of the World , made between the Years 1802 and 1841 . By Geobge Cogqeshall. Selected from his MS. Journal of eighty voyages. 8vo., pp. 886. New York: D. Appleton ttcs of the mints of Frknce The proposed Hoard of Brokers In New York Louisiana banks and loans. The Pennsylvania North Branch loan Origin of coins Bonds of the Planters’ Bank of Mississippi. COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. Commerce of France in 1852.— The mackerel fisheries of New England Exports of some of the leading articles from port of N. Y. during three years ending June, 1853. Fisheries of the British province of No vs Scotia Imports of brandies into Great Britain.. Rochester flour trade British imports of sugar from her possessions. — Commerce of Holland in 1858 The foreigu trade of London NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE. Belvidere Knoll and Hooper’s Straits Beacon at entrance of Bombay Harbor.— Boqueron Channel, port of Callao. Bearings off Ball's Bay Light-Home.— Notice to United States Consuls COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. Spanish commercial regulations Treaty of peace, amity. Commerce, and Navigation between the Uuited States and Guatemala. . Of allowance for tare on merchandise.— U. 8. Treasury Circular.. Tariff of the Peruvian Government. STATISTICS OF POPULATION. Population and representation of tho United 8tates. Complete census of the Province af Nova Scotia in 1851 RAILROAD, CANAL, AND 8TEAMB0AT STATISTICS. Statistics of the Passages. Jtc^ of the Collins and Canard Steamers Statistics of the Western (Mass.) Railroad from 1843 to 1851 The coal traffic of railways Breaking of railway car axles Rail road a In Spain The longest tunnel In tho world.— Railway accidents in Great Britain JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES. . Gold mining in California The Manufacture of glass— No. i. By Dbmino Jarvis, Esq Statistic* of Nova Scotia manufactures The first discovery of gold In Australia The early discovery of coal The Cumberland Coal and Iron Company The Australia gold diggings Manufacture or combs Manufacture of lumber in tbe north-west MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. « An old merchant’s advice.”. The mackerel fisheries The prompt merchants’ clerk Commercial growth of the United States Commission merchants Absorption in business Thomas Tar bell, a Boston merchant The French rose trade The romance of trade THE ROOK TRADE. Notices of new Books, or new Editions BMM Digitized by Google mmm mmmv s*«333 n m mtm HUNT’S MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. SEPTEMBER, 1862. Art. I. — OUR EMPIRE ON THR PACIFIC.* Since California first acquired auriferous fame, a great ink-stream, worthy of an age of cheap literature and speedy transit, has flowed thence upon us, deluging the columns of our public journals, and surfeiting the public in- quiry with the load of information. Yet has this big current borne a very meager freightage of facta — of such true, solid, common-sense descriptions of matters and things at its source, as were wanted here, and as could alone guide to intelligent action on the part of both our people and government. In the first period of the Californian emigration, we could hardly expect it to be otherwise. In the entire novelty of the enterprise, and the exagger- ated excitement attending it at every step, we were to expect of human na- ture precisely what we had — an unfailing rush of words, conveying an over- whelming paucity of facts and substance. We were not to wonder that well-meaning men set forth such vague and contradictory statements respect- ing the sources of this fresh segment of our empire ; or that in attempting to picture its condition and its prospects they were swamped in the depths of their own speculations, or fell confounded in the void between an old and a new community. In what may be called the second period of Californian emigration — now in progress — there has been a small proportion of such ill-qualified adven- turers as were the first to start — men whose fiickerihg temperaments pre- vent any steady, reasoning view — their ideas ever varying with the elevation of over-realized hopes, or the depression of uncompensated fatigues and * A Disurtalion on the Resources and Poller of California : Mineral, Agricultural, and Commer- cial ; Including a Plan for the Disposal of the Mineral Lands. By John J. Werth. Benicia, OaK- JoraU: 84. Clair A Plnfcham. Digitized by Google 276 Our Empire on the Pacific. collapsed expectations. But the great mass of this late emigration has been of a better material — of men characterized by forethought, judgment, and cool appreciation of this enterprise. The more sober and truthful accounts sent back by these have, of course, corrected many of the errors of the earlier impressions made in the Atlantic section. But still there is a great deal of ignorance and misinformation prevailing ; and while there are but few at present who do not acknowledge that California is destined to acquire an importance second to that of perhaps no other section of the country, there are as few who understand the real character of that region, and have found any tolerable measurement of the elements, upon the development of which the common opinion regarding this destiny is predicated. The effect of this ignorance has been in various ways highly detrimental to the inter- ests of California, and no more just complaint has been made than that re- garding the prejudice which these interests have sustained from the miscon- ceptions existing in the government of the United States. From the policy — if there may be said to have been any — prevailing at Washington, not only have the ordinary concerns of California suffered, but she has been im- periled in matters of grave moment. Now, this should not be so, for two reasons — first, justice to California, which is a sort of abstraction ; second, justice to ourselves, as we cannot a ford that it should be bo, which is a very practical idea, as soon as realized. We can be indifferent to the fate of Cal- ifornia, or ignorant of her condition and wants, only at our own immediate at d troublesome expense. §o fixed and intimate has the union with her now become, that no section or State can “ remain unaffected by any contingen- cy that shall impede her improvement, or fail to sympathize in any impetus given to her prosperity. Nor can any institution, financial or industrial, public or private, escape the vibrations which a fluctuating ebb and flow of her golden fountains would produce.” Mr. Werth, a resident of California, has made the best effort of any that has yet come beneath our notice to furnish that information which is so much in need. His pages give evidence of careful and thorough investiga- tion. The author is a man of practical intellect — one who sees facts in their true light and natural dimensions, understands their relations, and follows them to their legitimate results. With flighty speculations, moonshine, and shadows of meat in the water, he has nothing to do. Such as the “sober, ungarnished truth” here displayed may induce to emigrate to Cali- fornia, will not bo likely to carry with them any of that orientalism of fancy so largely exported from this quarter hitherto ; while those who may be induced from its perusal to stay at home, (and we doubt not there are num- bers upon whom it will have that tendency,) will not do so in the idea of standing apart to witness the bursting of the most magnificent- bubble of modern times. As deserving first notice in the investigation of the internal resources and the commercial basis of the State, Mr. Werth presents the astonishing fact, that while the annual product of gold has reached sixty millions of dollar s, the rate of interest oh money, for all purposes of Commerce and improve- ment, is rigidly maintained at from three to five per cent per month , under the best securities known to the community. This he well characterizes a “ monstrous anomaly in political economy — significant of serious derange- ment in its machinery.” It brings directly home to California “the dis- couraging fact that her industry has not been compensated with thrift.” jWhat, he asks, avail to her all the bounties which nature has lavished upon Digitized by Google Our Empire on the Pacific. 2.T1 her, “ if she retain within her borders no important portion of her own vast product — if she derives no element of strength — if she secures no means ot building up diversified domestic interests, no power to accomplish essen- tial improvements ? If matters stand thus, she is the mere factor for other communities, without even a fair remunerating commission for the service.^ It may, indeed, be seriously questioned, whether California, ns a political com- munity— whether her permanent resident people, her citizens (for it is to them that this auestion presents itself) have realized and invested, or retained within her borders in money or its fair equivalent, a commission of 5 per cent— or an aggregate of $8,000,000 as a legitimate result of her entire mining opera- tions, and the trade and traffic immediately connected with them, from the first discovery of gold to the present day. It is not intended to put this forth as a limit of the active capital in the coun- try. Large amounts have been brought into it, either in property or money ; and external Commerce has contributed important profits, resulting from the en- terprising operations of her merchants with China, the Islands, ana the Southern Coast. But these are all extraneous to her actual products of gold. The cause of this unfavorable state of things is the often-stated fact of the absorption of labor in the mining pursuit, to the almost total neglect of agriculture, which has occasioned the unavoidable necessity of sending one large dividend of the product abroad to purchase means of subsistance. California gets no share of that, save the smalt net profit retained by the merchant and trader, after they, too, have sent abroad the expense, frugal or lux- urious, of their consumption of product* foreign to the State. The remaining portion of the great aggregate production being profit, and subject to the dis- posal of the producer, would soon settle the agricultural lands, open up their resources, and accomplish valuable improvements, if it were realized and held by permanent residents, who would find their interest directly involved with other interests of the State, and who would instinctively prefer to invest their means in congenial enterprises at hand, under their own control, or within con- venient supervision. But, unhappily for California, this is not so. The present open policy of the mining region, not only does not entice, but, in truth, does not admit of perma- nent settlement, and fixed location. It encourages and constrains a floating pop- ulation, and invites adventurers for a season. And this portion (the savings of the business) follows the first and goes to swell the steamers’ manifests, or to make up the heavy item of “ well-filled buckskins, carried home by miners with- out registry,” to be invested elsewhere. As the remedy for these things, a new policy is demanded. Under a proper system, the basis of which the course of the treatise develops, the better results will be that — The profits of the miner will seek investment in her agricultural lands, in her Commerce, and in her improvements. Her farmers will find ready markets in the mines, cities, and villages. Her merchants will no longer be mere agents— crowding the markets, ana encouraging extravagance and frightful waste at one season, and at another, holding an insufficient supply at enormous rates. Their own capital will enable them to order and purchase, and (if need be) hold thefr heavy stocks, to meet and arrest inordinate fluctuations. The consumer will be furnished at all times, at an approximation at least to regular prices ; and he will thus be enabled to estimate, with tolerable accuracy, his necessary expenses, and the cost of any projected operation. In a word, her markets, instead of being mere gambling shops, (for their highly speculative character justifies the term,) will become well-regulated marts of Commerce. The second and third chapters are devoted to surface, mining. On this Digitized by Google 278 Our Empire on the Pacific . subject the writer declares, what is evident, that too wide a margin of cal- culation, as to individual product and probable profit, has been indulged both at home and abroad. An equal distribution of product in mining operations is impossible, yet the gains have been far more evenly divided than is generally supposed. In regard to the varying accounts of the de- gree of success attained, the cases of enormous gains are frequently over- statements of the fact, and 44 generally deceptive, because while large amounts of gold are stated to have been taken out in 4 a few days,’ the parties fur- nishing the information omit to state, perhaps sometimes remember to forget , that they were engaged in unproductive preliminary labor for a few week *, to enable them to reach the glittering pocket that yielded such a heavy per diem when found.” Others 44 will insist on looking at the actual result of their labors through the inverted medium of their sanguine 4 calculations ’ when they left home. They will not come down to dollars and cents, and eoberly compare the result of their labors here with any reward of mere labor in the Atlantic States .” Of the accounts alluded to, he says, a feel- ing of amazement 44 has been frequently aroused by the reflection from the Atlantic board, as it brought back to a quiet observer in the gulches, and amid the realities themselves, these fanciful sketches of dazzling light and murky shade which have given their tone to public sentiment. There were no mild and mellow tints in these artistic views. The glare of meridian, and the impenetrability of midnight darkness, monopolized the eanvas, without ever blending their hues.” Mr. Werth estimates the gross product of the surface mines for last year at $750 per man, and the clear net savings that could be made at $400. Respecting the expense of reaching California, and the discomforts and privations in the mines, put forward as insurmountable obstacles, and really very serious, the first has been, and will continue to be, very much reduced, while the latter has been modified, and under a system favorable to perma- nent settlement, will be entirely removed. The prejudice attaching to the mountain climate from the very unusual winter of 1 849-50 is altogether unjust. The average winter climate is no more unpleasant in the mining region than in any State on the Atlantic side, north of Georgia. The winter of the extreme northern region is milder than that of New England, or even the Middle States. The regularity and variety of supplies now fur- nished by the competition of trade to the various settlements, and the in- creased comfort of the buildings occupied by the miners, indicate that 44 the period of privation and suffering is fast passing away.” Of the permanence of surface raining Mr. Werth entertains no doubt, and that it will for a long time to come yield better returns than the profits of labor generally in any other part of the world. The discovery of new placers has been constantly going on from the first opening at Sutter’s Mill, m May, 1848, to the last day’s intelligence from the mines, and the geolog- ical and topographical structure of the region makes it certain that the gen- eral surface of the valley, and to a great extent the mountains also, adjacent to the auriferous quartz veins, is impregnated more or less with the precious deposit. The area that can be profitably worked can be estimated only by thousands of miles, and even those which the miners now pass by as un- worthy attention, will in a short period pay better wages to mere labor than any occupation they can follow elsewhere is now paying, or is ever likely to pay. Moreover, the washing heretofore has been most wastefully conducted. Within his own observation, places where gold has been found tn very minute v Digitized by Google 279 Our Empire on the Pacific. aad very thin scales — which he omits to mention is the most valuable form in which gold is found, and is precisely where a good smelter would extract the largest quantity, the gold being reduced to that state by its own abra- sion— he is satisfied that not one-half the deposit was saved. In evidence of the inexhaustibility of the placers he mentions the important fact that of even the earliest and richest locations heretofore worked, very few are yet abandoned. Many of them are, indeed, yielding, under improved modes of operating, and with moderated expenses, as much profit as when first dis- covered. Take the returning emigrants as met with, whethor pleased or disgusted with the country, and they will admit that there is gold ground enough now known, but rejechd, to employ every man in the mining region for years to come at a rate of product of two dollars per day, under the present system of mining. All this immense area, however, they will insist is utterly worthless, because it will never be worked. Agaiust this, we are told, that “ two years ago men turned their backs upon placers that were yielding ten dollars per day — they thought they could not afford to work them, because it required more than half of this to pay the cost of living. Now , no prudent miner would desert a s|x>t that yields three dollars per day — he can live comfortably for one.” Two years hence, the cost of liv- ing will be reduced to at least fifty cents per day. The present aggregate product of sixty millions, Mr. Werth thinks will be sustained, if it shall not be increased. This portion of the subject concludes with an allusion to Indian depreda- tions and outrages. Thousands of miners were hemmed within narrow and unproductive limits during the whole of Last winter, because of the peril of explorations beyond populous settlements. Means of repressing these sav- ages are imperiously demanded. To the objection that the miners were the aggressors, an unanswerable argument is confronted, in the question, Why Congress should “tax its time and ingenuity to digest a scheme for appro- priating these very lands — for regulating their occupancy, and their thor- ough search and occupation by our people, without adopting the essential preliminary means to securing to them quiet possession ?” No doubt Con- gress intend to protect the miners, and perhaps think they have made effi- cient provision for that purpose in the appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars voted at the last session. Hut this liberality is itself the best evi- dence of what Mr. Werth has asserted of the information of the govern- ment regarding the wants of California. There were seven hundred mile $ of border to be guarded against the Indians, and the sum appropriated would be absorbed in the transportation within California of eighty tons of subsistence for tioops, and provisions and clothing for Indian tribes, for the first hundred miles. The fourth chapter is on vein mining. Of the extent of the auriferoua quartz formation of California, no estimate is given, but the assurance is of- fered that any disquiet about the monopoly of the whole area, by actual op- erations, will be for many years quite premature. The only question is as to the encouragement offered to the application of capital ana labor. In treating of this, all the tales of wonder that have gone abroad of late, based upon “dazzling specimens,” and supported by 44 incontestible evidence,” “ac- tual analysis,” and “carefully-ascertained results,” are thrown entirely outot calculation, and the worse than idle estimates heretofore offered to distant capitalists of the general average result of permanent and extensive opera- tions, are wholly discarded. Veins, similar to those worked in the Southern Digitized by v^.ooQle Our Umpire on the Pacific . 280 States, lie estimates, would involve an expense at present, in California, m working, of $16 to $24 a ton. In tbe present state of things, he thinks capitalists cannot be induced to enter into the business in any vein yielding less than four cents per pound, equal to twenty times the product of the most profitable veins in the Southern States. As soon as the expense of labor and subsistence are reduced 50 per cent, auriferous quartz veins yield- ing 1 per cent a pound, or $20 a ton, will compensate labor and capital em- ployed in them. The questioh is, therefore, merely one of time, and Cali- fornia is destined to furnish the most extensive and productive vein as well as surface mining in the world. Chapter V. treats of the argentiferous and other ores. The attention of explorers has been so entirely absorbed in the search for gold, that other valuable ores — silver, copper, lead, iron, and even cinnabar — have been al- most totally neglected. Clear proof is offered of the existence of these ores, and some of them in very rich mines. Some, specimens of ore brought from the region of the Four Creeks were analyzed by Moffat & Co., with the following result: — Silver, in a ton weight of the ore $206 40 Gold, 44 44 44 27 90 Lead, 44 44 44 lbs. 1,500 The disposal of the mineral lands forms the subject of the sixth chapter. The proposition is started that no system, repugnant to the people of Cali- fornia, can be enforced, though Congress may enact it; and although this may not be clear in the atmosphere of Washington, no one of its members would hesitate to acknowledge its infallibility, after mingling with the ele- ments that would surround him in California. “ The safety of the people is the supreme law,” comprehends the simple and efficient criminal code of the people, and 44 The protection of local interests as the miners understand them,” would be the irresistible substitute for any unfavorable 4i digest ” of Federal legislation. • The system needed in regard to the mineral lands, is one that shall en- courage, and so far a9 it can, constrain the permanent settlement of the im- migrants. That is declared to be the great point, overshadowing all others. Until this is done, the wealth of California, both mineral and agricultural, can never be fully developed. All the schemes yet entertained by Congress are disapproved o£ and declared impracticable, as are all that would impose any system of taxation by license, or by excise on production, or any plan whatever, 44 involving periodical collections of revenue.” We must refer the reader for the details of Mr. Worth’s scheme regard- ing the disposal of these lands to the pamphlet itself. The author gives us no assurance that should it be adopted by Congress it can be carried into effeot, although as fair a system, perhaps, as any which that body might be able to devise. It is apparently to his final suggestion only that Mr. Worth attaches any real consideration; namely, tie cession of the mineral lands, under judicious conditions, to the State. We are not at all disposed to deny that this is the true policy for our government and the State of Cali- fornia both. Among these conditions are suggested a prohibition forever against the levying of any tax by the State on the product of the mines, or the profits of the miners, as such — that she shall assume her own river and harbor improvements — and that she should appropriate a portion of the proceeds of the sale or lease of the mineral lands toward the construc- tion of a railroad from the waters of the Bay of San Francisco to the west- Digitized by (^ooQle I Our Umpire on the Pacific . 281 era line of the State, to meet any road extending from the Valley of the Mississippi to that line. T*he power of taxing the products of the mines, he thinks, will be exercised in a few years, if not relinquished in this way, in answer to the demand of the controlling population of her other districts. A source of future difficulty, if not judiciously guarded, is pointed out in the collision between the two interests of surface and vein mining. No clashing has yet occurred of serious importance, but when surface miners have exhausted the richer deposits on the flats, they will find profitable work on the slopes up to the very ledges of the quartz veins, and when the hights come to be generally occupied by the vein miners, fresh parties will trace out and occupy locations on the same veins in the fiats. It will be indis- pensable to the vein miners, also, to occupy the stream beds for dams, and the flats for settlements. It is apparent, therefore, as our author states, that it would be as difficult a task to our legislators, Federal or State, to disen- tangle the two departments by arbitrary lines, as to regulate railroad travel by assigning one rate of speed for the locomotive and another for the tender. Both must be placed under one regulation, and if laid off in sections, they must be marked out by parallel lines, and all within the same limits, whether deposits or veins, or wood or water, must be subject solely and exclusively to the occupant. The question is difficult, but must be solved ; for until some efficient sys- tem is provided, California is doomed to remain in the condition she has thus far occupied. That effected, and the greater portion of all who come within her borders, instead of carrying away her treasures to enrich other countries and places, will settle down as permanent citizens, and devote themselves to unlock the vast resources, and develop the mighty prosperity which are waiting to be realized. We come now, in the seventh chapter, to the agricultural lands of Cali- fornia. The matter embodied in this chapter equals in interest that of the foregoing divisions. The amount of arable land is such that no inquiry, based on fear of want, need be raised during the present century. As to quality, the greater part of the Boil along the valleys of the rivers is richer than anything known in any sections of corresponding extent, and perhaps in any lands whatever in other parts of the United States. The instances detailed, and well attested of the remarkable productiveness of that region, we cannot find room to repeat. Mr. Werth estimates that the general ave- rage product of fifty millions of cures of the surface of California, under ordinary American cultivation, may be assumed at very moderately at three hundred bushels of potatoes, fifty bushels (in suitable locations) of corn, forty bushels of wheat, fifty bushels of barley, and sixty bushels of oats, to the acre. The latter grain is indigenous to the soil, and furnishes a super- abundant provision of food, in autumn and early winter, to the millions of cattle and horses, and the countless herds of elk and deer and antelopes that roam over an almost undisturbed domain. Of animal precocity and fruitfulness in California, Mr. Werth says : — Heifers, as a common rule, bring forth at two years oW, and sheep multiply their kind twice in each yeary very frequently thrice in fifteen months , and bringing, much oftener than in our old States, two at a birth. Our own race is not above this powerful influence; for we have the published authority of the Rev. Walter Colton for the fact that 44 it is no uncommon sight to find from fourteen to eighteen children at the same table, with their mother at their head and he gives instances of twenty-two ! and 44 twenty-eight, with others, probably, yet to come !” Of none other than a land of health and plenty, could these things be true. Digitized by v^oosle I 284 Our Empire on the Pacific . This outdoes the tales of even Irish fecundity ; and if it is so, California ought not long to want the citizens , of whose non-existence our author so much complains, as a very small stock should afford an abundant population in a comparatively brief period. But it might be fair to ask why have not the Spaniards and Indians generally propagated in that region at something like this rate, or if they have, what nas become of them all ? How is it, that the Yankee invaders found only a sparse population of only about 12,000, of all races, complexions, kinds, and degrees? But Mr. Werth insist* that his picture is not exaggerated, and he appeals to the testimony of thousands, who will confirm every word he has uttered. He declares there is no other place with such a climate, a soil so generous — nature so bountiful — institutions so free, so reliable, so imperishable ; and has no apprehensions that her valleys will remain long unpopulated and un- tilled, when the truth is fairly placed before the world. The last chapter, the ninth, is on the Commerce of California, which is treated in a brief space, as having better means of introduction to the pub- lic attention than the other matters considered. But while the subject is before us, we deem it necessary to the completeness of the picture to give some view of its growth and prospects, from such data as have come within our notice. Prior to the possession of California by the United States, and the start of San Francisco as a commercial city, the Republic of Chili — the only one of the nations of Spanish descent on the continent that has preserved anything like a proper appreciation of order and systematic industry — engrossed nearly the whole trade of the western coast of the American continent Her capital, Valparaiso, was the great entrep6t of this Commerce, the sup- plies of the manufactures of Europe, and the luxuries of Asia, being thence distributed to the Pacific coast and islands. This commercial importance had been secured by a wise policy, encouraging foreign merchants to settle or establish branches of their business there, a system of bonding and ware- housing foreign goods to facilitate the completion of assorted cargoes, and other measures, which have overcome some natural disabilities, that of a somewhat exposed harbor being among them. The imports and exports of Chili during the years 1849, 1850, and 1851, were as follows : — Exports Foreign Imports of domestic merchandise Years. consumed. produce. re-exported. Total exports. 1849 $10,722,840 $10,603,404 $1,033,817 $11,637,221 1850 11,789,703 11,692,462 1,179,227 12,771,679 1851 15,884,972 12,146,391 The following statement shows with what countries this Commerce was tarried on, and the importance of the trade with each country, in 1849 : — Countries. Imports. Exports. California $20,528 $1,886,460 Peru 1,286,172 889,743 Bolivia 447,228 128,877 Mexico 128,058 4,407 Central America. 118,884 13,407 New Grenada 118,834 28,827 Ecuador 140,620 44,803 Polynesian Isles 8,665 63,976 Spanish America and Pacific Islands . $2,268,926 $2,958,708 China 226,778 63,897 Total Pacific trade. $2,490,699 $8,017,302 Digitized by v^.ooQle 283 Our Empire m the Pacific. United States ♦1,010,8** ♦1,764,4*8 Brasil 198,267 8,061 Argentine Confederation 171,763 87,886 Uruguay 1,478 69,907 Atlantic ports ♦1, 444,810 ♦1,870.28* Total with American countries |8, 708,611 ♦4,760,011 The Commerce with European countries was as follows : : — England ♦4.481.076 $4,295,359 France 1,079,942 676,755 Germany 846,448 677,798 Belgium 222,190 17,496 Holland 69,971 17,495 Spain.. 151,129 2.241 Sardinia 98,872 88,830 Portugal 12,846 2,241 Denmark 522 18,451 Prussia 121 920 Sweden and Norway 94 606 Total $6,789,881 $5,716,820 Total of all 10,722,840 10,603,404 Of these exports there were — In copper, bare and ores $2,780,829 In silver 8,223,633 In gold-dust 263,070 Total $6,267,032 Exports to California — flour, grain, Ac . . , 1,386,460 Total $8,102,492 The latter sum constitutes above three-fourths of the whole export. Of the exports of agricultural products, the amount shipped to California in several years waa, in 1848 $260,193; 1849 $1,836,400; 1860 $2,448,888. Showing who feeds California and draws away her wealth, while she is neg- lecting her own luxurious valleys to wash over the glittering sands of the flats. In all the markets of this Chilian t ade, California has equal access, and has far greater resources, when developed, to found a Commerce upon. What she has already done, in comparison with Chili, will be seen in the statements following. The point in this connection to which we wish to call especial attention, is the trade with China. In this important and highly interesting branch of her traffic, California has made remarkable strides, and is destined to achieve in it no insignificant part of all her future commercial greatness, however magnificent may be that result. The import of last year from China is stated at about eight hundred thousand dollars, having reached an extent nearly four times as large as that of Chili with the same empire. California is fast becoming the factor of the Pacific South American nations in this Chinese trade, an office which Chili has heretofore held exclusively to herself. The amount of dutiable goods imported into San Francisco from China, and re-exported , without paying duty, during the several quarters of the year commencing October 1, 1860, and ending September 30, 1851, was as follows : — For the quarter from let October to 81st December, I860. $2,998 For the quarter from let January to 81et March, 1861 2,960 For the quarter from let April to 80th June, 1861 19,679 For the quarter from 1st July to 30th September, 1861 81,000 Total for the year $66,621 Digitized by v^oosle 284 Our Empire on the Pacific # The extent to which this Commerce with China may be pushed is indefi- nite. The whole Western America is within the grasp of California, and * will soon be made subsidiary to its development. On the Pacific she has no rival — Chili is already long distanced. When the great Pacific Railway is opened, San Francisco will become the entrepbt of that trade for the whole United States, and will be the medium of at least a portion of European in- course with the Celestials. But it is not with China only, but other portions of Asia — with the Indies, with all the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, and, when the penetrating spirit of the age shall undermine her thick walls of timid exclusiveness, with Japan — that our Pacific, empire is to sustain its commercial relations. The importance of this trade is hardly to be over-es- timated. It has been coveted by every nation that ever aspired to commer- cial greatness, and has an historic fame, as the nursery of empire that runs back into the very streams of unexplored tradition, and gleams in the tales of Oriental genius. Tyre, the first emporium of this trade, was made by it the richest and proudest city of the world. Nebuchadnezzar razed her to her foundations, and it at once restored her to her former pre-eminence. Balbec, Palmyra, Alexandria, Constantinople, Genoa, Venice, Lisbon, and Amsterdam, have each successively risen to the pinnacle of commercial grandeur, and almost exclusively upon the wealth derived from the East. A great part of the supremacy of London has been drawn from the same source. We come in last to enjoy this life-inspiring traffic, and are doubt- less to reap a richer harvest than them all, in the deluge of spices and aro- matics, silks and fine cottons, precious stones, porcelains, and teas. We shall have what no nation has had before, at least to make available, what has been the principal agency of carrying it on, and is the best medium for the purpose — abundance of gold and silver. Of these metals, Jacobs esti- mates India and China have received from Europe since the 15th century $2,100,000,000. The “beginning of the end” is already seen in the first results of our late visitations to those regions. The British trade has de- clined in that quarter, while ours has rapidly advanced. Our fast clippers, built since the commencement of the California era, have entered into suc- cessful competition with the English ships for the English carrying trade from Borneo and other Archipelagean islands, and the effect is already seen in the diminution of the number of English ships loaded, and the regular substitution of American ships in their place. The Commerce of the United States, not including California, in the Pa- cific Ocean, for the year ending 30th June, 1850, is stated for the different countries and islands as follows : — Chili Peru Ecuador Sandwich Islands • Export, to. $1,422,721 276,728 34,925 Imports from. $1,796,877 170,768 4,618 64,474 South Sea Islands 189,862 1,605,217 18,267 China Manila and Philippine Islands 6,698,462 1,886,866 Total Deduct amount of te&9 from China . . $8,546,720 $9,967,050 4,586,720 The Amount of all other articles is. , $5,081,380 The books containing the value of the imports from the different ports of the Pacific into San Francisco, iu 1850, were destroyed in the fire of May, Digitized by v^.ooQle Our Empire on the Pacific . 28* 1851, bat the value of exports from Chili to California, during the last six months of that year, was $1,642,366, about equal to the imports of all the rest of the United States from Chili, for the full year, and the Picayune es- timates the imports from Chili into San Francisco, for the year, were above half the amount of all the imports of the rest of the United States from the Pacific, excluding tea. The whole importation into San Francis®, for the year, of dutiable goods for consumption, is estimated at $8,500,000, and the total importation at about $10,000,000, showing the Commerce of San Francisco, at that time, equal to that of all the rest of tire United States with countries on the Pacific, and nearly double in other articles than tea. The following statement presents a view of the total Commerce of Cali- fornia for fifteen month, from January 1, 1851, to March 14, 1852; — Vwaels. Tons. Cleared from New York for California. 84 73,357 Arrived from rest of United States 400 138,417 Arrived from all foreign places 590 148,474 Total 1,074 860,848 The value of the 84 vessels cleared from New York in this period is estimated at $3,000,000 The number of steamers engaged in the carrying trade via the Isthmus of Panama and Nicaragua is 82, the value of which is estimated at. 9,400,000 Value of tonnage engaged directly between New York and San Fran- cisco $12,400,000 Estimated vale of shipping from foreign and other Atlantic ports 5,787,820 Total value $18,187,820 The estimated value of the exports from the Atlantic ports of the Uni- ted States, as computed by an intelligent New York merchant, will reach, for the year 1861, about. $S 1,000,000 The cost of merchandise from foreign porta during that period, it is presumed would reach, or even exceed 80,009,000 Total value of merchandise from all parts $61,000,000 Below is a statement of the Commerce of all the Atlantic States whose exports or imports exceed a million of dollars, for the financial year ending June 30, 1851 : — New York. . . . Louisiana Massachusetts . , Alabama. South Carolina. Pennsylvania. . Maryland Georgia. Virginia Florida Maine Exports. $86,007,019 54,413,988 12,352,682 18,528,824 16,316,578 6,856,036 5,635,786 9,159,989 3,090,068 8,940,172 1,151,488 Imports. $141,646,588 12,528,460 32,715,327 413.446 2,081,812 14,168,761 6,650,645 721,547 652,933 94,997 1,176,690 As to the exports of California, we will only restate what has been> before affirmed in this Magazine, that those of San Francisco exceed in value the exports of the port of New York, and to California roust therefore be con- ceded the rank of the firct exporting State — and in regard to imports, it will be seen, that she is second only to New York. Digitized by v^oosle 28* Our Empire on the Pacific. The amount of duties collected at the principal ports of the United States, in the year ending June 30, 1651, was as here stated. San Francisco, it . will be noticed, stands in the fifth place of the list : — New York *31,757,199 Boston 6,577,540 Philadelphia. 8,667,838 New Orleans 2,296,636 San Francisco 2,120,884 Baltimore 1,047,278 Charleston 600,7 1 2 St Louis 218,832 i Portland Savannah Cincinnati New Haven Oswego Mobile Richmond 70,285 Louisville Of course, the large imports of breadstuffe, which have formed the basis of so large a part of the Commerce of California with the Pacific countries, will be cut off with the development of her own vast agricultural resources. But this event is not to be deprecated, for that country must be forever poor which is unable or fails to produce the main part of the food upon which its people subsist. It is not desirable that a trade, founded upon such a neces- sity, should continue. But with the cessation or reduction of this branch of her Commerce, it is not to be feared that either the maintenance or the extension of the present commercial importance of California will be inter- rupted. The growth of the other branches of her trade, and the develop- ment of new ones, will supply all the deficiency, and the result will be only to change her Pacific Commerce to a new and a firmer basis. With the progressive diversification of her labor, and multiplication of interests, Cali- fornia will gain more and more ability to buy, and will send forth a constant- ly enlarging demand for articles which she is unable to produce. When she raises her own wheat, barley, hay, potatoes, beef, and pork, she will find enough of the products of her mines remaining in her own hands to pur- chase iron for her railroads, to import locomotives — to secure all the im- proved implements, and avail herself of all the improved systems for work- ing her mines and her farms — and to buy a thousand articles of necessity and luxury, now almost unknown, in her houses, her shops, and her public places, or only to be obtained at enormous expense. In the political view attaching to the future of California, there is a great- ness entirely commensurate with the aspect of every other feature in her re- markable destiny. Without computing the degree of her meridian influ- ence, as a member of a Union so glorious already before her admission to the galaxy, or stopping to estimate the effect of her growth, her peculiar State elements and form, and the policies adopted for herself and those ad- vocated for the nation, upon the other States — she has an outtoard part to perform, in a field most important, but hitherto almost unapproached. It has always been a prevalent belief among our people, that it is within the destiny of this country to introduce in the Spanish American nations that change of political ideas and social habits, which are so necessary to release them from the miserable condition in which they have been fast bound since their independence of Spain was effected, — and to enable them to attain that eminence of national prosperity and power, the elements of which are so lavishly bestowed upon the regions they inhabit. But how this was to be effected, was getting constantly more and more a mystery. £very effort to approach them on our part, with almost whatever intent, seemed unfor- tunate. It appeared at last, to the belief of many, that there was a natural antipathy between the raoe, or mixture of races, on our soil, and the Amer- Digitized by v^oosle Our Empire on the Pacific. 2*7 icanized Spanish — a repulsion springing from ineradicable distinctions in their natures, and designed to keep them perpetually separate. From this view, mixed with a certain revengeful spirit against the antagonist, whose fault alone the failure was deemed to be, came the sanguinary notion that we were to push aside and to exterminate all these ignorant, unprogressing communities — either directly by the sword, or through the influence of some incandescent emanation of the nobler vis vita of Anglo- Suxonisin, before which the feebler spirits in our path should be scorched and shriveled, ut- terly unable to withstand this annihilative energy. This idea saw the com- mencement of the work to which it looked, in the Mexican War. But those who repudiated the theory of normal distinctions of character, with its consequences, and others, whose faith was in principles in the place of blood, beheld in that contest the inception of an order of circumstances and relations, through which our superiority should find its proper exercise in teaching the poor Spanish-Americans a better system — should freely impart to him the elements of that vigor which should raise him to become the more equal associate of his stronger brother. The grand incident of California was opened — and then, in its shade, the wise plan of the Creator clearly revealed its outlines. It began to be evident for what the unhappy Republics of the South had been assigned the position they have so long occupied, and been kept waiting therein. The grand conjunction of events then occurring, revealed the mode and manner of the political regeneration of South America. But it is not to this side the Pacific that the political influence of Califor- nia will be confined. It is destined to reanimate the slumbering nations of Eastern Asia, which passed the zenith of their greatness and splendor, while the world was yet fresh from the hands of the Architect, and have since re- posed in the long night of serai- barbarism, while the day-light of progress has slowly traced its western circuit of the earth. Already the glory of her morning gleams as a second dawn upon the shores of China, and the cold moonshine of Celestial civilization begins to pale before its genial glow. The Chinaman, breaking down the thick walls of his indurated egotism, admires the beauties of another system, another world, another individuality. He sees the Outer Barbarism has something better for him than he knows or can know beneath his Inner Lumination. He is a denizen of California — and proves himself worthy to be such. He proves how easily the restraints of a vain and selfish policy, although of ages* standing, are thrown off, when individual common-sense is allowed its office, and how quickly, when per- mitted, men will turn from the artificial to that which is natural. The Chi- naman stands side by side with the men of all nations in the gulches and arroyas, and meets them all as a brother in the mart. He is studying Amer- ican laws, customs, and habits, and facilely bending to the character which is being developed from the great amalgam. The influence which the Amer- icanized Chinaman will send back upon his native country will be incalcula- ble— it will be the seed, arriving at a speedy fruition, of a new, a totally different order of things. That the hostility which has been exhibited in California toward the Chinese should triumph in their exclusion, is, we be- lieve, in the. present state of things there, and of opinions elsewhere, utterly impossible. But while we regret the inimical spirit with which they have been met, we are something reconciled to its exhibition for the opportunity it gave for the rebuke of American narrow-mindedness by those before re- garded by us as exclusive, bigoted, and dwarfed in idea above all men. The Digitized by Google 286 Our Empire on the Pacific . •reply of the Chinamen to the disparagements of Governor Bigler, is a paper than which, we venture to say, neither Americans in China, nor any other misappreciated and wronged people in any place whatever, could hjave elab- orated a better. The gubernatorial assailant of the Chinamen is routed, horse, foot, and dragoons, and that by means so plain, so simple, appealing so directly throughout to common-sense, that there is not room left for a sin- gle evasion or turn. Could the Governor have read this document before issuing his missive, we doubt if the latter would ever have seen light As it is, it is undoubtedly better that the two papers, the error and antidote, have been published together. It cannot be long before a new day will burst also upon Japan — and the tawdy grandeur of that empire — its petrified policies of millennial ages — its fbssilated ideas — its curtailed and hide- bound humanism, will, along with the cast-off shell of old custom in the universal East, be consigmd to the antique shelf of the historic museum. Perhaps a new wave of civilization, flowing upon the surface of the tide-elevation created by the first, will start forward from that glorious region, and make another western circuit of the earth. In the course of this progress, let us not suppose we have nothing to change. Theories now current in Politics and in poor, baffled Science, will be summarily shaken in pieces. So rapid will be the work beyond all over- turnings of error ever before made, that astute professors will suddenly find themselves in woful bereavement of their ideas — and authors reposing on the delighted anticipation of an achieved immortality of centuries’ length, will behold the whole fabric of their fame swallowed up in a night. That knowledge of the general Humanity, breaking down the shallow distinctions of race once dividing the whole earth into selfish clans and sects, cribbing and dwarfing the growth of every good impulse, and chaining the wheels of human progress — those new truths, new thoughts, and new results, which have been elicited from the commingling in equality, of people of different birth in the Atlantic region — are to be developed in much swifter expansion on the Pacific. What we shall see there will teach us the lesson which has been here only partially recognized — that there is nothing in blood and in essential peculiarities of race, giving one part of the family a tendency to growth and glorv, and another an irrepressible proclivity to abasement and extinction. All these follies we shall cast into the same oblivious reservoir in which we buried, three-fourths of a century since, the venerable errors honored in Europe time out of mind. We shall come to the practical Christian doctrine of regarding all Men as children of one Father — created of one blood — members of one family — all of whom, the greatest misfor- tune has ever been the existence (at least, the continuance beyond any ne- cessity) of the narrow feelings that limited their affections and fellowships to little nationalities and clan-ships, regarding as enemies, aliens, inferiors, outside-barbarians, all beyond — and whose greatest stride forward is that which breaks down the prejudices that build these miserable partitions — shows us our mutual capacities and interests, and teaches us that we can la- bor with far better success in the sociability of our general nature than in the petty exclusiveness and shriveled idea of our feeble isolations. Digitized by v^.ooQle Commerce of the Danube . 289 1 Art. II.— COMMERCE OF THE DANUBE. The largest of the important rivers which flow into the Black Sea is the Danube, which, for its length, and the many rich and populous countries through which it passes, as well as for the amount of its navigation, may be eminently called the Mississippi of Europe. From its source to its mouth it is nearly 2,000 miles in length, and re- ceives some 30 navigable rivers and a vast number of tributary streams. From its source to its mouth, it descends 2,178 fret, yet its descent is so gradual that its early rapids are, near Oresova, where it leaves the Austrian dominions, and its cataract there, called the “ Iron Gate,” is very picturesque. The steam navigation of the Danube may be said to commence at Vienna. Steamers go as far as Presburg ; at Pesth it is also navigated by vessels or boats not drawing more than feet. » In its progress through Turkey, it varies in breadth from 1,400 to 2,100 yards, and its average depth is upwards of 20 feet. Ships of large size as- cend it as far as Siliztra, and vessels of 300 tons go to Galatz. Its mouth is much obstructed with sand-banks, and of the five passages through which it flows into the Black Sea, one only, that of Sulina, has sufficient depth of water to permit of the navigation. The delta of the Danube is a vast swampy flat, interspersed with lagoons covered with bulrushes ; and the bar of Sulina has only from 10 to 12 feet of water. The navigation is said also to be annually more and more obstructed by fresh accessions of mud and sand, which the current has not sufficient strength to carry away. Were it not for its falls, at the “Iron Gate,” this great river would be navigable, bv one means or another, from its mouth to Ulm, in Wirtumburg. At these falfs, a land carriage of some 8 or 10 miles joins the lower with the upper navigation. It was a favorite project of uniting the Danube with the Rhine, whose mouth is in the North Sea, which of late years has been effected, and the result must eventually be an extensive increase of the Commerce of both rivers. But the history of the Commerce of all great rivers may be best told in stating that of the chief cities or towns near its mouth. As of the Missis- sippi, the trade of New Orleans is the best statement of its Commerce ; so of the Danube, the trade of Galatz comprises the greater part of the traffic of this great European River. The fol owing statistics are furnished by Mr. Negropont, a Greek gentle- man holding the office of Vice-Consul of the United States at Galatz; and he being a merchant, and desirous of making the Commerce of the ports under his jurisdiction known to the mercantile community of our own great marts, with a view to its participation in it, his reports may be entirely confided in. It will be perceived that in 1849 no less than 588 vessels loaded cargoes at Galatz, and that in 1850, the number was 391; that the imports of 1849 valued more than 12,000,000, the exports, $2,600,000 ; that in the year Mowing, the imports $2,100,000, and the exports, $2,300,000 ; and this vol. xxvii — ko. m. 19 Digitized by v^oosle 290 Commerce of the Danube* principally from consumption in the two Turkish Provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. The details of this Commerce, as given by Mr. Negropont, cannot but be greatly interesting to commercial men, and th^y are given in the hope that they may prove useful. “It is only since 1825 and ’26,” says Mr. Negropont, “that the Com- merce of Galatz and Ibraila has begun to develop itself. Previous to the last war, between Russia and Turkey, the trade and navigation of the Danube was unimportant; between Galatz and Ibraila there were few European houses of Commerce; now the number is considerable. What is surprising, is the great increase of the trade directly with England, which country formerly purchased the products of the Danubian Provinces at Trieste and Marseilles. English vessels now visit the Danube to the num- ber of 60 to 80 a year, computing miscellaneous commodities of the con- sumption of the Provinces, and conveying away grains of different kinds, tallow, preserved meats in cannisters, some fruits, and potash.” “ English manufactures are very abundant in the Danubian Provinces, i Wallachia and Moldavia,) of which Galatz and Ibraila are the chief ports, 'hese are ordered by houses being in direct communication with the manu- facturers in England, and are suited to the tastes and demands of the in- habitants.” This is one great secret of the success of British manufactures in foreign countries, and especially in the “ East ” where English consuls, being them- selves merchants, are required to send to England specimens of the native manufactures; these are, by the proper commercial and consular bureau, laid open for the inspection of the manufacturers, and in a short space of time goods much superior to that of the native looms, and much cheaper, are offered for sale to the community requiring them. Then competition sets in ; other houses, not consular-commercial, profit by the information thus conveyed to the public at large ; and soon quality is lost in tho endeavor to undersell other firms. In this manner, American cotton goods, the original occupiers of the field, have been almost entirely driven out of the market. Of the mouths of the Danube, Mr. Negropont observes, that the whole and chief difficulty of the navigation of the Danube is, that at its mouth the water is not always of a sufficient depth to admit large vessels, and is only navigable for those of medium size ; so much so that few vessels can enter the river without having to lighter at its mouth, near Sulina. This obstruction, to which vessels are subject, is a great evil to Commerce. Conceive the inconvenience of vessels arriving at Sulina with their freights on board, ready to put to sea ; the water proves too shallow, and a great portion of the load must be discharged into boats which are always ready there for such cases. This is an inconvenience, loss of time, and of their excessive prices, which the lighterers demand ; and, thirdly, the great danger there often » of wetting the cargo by the operation, and even of having portions of it stolen. Sulina produces but a small quantity of grain, and yet considerable i9 ex- ported from it annually, — the fruits, no doubt, of the illicit acts of those engaged in discharging and lightering vessels which cannot otherwise cross the bar. The Sulina mouth is inaccessable to vessels having westerly winds, and they are compelled to be towed or tracked, (if the wind is light,) but this is not often needed. The depth is not always the same there ; its minimun is Digitized by Google Commerce of the Danube . 201 9 English feet, and the maximum, 13 feet.* The following will serve to show the nature of the stream at different winds ; — March, April, May English feet 9 June and July. . 11 August, September, and October 12 to 18 During the inundations, the water diminishes in depth so much that whilst the banks of the Danube are overflowed, the depth at Sulina is the least. No vessel then of 110 tons (register measurement) can leave the river without lightering. This, however, also depends upon her con- struction. On the subject of the agriculture of the Danubian Provinces, Mr..Negro- pont observes, Moldavia is much more cultivated than Wallachia, compara- tively with their respective extent of territory. The latter contains a great portion of her soil uncultivated, so much so that her powers or capabilities of producing are as yet unknown, whilst those of Moldavia have been proved. Were the soil of Wallachia as much cultivated as that of Moldavia, on the Danube, she could produce six times as much grain as is now produced by her rival neighbor. And yet Moldavia needs an improved system of agriculture, by which means her export Commerce would be also augmented. The evidence of this, it suffices to know that after a crop of grain has been reaped the land is permitted to be sterile, for at least two years, which is thought indispensable, and then resown with grain. The dressing of the cattle, which collects in the winter season, is thrown into the nearest stream, or in some useless spot, on account of the idea entertained that it would injure the crops if thrown on the fallow ground ; and this perhaps is so, for they never plow the soil deeper than three or four inches, and in covering it with a dressing so shallow the dampness might escape with greater facility, and thus injure the crop. Notwithstand- ing, it has been observed that where the cattle graze there is an advantage to the crop. It is, however, but little probable that an amelioration will be made in the agriculture of the Provinces ; and the greatest reason for * this is the system of serfage in them. The serf being obliged to work a certain portion of land for his master the Bayard, he wishes to get through it as quickly and as easy as possible, without caring whether his work is well done or not. Another cause which prevents this is the custom of leasing lands only for three years, which prevents the farmer from introducing improvements. Yet it is proper to observe, that, latterly, some Bayards have introduced machinery from England for beating out grain. The usual method as used in the Provinces, for separating the grain from the chaff, is to .place a quan- tity of grain in the straw in an inclosure, which from ten to fifteen horses are turned and driven round, until all the grain on the ground is damp ; and if the season is a wet one during the harvest all the grain will be so. The machine for beating out the grain produces 20 per cent more of the same quality of straw, besides the facility of working under cover, and that also of having dry grain. The system of cultivation is nearly the same in Wallachia, only that it is * This is doubtless owing to the winds. If strong from the east it rises, or desoends, if westerly. The same occurs in the Bosphorus, nnd the current, which is generaUy into the Marmora, is turned into the Black Sea, by southerly winds. Digitized by v^oosle 292 Commerce of the Danube. lees advanced. The quantity of the grain in both the Provinces is not in- creased ; and on a calculation of different seasons, not half of the grain of Moldavia can be sent to England ; the remainder being of too inferior a quality, or in too bad a condition ; and for the same reason not more than a fourth of the grain of Wallachia can be shipped to England. Formerly the inferior grain of Moldavia and Wallachia found an easy sale in Constantinople, but since 1842, when the exportation of Turkish grain was permitted by the government, the quantity produced in Turkey has so much increased, that Constantinople is now abundantly supplied from its own vicinity, and the cultivators of Wallachia and Moldavia must find means of improving the grains or they will soon find it difficult to dispose of it. In neither Province is it now customary to put the grain in holes in the ground, as formerly, for safe keeping, and consequently it has not the smell which in former times did so much injury to its sale. It is surprising that though the quality of wheat and barley is generally very inferior, the Indian com (maize) of Moldavia is considered to be the very best in the world. The quantity produced has greatly increased in the last few years, and if it were needed for England, at the price of 24 shillings, or more, delivered in England, the production would be greatly augmented. The following table will serve to show the quantity of grain, of different kinds, exported from the two chief ports of Moldavia and Wallachia, in the last 12 years: — GALATZ. IBRAILA. nr QUARTERS IMPERIAL. Indian Indian Grand Year. Wheat. Corn. TotaL Wheat. Corn. Barley. Total. TotaL 1887 98,880 86,964 185,844 75,792 24,813 28,142 128,247 229,984 1888 171,813 68,374 280,187 61,524 87,200 106,280 204,954 485,141 1839 148,117 133,762 281,871 148,184 67,172 42,822 248,178 281,227 626.067 1840 280,668 189,087 419,606 132,696 68,686 80,145 700,882 1841 100,845 85,894 186,289 84,692 26,818 20,954 1S2.464 268,708 1842 154,675 98,631 248,206 160,121 10,221 78,892 244,234 492,440 1843. 107,684 140,662 248,206 822,848 121,809 168,669 612,821 864,208 1844 166,636 174,023 840,558 847,888 128,221 211,972 688,081 1,031.508 1846 180,082 157,101 887,133 314,940 124,714 176,802 615,456 966,393 1846 110,902 886,627 447,529 327,526 163,146 177,843 668,014 1,191,649 1847 180,860 318,605 499,465 390,818 619,115 800,552 1,810,485 1,886,647 1848 118,605 143,727 267,382 169,484 292,115 198,485 645,034 930,812 The quantity of rye and of barley exported from Galatz being of little importance it is not stated in the above ; nor is the rye and millet of Ibraila. The preceding table indicates the progress of the exportation of grains in the last twelve years from the two ports mentioned in it ; but the increase is rendered more e ddent by dividing that period into two portions, of six years each, when the following results are shown : — EXPORTS FROM GALATZ. Wheat, 1887 to 1842 imperial quarters “ 1848 to 1848 815,856 859,568 The increase in the six last years is 5 per cent, in imperial quarters. 44,212 Indian Corn, 1887 to 1 842 imperial quarters 697,062 44 1848 to 1848 1,270,745 The increase in 6 years, 110 per cent, or, imperial quarters 678,688 Whole exportation quarters 7 17,895 Digitized by v^.ooQle Commerce of the Danube. 293 This table shows an increase in the last six years’ exportation of some 50 per cent EXPORTATION OF I BRAIL A. Wheat, 1887 to 1842 imperial quarters 887,909 “ 1848 to 1848 1,882,909 Increase in last 8 years 180 per cent, or, imperial quarters 1,196,090 Indian Corn, 1887 to 1842 imperial quarters 224,810 * 1848 to 1848 1,448,819 Increase in 6 years, 645 per cent, or, imperial quarters 1,224,809 Barley, 1887 to 1842 imperial quarters 858,085 “ 1848 to 1848 1,127,778 Increase in the last 8 six years, 215 per cent, or, imperial quarters. . 789,888 Total increase 8,189,087 In the last six years, the exportation has increased 255 per cent, upon that of the preceding six years three-and-a-half times. In drawing a com- parison between the exportation of Galatz and Ibraila, we find that during the six first years Galatz exported Grain — Imperial quarters 1,412,918 And Ibraila 1,260,804 Which shows that the amount of exportation of Galatz exceeds that of Ibraila one-seventh, or, imperial quarters, 161,614. During the second period of six years it is seen that Galatz exported grain to the amount of — Imperial quarters 2,180,818 And Ibraila 4,489,819 The latter exceeding the former quarters 2,809,008 The following table shows the value of the articles exported from Galatz and Ibraila each year, in pounds sterling : — Tear. Galatz. Ibraila. Total. 1887 120,218 113,431 233,694 1838 172,168 148,238 230,406 1889 280,718 297,208 577,919 1840 504,447 864,030 868,477 1841 189,038 225,610 414,646 1842 268,853 288,686 556,989 1848 225,345 449,556 674,865 1844 .... 803,886 551,044 854,929 1845 379,797 698,680 1,078,477 1848 592,578 764,909 1,857,487 1347 775,528 1,592,944 2,868,472 1848 383,271 611,958 945,229 Besides grain, the only article of any importance exported is suet, of which the following is a table for the last twelve years. Year. Galatz. Ibraila. Year. Galatz. Ibraila. 1837 104 18,112 1848 ... . 22,212 48,101 1838 250 27,667 1844 ... 20,480 48,603 1839 .... .... 41,838 1845 ... 12,683 49,782 1840 232 85,939 1846 ... 12,423 27,102 1841 2,657 48,470 1847 ... 12,020 21,649 1842 9,922 40,635 1848 ... 6,207 28,018 There is also an establishment at Galatz for the preservation, in hermeti- cally sealed tin boxes, of fresh beef, from which about 600 tons of meat is sent annually to England. Digitized by v^.ooQle 294 Commerce of the Danube . The following table shows the number of vessels loaded at Galate and Ibraila from 1837 to 1848; — 1817. *18. ’19. MO. Ml. M8. MS. M4. MS. M6. M7. M8. Galate 431 517 635 645 280 809 827 509 464 644 662 397 Ibraila 448 451 578 661 288 411 772 875 832 911 1,653 726 Total 879 968 1,208 1,806 468 720 1,099 1,384 1,2961,565 2,215 1,128 A comparison of the first six years of this period with the six last years) I find the following results : — At Galatz, from 1837 to 1842 vessels 2,767 At Ibraila 2,772 Total 5,539 At Galatz, from 1843 to 1848 vessels 8,003 At Ibraila 5,666 TotaL 8,669 Having an increase during the last six years of 3,130 vessels. It may be remarked that the vessels which visited the Danube during the latter period were of a larger size, and of a better class, than those of the preceding term. During the first, 5,539 were loaded with 2,663,222 impe- rial quarters, whilst during the second, 8,669 vessels were loaded with 6,536,632 quarters, and in deducting from the above stated number of ves- sels those loaded with planks, staves, Ac., the medium cargoes of grain of each ship during the first period were about 550 quarters, whilst in those of the second the medium cargo was at least 850 quarters. There are many small vessels under Turkish and Greek colors which fre- quent the Danube, and which never go further than Constantinople. The following table will show the number of vessels which have loaded at Galatz and Ibraila during the past twelve years : — Flag. 1817. ’18. ’39. ’40. ’41. ’42. ’41. ’44. ’45. ’46. ’47. ’48. Greek. . . 272 259 820 477 196 829 467 661 587 645 589 432 Turkish .. 282 888 877 412 87 183 216 867 817 500 629 247 Austrian .. 84 20 87 92 20 87 77 105 71 58 123 99 English. .. 15 6 12 8 8 14 7 26 19 62 394 132 Sardinian .. 104 120 194 136 88 71 113 128 97 91 148 66 Russian .. 53 61 89 103 77 77 149 107 94 101 112 56 Wallachian .. 17 12 19 15 9 13 23 17 25 27 41 24 Moldavian . . . . , . , , , , 8 7 3 # # 9 20 16 17 Samian .. 7 8 17 15 6 3 5 13 16 13 12 5 Ionian .. 88 40 68 86 28 28 83 88 41 84 29 28 Roman . • • . 1 6 1 . , 1 4 2 9 2 Belgian ... 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 , , 5 2 Jerusalem .. 1 . , . . . , . . * 9 , , , , , , t , 1 Neapolitan 2 13 7 1 5 10 7 8 13 1 French 8 11 1 2 3 8 6 7 52 8 Danish. # m 4 , . # # . . 8 1 Bremen 1 1 Tuscan # # 9 # * ’ 8 3 2 1 Prussian i # # # # # # i 8 • • 1 11 Holland... .. 8 1 3 # # # 9 1 1 1 8 # # Sweden . • • . ’i 1 2 5 2 Hamburg ,, . . . , . . • • . . 1 , , # # # . 2 , . Norwegian. . . • • . . , . • 0 , . , . . . 1 , , 3 . . Hanover . . • . . . • • 2 1 1 . . , . 1 8 , , American 1 . . Mecklenburg 1 1 Soutien I I 1 I Digitized by v^.ooQle 295 Commerce of the Danube . The following also states the number of vessels which took in cargo at Galatz and Ibraila for England, from 1837 to 1848 :• — 1837. ’18. 19. ’40. Ml. ’41 ’41. ’44 ’4i ’46. ’47. ’48. Galatz. 18 1 7 5 1 6 8 9 5 13 185 72 Ibraila 2 6 6 8 2 8 4 17 14 9 269 60 Total 15 6 12 8 8 14 7 26 19 52 894 132 and the following, of those which loaded there direct for England, from 1843 to 1848:— 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. Galatz. 4 10 9 57 206 115 Ibraila 8 16 85 11 862 115 Total. 7 26 44 68 668 230 It is necessary to remark that, for some time past, half of the grain loaded directly for England, is generally sent to Constantinople and Malta, expressly for the purpose of being there reembarked for England ; and this too be- sides what is sent to these ports for sale, and then purchased for the same destination. The change made in the navigation laws of Great Britain will not prob- ably make much difference in the number of vessels seeking freight in the Danube for England. Besides English vessels, the Austrians may, by treaty, load directly for England — also the Greeks, but the latter must touch at a port in Greece before proceeding on to England, — which, however, occasions them but little delay or extra expense. All vessels are now equally favored. The only flag which frequents the Danube in large numbers is the Sar- dinian ; but as there is a high protection for the trade of their country, it is not probable that it will come into much competition with the English dag for the transportation of grain to Great Britain. The change in the navigaiion laws of Great Britain will not cause, but for a short time, a reduction in the freights. It is known that it suits Eng- lish vessels to come out from England in ballast, and to load them witty wheat and Indian corn at eleven shillings per quarter, and making two voyages to England, without any difficulty, each year ; but Austrian and Greek vessels do not seek after cargoes for England under fourteen shillings per quarter. It is true that during the present year, 1849, several Austrian vessels loaded at Galatz and Ibraila at 10s. 6d. and 11s. 6d., but the position of Austria explains sufficiently the reason which made her merchant vessels to accept freights at a rate lower than usual, — and at present English vessels do not obtain more than 9s. 6d. the quarter ; no Austrian ship will accept such a freight. There are a few Greek vessels of a size suitable for a voyage to England ; and as the risk is greater with Greek ships than English, the latter always have the preference, and a freight of one shilling per quarter greater. Greek vessels do not seek for freight to England under thirteen shillings per quarter. The exportation from Bulgarian Turkey, by the Danube, does not increase, as will be seen from the following note of the exports during the first months of the present year. The greater portion of the grain is loaded from the Bulgarian ports in the Blocs Sea: — Wheat imperial quarters 25,422 Indian Corn 40,670 Barley 12,976 Digitized by v^oosle 296 Commerce of the Danube. The Danube is obstructed by ice during a portion of the winter season, and it is necessary for masters of vessels to be careful not to arrive so late as to run the risk of being compelled to pass the winter there. The following table shows the period of the ice during several years : — 1836- 87... 1837- 38- 1838- 89.. 1839- 40- 1840- 41- 1841- 42- 1842- 43.. 1843- 44- 1844- 45. 1845- 46.. 1846- 47.. 1847- 48.. 1848- 49- February 7th. December 29th December 24th January 12th December 17 th December 26th Remained open the whole year. January 12 th December 28th. Remained open the whole year. January 15tli January 2d January 1st. February 28th. March 3d. March 13th. February 2d. March 21st March 9th. February 27th. January 23d. February 18 th. March 1st. February 22dL It is the general opinion that the Commerce of the Danube must become still more important at its mouth ; of this its development has, thus far, been retarded by political reasons or on account of its having been neglected to remove the accumulation of sand at the mouth of Sulina. It is certainly much desired that this mouth should be cleaned out and deepened, and yet there is no sufficient reason for believing that the Commerce of the Danube, by its mouth, would become more considerable than it is at present. The exportation will be limited to the produce of Moldavia and Wallachia, of a portion of Bessarabia and Turkey, in the environs of Tulcha. It may be mentioned, that the products of Hungary are not in demand for the Black Sea, or for Turkey, but for the Mediterranean and the coun- tries out of the Straits of Gibraltar. From any part of the Danube, above the junction of the Saave, and for some distance below it, the produce may be transported to Fuime, by the Saave, and by land carriage, at equally cheap rates, as far as Galatz; and from Fuime, the freights would always be cheaper than from Galatz. So long as the difficulties at the “Iron Gate” exist, few products will descend from beyond it. An attempt was made with rape seed above the “ Iron Gate ” and brought it down to Ibraila ; but as within the last few years, nothing has come from so high up, it must be supposed that it was not found profitable. The Bulgarians, for the most part find it advantageous to transport their produce to the Black Sea ; and from a part of Bessarabia, it is better to transport it to Odessa. It may be remaked that in the trade between Vi- enna and Constantinople the plan has been made of discharging the stea- mer at Chernevoda, and to transport the passengers and merchandise, as far as Kustenja, by land, by which means two days are saved in the voyage ; and if this route has been abandoned, it is on account of there being no shelter at Kustenja, and when it is bad whether, much difficulty is ex- perienced in discharging and reloading the goods ; but if there were a good harbor there, the trade between Constantinople and Vienna would again go by this route, and would not pass any more by the mouth of Sulina. Respecting the imports of Galatz and Ibraila by the Danube, during the period from 1837 to 1848, it is added — The tables of imports given each year show sufficiently the different articles imported into the Provinces by the Danube, and therefore the Digitized by v^oosle Commerce of the Danube. 29 1 revisions of them will now be limited to English articles. Yet it must be remembered that the only articles imported, except those of England, are the fruits and oil of the Levant. Table showing the principle articles imported entirely, or for the most part from England from 1837 to 1848: — GALATZ. IBRAILA. Cotton span Iron. Coal. Cotton span Iron. Year. in twist. Tons. Tons. in twist. Tons. 1837 917 601 480 280 40 185 66 1838 1,030 1.664 1,060 20 not complete. 1839 ... 1,300 1,205 410 570 47 584 290 1840 1,200 1,621 808 1,464 590 683 846 1841 1,160 1,180 453 600 1,070 1,295 420 1842 1,360 1,050 685 1,600 1,980 915 495 1843 . . . 1,488 1,757 874 906 1,696 1.200 480 1844 1,880 2,197 817 1,966 2,213 1,026 560 1846 2,001 1,647 1,728 1,688 2,727 1,038 660 1846 not complete. 1847 5,994 2,707 2,086 4,928 4,176 1,908 1,761 1848 4,181 2,946 1,815 6,065 8,640 2,394 2,781 The following table shows the value estimated on all the the vessels by the Danube, to Galatz and Ibraila, from 1847 to 1848, inclusive, in pounds : Year. Galatz. Ibraila. Total. 1837 10,731 97,405 1838 not complete. 1839 47,888 193,839 1840 90,781 291,075 1841 182,988 297,052 1842 178,155 347,346 1843 177,646 865,100 1844 171,896 895,531 1845 208,051 432,029 1846 not comp'ete. 1847 277,219 692,226 1848 287,291 606,694 From the preceding table it is seen that the importation of English manu- factures and spun cotton, which in the year 1837 was only about 1,000 bales, for Galatz and Ibraila, has increased in twelve years to 8,000 bales or more ; and it is probable that it will increase in the same proportion during the coming twelve years — that is, in case some now misfortune does not hap- pen to the Provinces; and there is no doubt but that so long as the exports increase the imports will increase in the same proportion. The following details of the trade of the Provinces will serve to show more minutely the return and amount of the exports and freight for the year 1849 : — NOTE or IMPORTATIONS INTO GALATZ UP THE DANUBE IN 1849, IN ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, AND VALUE OF THE SAME IN STERLING. Merchandise. Manufactures — Twist — British pkgs Manufactures — not British. Cotton yarn — Turkish Sugar, refined and crushed . . . cka & bbls. Coffee. bags A bbls. Pepper bags Cloves and other spices pkgs Rum hhds, A bbls. Quantity. Value. Total value* 4,820 £40 0 0 £193,680 189 30 0 0 4,170 80 15 0 0 450 4,504 20 0 0 90,080 1,489 4 0 0 5.956 2,482 0 30 0 3,728 76 7 0 g 532 741 7 0 0 5,187 Digitized by v^oosle 298 Commerce of the Danube . , Merchandise. Tin in bars . .cwt Quantity. 440 Value 6 0 0 Total value. 2,200 Tin plates 979 2 0 0 1,958 Iron in bars, rods, and sheets tons 1,807 9 0 0 16,263 Steel 44 3 0 0 132 Kails bbls. 185 0 80 0 202 Lead 168 0 16 0 134 Lead shot 840 0 50 9 850 Tar and pitch. bbls. 469 0 15 0 351 Alum 51 2 0 0 102 Coals 8,518 0 25 0 4,897 Saltpeter T _ 89 4 0 0 856 Gunpowder 5 6 0 0 80 Vitriol and copper**, 76 0 50 0 190 Logwood ,,,, 680 0 8 0 252 Indigo. T 8 80 0 0 640 Cotton wool, Levant 205 5 0 0 1,025 Soap 1,635 0 35 0 2,861 Oil olives 8,800 2 0 0 17,600 Olives . .skins bbls. 2,476 0 15 0 1,867 Wine 47 4 0 0 188 Champagne and other wines cases 141 6 0 0 706 Porter .... bbls. 326 3 0 0 978 Raisins 1,760 2 0 0 8,600 Raisins. 8,974 0 10 0 4,487 Figs 8,669 0 8 0 1,468 Figs bbls. 845 2 0 0 1,690 Lemons and «oranges . bbls. dc cases 8,500 1 0 0 3,500 Almonds 178 2 0 0 362 Filberts. 172 0 15 0 129 Bates. 88 4 0 0 832 Chestnuts 126 0 15 0 95 Pine seeds 27 2 0 0 54 Chick peas T . _ 264 8 0 0 792 Locusts, or carubs 1,175 0 5 0 294 Citrons bbls. 69 3 0 0 177 Halva .bbls. & dried 640 0 10 0 820 Rice 5,360 1 0 0 6,360 Tobacco 1,920 5 0 0 9,600 Caviar black 23 3 0 0 1,880 Caviar red 64 12 0 0 768 Sardines 361 0 30 0 642 Fish, salt 228 1 0 0 228 Polipe 14 20 0 0 280 Ciri (dried fish) 24 0 12 0 14 Aniseed bbls. 89 6 0 0 195 Incense 87 6 0 0 185 Salep 4 8 0 0 12 Mastic 17 2 0 0 S4 Galls bbls. 8 15 0 0 45 Macaroni 44 0 25 0 55 Furniture 9 10 0 0 90 Chairs 175 3 0 0 525 Paint 47 1 0 0 47 Earthenware 62 8 0 0 186 Window-glass 210 2 0 0 420 Books 19 5 0 0 95 Paper, writing 34 5 0 0 170 Paper, for cigars. .: 49 5 0 0 245 Lemon-juice bbls. 16 10 0 0 160 Orange-peel 49 0 10 0 24 Dressed leather .... .... 816 10 0 0 8,160 Pipe-bowls. 44 1 0 0 44 Cigars 64 8 0 0 192 Digitized by foozle Commerce of the Danube. 299 Merchandise. Quantity. Value. Total value. Abba, or coarBe cloth boles 297 10 0 0 2,970 Polices (sheep-skin) 808 6 0 0 1,540 Scented waters demijohns 68 1 0 0 68 Sail-cloth bales 21 1 0 0 420 Cordage and cables coils 87 10 0 0 870 Sundries .. ... 1,500 Total £410,648 irOTK or EXPORTS FROM GALATZ, BY SEA, IX 1849, IX ENGLISH WEIGHT8 AXO MEASURES, AMD TALUS OF THE SAME IX STERLING, FREE OX BOARD. Merchandise. Wheat Indian corn . .qrs. Rye Barley Linseed Rapeeeed Tallow and chervice Preserved meat in tin cauisters Ox hides. . .cwt. . .lbs. Wool Wine Walnuts ;.1£ .galls. , cwt. Prunes Honey T Planks and deala Masts and spars Salt (rock). pieces .rafts . .cwt Total! Quantity. Value. Total value. 173,797 £0 23 0 £199,866 268,768 0 18 0 232,887 60,817 0 14 0 42,432 741 0 10 0 370 1,521 0 27 0 2,058 850 0 22 0 885 8,052 0 36 0 6,494 1,104,536 0 0 3 13,806 20 0 7 0 7 24,000 0 0 8 800 106,760 0 1 0 6,337 2,643 0 6 0 686 1,552 0 6 0 888 108 0 25 0 135 664,319 0 0 4 11,071 20 600 0 0 12,000 6,400 0 2 6 676 £628,842 DESTINATION OF VESSELS FROM GALATZ. AND CARGOES OF SAME IX 1849. No of Destination. vessels. Constantinople 276 England 164 Trieste 71 Marseilles. 27 Genoa 17 Leghorn 8 Cefalonia 9 Malta 6 Odessa* 10 Total. 588 Wheat. Indian com. Bye. Tallow. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Cwt 56,247 71.391 11,296 2,572 47,405 163,671 8,182 .... 24,790 9,529 88,511 .... 17,220 5,328 5,265 480 17,478 1,050 .... 6,328 840 .... 8,500 8,357 578 .... 834 6,487 .... . ... 173,797 258,763 60,717 3,052 XOTE OF VESSELS DEPARTED, LOADED, FROM GALATZ, AXD CARGOES OF SAME IX 1849. No of Wheat Indian corn. Rye. Tallow. Nation. vessels. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Cwt. Greeks 197 64,222 108,645 85,854 850 Turkish 81 5,028 4,257 6 892 English 76 28,776 40,111 8,192 .... Russian. 65 12,980 20,172 4,002 1,544 Austrian 59 25,619 45,810 6,883 .... Sardinian S3 25,982 4,827 8,874 .... Wallachian ’. 22 8,732 7,826 286 * Wine, 106,750 gallons ; walnuts, 2,543 cwt. pieces. ; prunes, 1,552 cwt. ; honey, 108 cwt. ; deals, 1,800 Digitized by v^oosle 800 Commerce of the Danube. Nation. No. of vessels. Wheat. Qrs. Indian corn. Qrs. Rye. Qrs. Tallow. Cwt. Ionian 21 7,467 8,586 8,096 .... Samian 16 8,453 2,878 2,769 .... French 7 1,179 8,235 480 Moldavian 4 273 8,201 . . . . Tuscan 8 2,632 ..... .... Roman 2 • • • • 1,215 1,092 .... Prussian l 1,087 • • • • .... Swedish 1 1,377 .... .... Total 688 173,797 258,768 60,717 8,052 NOT* OF IMPORTATIONS INTO Merchandise. IBRAILA UP THE DANUBE IN SAME IN STERLING. Quantity. 1849, AND Value, VALUE OF TH* Total value. Manufactures, cotton twi9t, British. . . pkgs. 8,558 £40 0 0 £142,320 Manufactures, Turkish 78 30 0 0 2,340 Cotton yarn, Turkish 20 15 0 0 300 Sugar, refined and crushed. . . . . casks, . Quantity. Vatu. Total value. 140,652 £00 2-i o £160,750 122,875 00 i s 0 110,588 62,776 00 14 0 36,948 366 00 27 O 494 10,640 00 8 5 > 18,620 1,291,000 00 00 5 16,187 9,600 00 IMl s 820 396 00 3 . " 698 • Rafts of masts, 14; deals and planks, 403^79 ; rafters, 28,806 ; salt, 1,250 cwt. t Bones, 396 tons ; preserved meats 44,99 boxes, and 53^175 canisters, i Linseed, 80 quarters. | Linseed, 286 quarters. | Wine, 393 casks; walnuts, 1.214 bags; prunes, 1, 261 bbls. ; planks and <1 1.540; Rafters 886 ; Carriages, &c~, 31, from Vienna. vol. xxvu. — no* in. 20 Digitized by v^oosle 800 Commerce of the Danube. Merchandise. Quantity. Value. Tofa|l ▼aloe Wine 78,600 00 1 0 3,930 Walnuts 1,214 00 5 0 303 Prunes 1,891 00 5 0 478 Planks and deals. 417,018 00 00 4 6,950 Rafters. 29,429 00 2 0 2,943 Masts and spars. 14 600 00 0 8,400 Rock salt 1,250 00 2 6 156 Total value £807,700 VOTE OF VS8RBLS DEPARTED LOADED FROM OALATZ, AND CARGOES OF SAME, IN 1850. Nation. No. of vessels. Wheat. Quarters. Ind. Corn. Quarters. Rye. Quarters. Tallow Cwt. Greeks* 117 56,804 88,501 20,503 8,726 Turkishf 77 1,636 16,475 1,730 .... English! 60 28,624 22,603 696 164 Austrian § • 40 13,404 14,348 17,622 1,275 Russian g 83 7,348 8,912 4,038 .... Wallacbian and Moldavian^.. . . . 26 7,676 8,202 2,680 476 Sardinian** 21 15,244 1,899 1,818 , 711 Ionian 8 3,618 2,343 German 12 4,215 11,343 660 810 Swedish . 2 .... 1,377 Tuscan 2 1,110 1,404 .... Belgian 1 .... .... 891 Frenchf f 1 .... .... • t t t Roman 1 1,074 .... ,##i Serbian l .... 1,287 .... Total 140,652 122,876 52 ,776 10,640 NOTE OF EXPORTS FROM IBRAILA, BT SEA, IN 1850, IN ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES AND VALUE OF THE SAME IN STERLING, FREE ON BOARD. Merchandise. Quantity. Value. Total rolue. Wheat 283,260 10s. . Od. £269,026 Indian Corn- 149,784 15 6 116,044 Barley 44,598 9 0 20,167 Millet 68 10 0 34 Kidney beans 883 80 0 496 Linseed. 398 32 0 62 Rapeeeed ■ 1,200 26 0 1,560 Yellow berries 120 30 0 180 Wool, unwashed 205,520 00 8 6,851 Tallow 25,460 35 0 44,555 Butter, or mantecca 690 40 0 1,880 Cheese, or caskaval 1,722 13 0 1,119 Pa9troma, or jerk beef . . 1,243 10 0 622 Prunes 657 5 0 164 Honey Potash. 71 640 35 16 0 0 124 4S2 Ox hides 355 10 0 178 Ropes 8,200 00 8 107 Staves. 527,281 00 4 8,788 Bones 82 80 0 123 Total value' • • . . £472,012 * Planks, 64,669 pieces ; deals, 42,135 ; bones, 396 tons, t Planks, 170,010 pieces ; deals, 101,675 ; rafters, 12,510 ; mast rafts, 14. $ Preserved beef, 41,512 canisters. 8 Preserved beef, 4,499 boxes, 1 1 ,864 canisters ; wool, 06 bales. I Linseed, 80 quarters ; planks, 33,439 ; wine, 98,000 galLs. ; walnuts, 1,214 bags ; prunes, 1,204 Ite. k Rattens 16,296 ; deals, 24,460 pieces. «• Wool, 48 bales ; linseed, 313 quarters, ft Linseed, 286 quarters. Digitized by v^.ooQle Commerce of the Danube . 307 DESTINATION OF VESSELS DEPARTING LOADED FROM IBRAILA, AND CARGOES OP THE SAME, IN 1850. No. of WJjcnt, Ind. Corn. Barley. Linseed. WooL Tallow. Staves. Destination. vessels. Qr. Qr. Qr. Qr. Lbs. Cwt. Pieces. Constantinople*.. 285 127,230 60,694 42,320 25,460 England 120 83,113 64,055 2,278 Trieste 61 44,282 21,528 \ Marseilles! 25 15,066 308 205,520 527,281 Leghorn 10 12,004 1,103 Genoa 2 1,595 Malta 1 1,083 Madeira 1 1,271 Total. 505 283,290 149,731 44,593 398 205,520 25,460 527,281 NOTE OF VESSELS DEPARTING LOADED FROM IBRAILA) AND CARGOES OF THE SAME, IN 1850. No. of Wheat. Ind. Corn. Barley. Linseed. Wool. Tallow. Slaves. Nation. vessels. Ur. Ur. Ur. Qr. Lbs. Cwt. Pieces. Greek J 202 143,061 53,476 5,747 ... 205,520 12,942 186,382 Turkish§ 100 25,225 18,«82 32,234 1,089 70,110 English'. 56 35,957 29,576 2,272 Austrian! 63 27,475 29,990 50,000 WaUachianT 21 9,151 3,246 1,957 4,806 Russian** 20 11,034 1,888 583 3,060 131,449 Ionian f | 15 8,705 2,218 S08 1,765 Sardinian 13 10,368 2,318 Samian-}^ 8 3,706 1,543 992 1,79S Prussian 6 3,566 3,094 French 4 697 398 89,390 Roman 2 2.025 Swedish 2 1,539 Mecklenburg 1 .... 1,746 Moldavian ...... 1 .... 1,957 Hanoverian 1 781 Total 505 283,290 149,734 44,593 398 205,520 25,460 527,281 NOTE OF ALL VESSELS DEPARTING FROM GAL ATE AND IBRAILA, WITH REGISTER TONNA GE AND NUMBER OF CREW, IN 1850. GALATZ. IBRAILA. TOTAL. No. of No. of Register No. of No. of Register No. of No. of Register Nation. vessels. crewr. touniure. vessels. crew. tonnage. vessels. crew. tonnage. Greek 117 1,175 21,152 202 2,0S9 36,980 319 3,264 58,132 Turkish . . . 75 714 14,196 100 952 15,543 175 1,666 29,788 English-. . . 50 415 1 0,583 66 478 9,596 106 . 893 20,179 Austrian .. . 40 432 8,324 53 540 10,305 93 972 18,629 Wallaehian, . 17 184 2,957 21 159 2,836 38 343 5,798 Russian . . . 33 205 3,842 20 186 3,479 63 391 7,821 Ionian 8 73 1,398 15 118 2,091 23 191 3,489 Sardinian . . 21 198 3,182 13 121 1,944 34 819 5,126 Samian. . . . 2 16 275 8 73 1,091 10 89 1,366 Prussian . . . 5 46 1,001 6 48 921 11 94 1,922 • Butter, 090 cwt. ; cheese, 1, 722 cwt. ; potash, 540 cwt. : yellow berries , 120 quarters; hides, 355 piece*; kidney beans, 333 quarters ; millet, 6s quarters; paslroma, 1,243 cwt, ; prunes, 057 cwt., honey, 71 cwt.; rapeseed, 1,200 quarters. f Yellow berries, 120 cwt. ; bones, 82 tons. X Potash, 2t)0 cwt. ; yellow berries, 120 cwt. ; hides, 355 pieces ; cheese, 1.097 cwt.; butter, 250 cwt. ; kidney beans, 83 quarters ; jerk beef, 494 cwt. ; prunes, 125 cwt. ; honey, 71 cwt. ; millet, 03 quarters ; bones, 82 quarters. £ Potash, 192 cwt.; kidney beaus, 41 quarters ; paatroma, 93 cwt. ; prunes, 77 cwt. I Rapesetd, 1,200 quarters. 1 Potash, 88 cwt. ; cheese, 199 cwt.*; butter, 186 cwt. ; kidney bonus, 128 quarters ; past row a, 256 cwt.; prunes, 261 cwt. •• Cheese, 90 cwt. ; butter, 54 cwt. ; kidney beans, 27 quarters: paslroma, 331 cwt. ; prunes, 190 cwt. Cheese, 291 cwt. ; kidney beans, 38 quarters ; pastromu, 09 cwk %X Cheese, 45 cwL ; kidney beans, 10 quarters. Digitized by Google 308 Commerce of the Danube . GALATZ. IB RAIL A. TOTAL. No. of No. Of Register No. of No. Of Register No. of No. of Register Nation. vessels. crew. tonnage. vessels. .crew. tonnage. vessels. crew, tonnage. French .... 1 10 147 4 33 491 5 43 636 Roman .... 1 12 205 2 21 356 8 83 561 Swedish. . . 2 13 259 2 11 231 4 24 490 Mecklenb’rg 5 43 974 1 9 250 6 52 1,224 Moldavian.. 8 86 1,683 1 12 280 9 98 1,963 Hanoverian. 1 6 108 1 5 93 2 11 202 Tuscan. . . . 2 24 477 . . ... 2 24 477 Hamburger. 1 7 132 . . . • • 1 7 132 Belgian . . . 1 10 184 . . ... 1 10 184 Serbian . . . 1 12 240 • • ... 1 12 240 Total ... 891 3,681 71,318 605 4,855 86,488 896 8,636 157,806 In the preceding report on the Commerce of the Danube, mention has been made of the passage of Sulina, the most important, if not, indeed, the only navigable mouth of this river. The “Journal de Constantinople,” un- der date of May 9, 1852, publishes the following note of the number of vessels which passed Sulina during the previous year, and as it brings down the navigation to a more recent period than is embraced in the report, occa- sion is taken to add the Dote to the same : — VESSELS WHICH PASSED SCUNA IN 1851. Load • In Sailed Load- In Sailed Nation. ed. ballast. Total. ont. Nativity. ed. ballast. Total. oat English 60 246 306 305 Oldenburger.. . . 1 6 7 8 Austrian 8 146 154 147 Prussian 11 11 22 25 Belgian . 1 1 1 Reuni . 1 1 3 Bremen . 7 7 5 Russian 8 110 113 104 Danish.. . 8 8 2 Sardinian 19 •76 95 91 French. 3 8 11 12 Swedish 6 6 12 12 Greek 89 745 784 778 Tuscan . 3 3 4 Hanoverian. 1 1 2 6 Ottoman . 613 613 457 Holland. . 1 1 3 Do. Moldavian. . 2 22 24 28 Ionian 7 76 82 69 Do. Wallachian . 3 104 107 88 Lubecker 1 1 1 Do. Samian 1 16 17 4 Mecklenburger . . 4 7 11 6 Do. Jerusalem. . . 2 2 o 'Mpaivtlifjin 4 4 8 Norwegian 2 4 6 6 Total . 170 2,219 2,899 2,159 Among the vessels arrived in the Danube in 1851, there were 97 in bal- last destined to Russian ports of the Danube, and 2,292 for foreign ports. There passed also 43 steamers under Austrian colors ; the number of Russian steamers, if any, have not been indicated ; nor are the English screw steam- ers mentioned, which is to be regretted, as these latter have commenced run- ning from England direct to the ports of the Danube for the purpose of making quicker passages than the sailing vessels. Their cargoes are gene- rally wheat and Indian corn, which commodities, it is here worthy of remark, can be carried to England, as thus appears, cheaper from the Danube in screw steamers than they can be taken from the United States to English ports in American sailing vessels. Among the ships which entered the Danube in 1851, 8 were wrecked in the river, and of those which left it, 2 were lost. The report adds that the cargoes of the vessels which entered the Danube are not known at Sulina. Those sailing out of it had the following articles as cargoes, all products of the Danube ; — Digitized by v^oosle Commerce of the Danube . 309 Wheat, 869,718 Tchet warts, of 6 95-100 bushels each. Rye, 123,943 tt Barley, 118,886 “ “ “ Indian corn, 1,320,591 M “ Beans, 876 M * H Flour, 83 44 Linsfod, 1,150 “ “ “ Cheese, 1,150 pounds, 244 sack. Suet, 166,526 pounds, 310 hour., 894 barrels. Smoked and salted meats, 142 Backs. Raw hides, 80 tons. Bones, 1 cargo, and 880 tons. Candles, 5 cases. Planks and beams, 514,510 pieces. Staves, 199,000 pieces. Oak timber, 6,500 pieces. Rafts of timber. 14. Castings, 1 cargo. The note from which the preceding is taken, says that in 1850 1,152 ves- sels entered the Danube, (at Sulina,) and that 1,380 left it; consequently the number was greater than in 1851. The value of the cargoes ot 1851 was not given, but comparatively with those of 1850, the quantity of grain was greater by 000,000 tchetwarts ; the Indian corn and rye figure largely in the note, the former being mostly exported from Galatz and Ibraila, whilst the exports from the ports of Ismail and Reuni form only one-fifth of the whole quantity. It is worthy of remark, that whilst during the past year (1851) the exportation of grain from Odessa, in South Russia, has been less than in 1850, that of the ports of the Danube and of the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, as well as of Bessarabia, has been greater in 1851 than in 1850, which is readily seen by the number of the vessels be- ing almost double. In terminating the present report of the trade of one of the greatest riv- ers of Europe — indeed, of the world — it may not be wholly without utility to add a price current, of a recent date, of grain at Constantinople, where the prices of the grains do not differ much from those of the ports of the Danube. Under date of May 14, 1852, the “Journal de Constantinople” publishes the following : — Wheat (hard) of Azof, the kilat of 65 lbs piastres 204 to 21 Wheat “ Bessarabia 204 21 Wheat “ Roowdy 18 184 Wheat “ Galatz. 19 194 Wheat ** Odessa 20 204 Wheat (soft) Ibrail 15 16 Wheat “ Galatz 18 184 Wheat “ Roowdy 174 18 Indian com of Roowdy 124 124 Indian com of Bessarabia 13 134 Indian com of Ibraila 12 124 Indian com of GAlatz. 13 134 Barley of Ibraila 94 9f Rye of the Crimea 114 12 Oats 64 7 The Turkish government sustains the exchange on London at piastres 110 though the free exchange is much greater, say piastres 116 in specie, and piastres 120 in the Sultan’s paper currency, called Cai'mehs. The piastre is worth in specie about cents, and in Caimehs 3 per cent more. j. f. b. Digitized by v^ooole 310 Commercial Cities and Towns of the United States : Art. III.— COMMERCIAL CITIES AND TOWNS OP THE UNITED STATES. KUMBKR XXXIII. NEW YORK.— Part II. POPULATION ABSOLUTE PROGRESS. The amount of the population of New York at various intervals since its foundation, as furnished by the estimates and enumerations of the earlier period, and later by the official returns of the census, periodically taken un- der the authority of the State and of the United States — the numerical in- crease between the consecutive periods — with the actual ratio for such times, and the corresponding ratio for decennial terms, where the iuterval is more or less than ten years — are embraced in the following statement: — Years. 1656 Population. 1,000 Numerical Increase. Ratio of increase. Decennial ratio. 1678 2,500 1,500 150.6 88.2 1696 4,802 1,802 72.0 81.8 1781 8,628 4,826 100.6 28.8 1766 10,381 1,758 20.8 8.1 1773 21,876 11,495 133.2 78.4 1776, estimated 26,000 4,000 20.0 66.6 1786 23,614 2,400 dec. 10.0 10.0 1790 83,131 9,517 40. S 100.8 1800 60,489 27,858 82.6 82.6 1805 76,770 16,281 25.8 60.6 1810 96,373 20,603 27.2 64.4 1814 92,448 8,925 dec. 4.1 10.2 1816 100,619 8,171 8.8 44.0 1820 123,706 23,087 23.0 58.0 1825 166,086 42,380 34.2 68.4 1880 202,589 86,503 22.0 44.0 1885 270,089 67,600 83 3 66.6 1840 312,710 42,621 15.8 81.6 1845 371,223 68,513 18.7 87 4 1850 515,545 144,322 89.0 78.0 The average ratio, according to this table, for each decennial period from 1650 to 1850 is about 40 per cent. The progress has been steadily ahead throughout, except in two instances, occurring when the United States was at war with Great Britain. Several unfavorable causes, of very potential influence, have also tended to check the ratio of other periods. The growth of the period 1673-06 must have been limited very sensibly by tho French and Indian War of 1689-07; and that of the interval 1731-56, when there was the least ratio in any period of actual advance, was in like man- ner affected by the mortality and alarm consequent on the yellow fever in 1741-2, the Negro panic of the same years, the great fire of 1741, the second French War, of 1744-48, and the commencement of the third, in 1754. The growth of New’ York at this period was probably somewhat retarded, also, by the advance of the other colonies, which were drawing an enlarged proportion of the European emigration. Boston and Philadelphia, the latter previously behind New York, were now both ahead of her, and growing faster. If we had statements of the population at regular and very brief intervals for tho century preceding the Revolution, there would undoubtedly be seen one or two cases of actual decline, but only in periods of very short duration ; probably, as afterwards, in none of so much as ten, and perhaps not in any of above five years’ length. Digitized by v^oosle New York 811 In the tables which follow, we have estimated the population of the city in quinquennial periods during the time embraced in the table preceding, and upon the ratios respectively attached to the periods therein designated. The figures are so arranged as to present also a distinct view of the decen- nial periods. In the succeeding tables, the progress by consecutive quarter, balfj and entire centuries is also given, and a view of like periods calculated from the successive decennial intervals. Also, a comparative exhibit of the Dutch, English, and American periods, and of the periods preceding and succeeding the Constitution of the United States: — DECENNIAL AND QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS. Years. Population. 1660 1,360 1665 1,800 1670 2,250 1675 2,650 Years. Population. 1760 18,000 1765 16,500 1770 19,800 1775 25,000 1680 3,050 1685 3,450 1780 25,000 1785 22,000 1690 8,800 1695 4,225 1790 33,181 1795 46,800 1700 4,800 1705 5,400 1710 6,000 1715 6,650 1720 7,200 1725 8,000 1800 60,489 1808 75,770 1810 96,378 1815 90,000 1820 128,706 1825 166,086 1730 8,400 1 7 ove the line of Grand, Division, Bowery, Houston, and Hammersley. The last division is that formed by the line of Riving- ton, Bowery, Houston, and Hammersley. The distance from the Battery to Canal-street is about one mile-and-a-quarter, and to Houston-street one mile-and-three-quarters. The average width below Canal-street cannot be over a mile, and below Houston it is about a mile-and-a-half. The first six wards contained, in 1825, near one-half the population of the city — now they have only one-ffth the whole number. The second division, which contained two-thirds in 1825, has not less than one-third the whole popula- tion. Above Rivington and Houston in 1825, there were only 26,808, about one-sixth the population — now ten times that number, and more than half the city live above that line. The following statement shows the in- crease above the line of Fourteenth-street since 1825 : — Wards. 1825. 1810. 1815. 1840. 1845. 1850. XII 7,938 11,808 24,437 11,652 13,378 10,451 XVI .... 22,273 40,387 52,882 XVIII .... 81,546 XIX — 18,465 Above 14 th -sL. 7,938 11,808 24,437 38,925 58.715 113,844 Increase .... 3,870 12,629 9,488 19,790 69,629 Do. of city .... .... 36,503 67,500 42,621 58,513 144,232 The following gives a view of the progressive population of the eastern and western sections of the city, excepting the narrow district below Liber- ty-street, which, being cut off at that point by a crosswise line into a single ward, (the First,) we are unable to divide. The balance, from its division, would be in favor of the western section. The wards embraced in this cal- culation are the 3d, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 14th, and 15th in the western sec- tion, and the 2d, 4th, 7th, 10th, 11th, 13th, and 17th in the eastern — the line of division being along Broadway, Chatham, and the Bowery : — 1825. 1810. 1815. 1840. 1845. 1850. Western section. 80,596 98,718 125,902 139,796 153,893 180,769 Eastern section. 66,993 80,731 109,370 128,360 141,312 201,678 Exc. of western. 18,608 17,987 16,582 11,436 12,681 Exc. of eastern 20,907 Digitized by AjOOQle New York. 815 COMPARISON WITH OTHER CITIES OF UNITED STATES. Boston and Philadelphia both at a former period exceeded New York in the amount of population. The following is a comparative statement of the progress of the three together with that of Baltimore, the four oldest, as well as the four largest cities of the Union — from the earliest periods, and a comparison of New York with the other three united : — New York** per cent of Yean. New York. Philadelphia. Boston. Baltimore. Throe cltiea. the three. 1680 ab’t. 8,000 4,600 1690 ab’t. 8,800 7,000 1696. 4,802 1700 ab’t. 4,800 6,700 1780 8,628 13,000 1750 ab’t. 9,800 7,636 16,731 1756 10,881 1760 ab’t. 13,000 16,620 1773 21,876 1776 2,719 1777..... 23,734 1780 10,000 1785 23,614 1790 33,131 42,620 18,038 13,503 74,061 44.7 1900 60,489 81,005 24,297 26,614 131,816 45.9 1810 96,373 111,210 85,250 46,455 192,915 50.0 1820 123,706 137,097 43,298 62,738 243,133 61.0 1830 202,589 188,961 61,392 60,620 330,973 Cl. 2 1840 812,710 268,037 93,383 102,513 458,933 68.9 1860 616,545 408,816 138,788 189,048 784,734 70.2 The comparison of New York with all the otlu*r towns and cities of the United States containing above ten thousand inhabitants, in the years 1820, 1830, 1840, and 1850, is presented in the following statement : — 1S20. 1830. 1840. 1850. Towns above 10,000 848,876 592,754 1,017,227 2,316,611 Bo. excluding Boston, Philadel- phia, and Baltimore 123,015 289,310 616,951 1,681,877 New York 123,706 202,589 312,710 516,646 The towns aud cities embraced in this statement, besides the four chief cities, were, in 1820, eight; namely, Portland, Salem, Providence, Albany, Pittaburg, Richmond, Washington, and New Orleans. In 1830, there were sixteen; in 1840, twenty-seven; in 1850, sixty-five. All the towns and cities above 10,000 in 1840 were — Boston. Philadelphia. Baltimore. Portland. Albany. Norfolk. Lowell. Rochester. Charleston. Salem. Troy. Savannah. New Bedford. Buffalo. Mobile. Charleston. Utica. New Orleans. Springfield. Newark. Louisville. Providence. Pittsburg. St Louis. New Haven. Richmond. Cincinnati. Brooklyn. Petersburg. Washington. and their comparison, aggregately, with New York, for four decennial peri* ods, is as follows : — 31 towns Do excluding Boston, Philadel- phia, and Baltimore New York m 1830, 1840. 1850. 670,110 878,800 1,829,987 1,796,256 826,817 647,827 876,004 1,061,522 123,706 202,689 812,710 515,545 Digitized by Google 316 Commercial Cities and Towns of the United States . By which it will be seen that over the combined increase of those 27 towns, New York has advanced from about 30 to near 60 per cent of their population. In the following statement is given the comparison of New York with all the towns of the various sections of the Union above 10,000. Maryland and the Distaict of Columbia are assigned to the south-eastern section, Alabama is made a south-western, and Missouri a north-western State — this being the most natural division. The towns above ten thousand equal New York in no instance in any other section than the middle : — 1610. 1830. 1840. 1850. New England 66,411 114,842 216,166 446,468 Middle States 141,955 261,602 894,818 969,782 South-Eastern States 99,586 145,201 184,997 354,243 South-Western States 27,178 66,278 186,075 224,268 North Western States. 21,831 86,171 298,925 Pacific Region 25,000 New York City 123,706 202,589 812,710 615,645 We next give a comparison of New York with all the towns in the Uni- ted States of between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, in 1840, and with all the town population of the United States, in places of above 2,000, at the same period : — POPULATION OP TOWNS. Between 2,000 and 10,000. A bore 2,000. New England 147 towns. 674,767 156 towns. 789,938 Middle States 60 “ 198,587 69 “ 906,115 South-Eastern States 21 “ 98,982 28 “ 807,848 South-Western States. 12 “ 41,752 16 “ 177,827 North-Western States. 20 w 87,602 21 “ 140,809 New York 312,710 From which it appears that the whole town population of New England was only about double the population of the city of New York ; that of the Middle States treble, and that of the whole six South-western and five North-Western States only equal. In the comparison here made of New York with other cities of the Uni- ted States, we have included only the population actually resident within her limits, while for Philadelphia the amount stated includes the great pop- ulation of her suburbs. The cities and villages immediately arouud New York may as fairly bo considered portions of herself, as the suburban pop- ulation of Philadelphia, or of any other city, may be included in its census. The connections with these places by steamboat is so complete, and the com- munication so constant and great, that the rivers and bay seem scarcely to afford any separation. Estimating these appendages New York has a pop- ulation of not less than 650,000. COMPARISON WITH STATES. There were, in 1790, sixteen States, all of them exceeding the city of New York in population. The State to which the latter approached nearest was Tennessee, which had 35,791, New York having 33,131. Of no other State, excepting Delaware, which had 59,096, did it reach the proportion of one-half. The comparative progress of the city and the States is seen in the statements following ; — Digitized by i^.ooQle New York . 817 POPULATION OF NEW YORK AND SEVERAL OF THE STATES AT EACH 0EN8C8 FROM 1790. Years. New York city. Maine. New Hampshire. N. York State. Delaware. Ohio. 1790 33,131 96,540 141,899 340,120 59,096 1800 60,4S9 151,719 183,762 686,756 64,273 45,865 1810 96,373 228,705 214,360 959,049 72,614 230,760 1820.... 123,706 298,335 244,161 1,372,812 72,749 581,434 1880 202,589 399,455 263,328 1,918,608 7 6,148 987,908 1840 312,710 501,793 284,574 2,428,921 78,088 1,619,467 1850 515,545 583,188 317,964 3,097,394 91,635 1,980,408 At present, New York exceeds fourteen of the States ; namely, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Cali- fornia ; and if we refer only to white population, we may add five other States, Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and < at the present time, no doubt (two years since the census of 1850) North Carolina and Missouri — or 21 out of the 31 States — only ten States exceed- ing New York city in white population. Of the white population of the smaller of these States, New York is very nearly equal to the following combinations : — Arkansas.. Delaware Florida Texas Rhode Island 126,071 71,888 47,120 133,181 144,012 ! Arkansas. 1 Delaware Florida Texas South Carolina 126,071 .... 71,888 47,120 .... 133,131 254,271 Total Louisiana £lnpth Carolina ........ 522,222 254,271 ..... 274,775 Total Delaware Florida. 632,481 91,535 .... 87,401 Rhode Inland .,T..,.T.t .... 147,544 Total 629,046 Iowa 19^214 Total 518,694 The increase of population in the different States of the Union, in each deoennial period, as compared to that of New York city, and in the whole period from 1790 to 1850, has been as follows : — 1790-1800. 1810. 1810. 1810. 1840. 1840. 1700-1850. New York city. 27,868 35,884 27,888 78,888 110,121 202,797 482,414 8TATE8 EXCEEDING NEW YORK’S INCREASE. Maine 56,179 74,986 69,680 101,120 486,648 N. Hampshire . 41,868 29,801 Vermont 69,049 63,248 Massachusetts. 44,528 48,795 51,247 87,121 127,291 256,800 616,782 New York. . . . 246,636 373,193 413,768 546,796 510,318 668,473 2,757,274 New Jersey. . . 27,810 32,020 Pennsylvania . 167,992 207,726 289,867 278,756 875,800 687,768 1,877,418 Maryland 88,998 Virginia 131,892 94,422 90,757 146,026 678,853 N. Carolina.. . . 84,582 77,897 83,829 99,158 S. Carolina . . . 96,518 64,524 87,626 Georgia. 79,553 90,332 88,554 175,836 174,569 214,607 823,451 Alabama 165,210 281,229 771,671 Mississippi .... 35,096 239,080 230,904 606,555 Louisiana 76,851 136,672 511,974 Tennessee .... 69,811 156,1'25 161,086 259,091 147,806 966,834 Kentucky 147,218 185,556 157,806 122,600 909,328 Ohio 185,395 850,674 856,469 581,564 460,941 1,980,408 Indiana 122,658 195,653 342,835 302,550 988,416 Illinois. 42,929 102,254 318,788 876,287 851,470 Michigan. T .... 160,628 Digitized by v^oosle 318 Commercial Cities and Towns of the United States. Missouri ...... 1790-1800. 1810. 1820. 46,741 1830. 1810. 248,247 1150. 1790-1800. 298,341 682,048 274,246 . Wisconsin .... New York city. 27,858 85,884 27,333 78,883 110,121 STATES BELOW NEW YORK’b INCREASE. 202,797 482,414 Maine 99,996 81,395 N. Hampshire. 30,598 25,167 15,246 33,390 176,005 Vermont 18,051 44,888 11,296 22,172 229,004 Connecticut. . . 12,861 11,040 13,160 22,463 12,833 60,813 132,650 Rhode Island.. 12 7,909 6,028 14,140 11,631 38,714 78,434 New Jersey. . . 33,606 43,248 62,483 116,249 815,416 Delaware 6,177 8,401 75 8,999 1,337 13.450 82,439 Maryland 21,820 26,804 36,690 22,979 113,016 263,307 Virginia 28,392 181,864 N. Carolina.. . . 15,432 115,484 476,152 S. Carolina . . . 78,444 13,213 74,109 419,434 Florida 87,401 Alabama 180,915 Mississippi. . . . 31,502 61,173 Louisiana 62,332 159,563 '1 ennessee. . . • 173,415 Kentucky .... 91,911 202,577 Indiana 19,645 Michigan. 4,134 22,743 186,887 897,654 Missouri 73,869 Wisconsin .... 805,191 Iowa 149,102 192.214 Arkansas 16,115 07,186 112,165 209,639 From the foregoing table it appears that the numerical increase of thirteen State*, from 1790 to 1800, was decidedly larger than that of the city of New York — that of only four States being less. In the next decennial pe- riod, 1800-10, the increase of thirteen was larger, and of seven smaller; from 1810 to 1820, the increase of eighteen was larger, and six smaller; in the fourth period, 1820-30, the increase of thirteen States was larger, and thirteen Jess ; fifth period, 1830-1840, there were thirteen States having a larger, and fourteen a smaller increase ; and in the sixth period, 1840-50, the increase of but ten States equalled that of New York, and nineteen fell behind. Only four States, (three beside New York,) Massachusetts, Penn- sylvania, and Georgia, exhibit in each period from 1790 a larger increase than New York city ; and of the States admitted since that period, only Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois have attained as large increments of gain. On the other hand, six States — Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Florida, Arkansas, and Iowa have in no one period had an increase equal to that of New York. Maryland, Michigan, and Wisconsin have had an equivalent increase in only one instance each, and New Hampshire, Vermont, New Jersey, Ala- bama, and Louisiana in but two of the six periods. In the general result, if Texas were counted, (of whose population we have no statement back of 1850,) fifteen States have made a larger increase in population since the adoption of the government than the city of New York, and fifteen have fallen behind. Of the “ Old Thirteen ” nine are in the latter class. RATIO OF GROWTH COMPARED TO 8TATEB AND TO UNITED STATES. The ratio of growth of New York, as compared to that of several of the States, sections, and of the United States, in the decennial periods from 1790, have been as follows: — Digitized by v^ooule New York. 319 Now York Conned- N, Y. North-west B.-west United 1790-1800 city. Maine. icut. State. Virginia. Ohio. section. section. States. ... 82.6 67.1 5.4 72.5 17.6 .... . . . . 208.1 85.0 1800-1810. ... 69.3 50.7 4.3 63.4 10.7 408.7 442.0 100.3 86.4 1810-1820. ... 28.4 80.4 5.0 43.1 9.3 152.0 191.1 76.7 33.3 1820-1830. ... 63.8 33.9 8.1 89.7 13.7 61.3 85.4 54.6 33.2 1830-1840. ... 54.8 26.2 4.1 26.6 2.3 62.0 101.9 54.8 82.7 1840-1850. ... 64.8 16.1 19.6 27.5 14.7 30.3 69.1 47.8 36.2 1790-1850. .. 1,466.0 504.0 56.0 810.7 90.0 4,265.0 9,291.0 4,860.0 491.5 Average. ... 58.9 85.7 7.7 45.5 11.4 142.9 155.9 97.0 84.5 It will be noticed herein, that while those States, which commenced with a very high ratio, have, in consequence of the growing magnitude of the base on which that ratio is computed, suffered a great decline in that re- spect, New York still maintains her ratio. So New York is constantly gain- ing upon the States, and is growing proportionately larger constantly toward the whole United States. The latter fact is made more evident in the fol- lowing statement of the per centage of the population of New York at the different periods, and of the United States at corresponding dates : — 1790 1800 1810 1820 0.84 1 1830 1.14 1840 1.33 1850 1.28 1.58 1.88 2.22 In comparing the city of New York with the States of the Union, it may be remarked that the city is not only equal to several in population and wealth, but is much more powerful, and has, although possessed indef eDd- ently of municipal powers only, much greater elements of nationality than many of them, even among the more populous. She could maintain a far more respectable position as an independent nation than could above three quarters of the States, singly. Some of the most memorable nations of an- tiquity were only great cities, having no country region, or but an insignifi- cant and unproductive patch of territory. COMPARISON TO FOREIGN CITIES. • The only cities of the world which equal or exceed New York in popula- tion are those here named : — IN EUROPE. IN ASIA. London, (with suburbs). . . . Paris St. Petersburg Constantinople 2.863,141 Pekin, (China) 8,000,000 1,085,000 Suchon “ 2,000,000 535.000 Nankin “ 2,000,000 550.000 Canton “ 1,000,000 Fucbau Fu, (China) 600,000 Miaco, (Japan) 600,000 Calcutta, (Hindostau) ..... 650,000 Benares “ 600,000 Surat “ 600,000 In Europe, no other city beyond the four named is much above half as large as New York. Of the cities of Asia, the accounts are, in some cases, rather apocryphal. The Orientals have never been remarkable for their de- votion to statistical subjects. They would be more likely to resort to imag- ination, a faculty which they are reputed to keep as a worker of all service, for what information they might desire on the matter, than to go to the drudgery of taking actual enumerations. Their pjinces would be satisfied with a general survey of their realms, giving them an approximate idea of Digitized by U^ooQle 320 Commercial Cities and Towns of the United States : the extent of territory and density of population. Had they full statistical information, few of them would have any idea of its use, and therefore could not be expected to seek it. The population of Asiatic cities and countries is undoubtedly overestimated, yet it is certain that Asia has the largest cities in the world. PERIOD OF DUPLICATION. The population of New York has progressively doubled upon about the periods named below : — itself at Numbers. Years. Intervals. Numbers. Years. Intervals. 515,545 reached in. 1850 years. 8,055 about 1726 40 years. 257,772 about. . . . 1834 4,027 “ 1692 33 44 128,886 44 .... 1820 14 - 2,013 44 1668 24 44 64,443 “ ... 82,221 44 .... 1801 1790 19 “ 11 44 1,056 44 1656 12 44 16,110 11 1766 26 “ 1 Average period. 21i “ If we take the period from 1790, New York has within that time doubled four times, making the average period fifteen years. From 1800, the peri- od of duplication is once in years. The following is a comparison with the duplicative periods of other cities, States, sections, and of the United States. The statement as to the latter and all places within it, relates to their progress since 1800, excepting Cincinnati, Louisville, and Buffalo: — New York . Boston Philadelphia Baltimore.. . Cincinnati . . New Orleans St Louis. . . Brooklyn. . . Pittsburg .. . Louisville.. . Years. 15 20* 22 20 fil- ls 10 9 7* 8 Washington . . . Charleston .... Albany Buffalo New York State Virginia New England. . North-West . . . United States .. London, (about) Years. 14 38 IS* 8* 19 70 45 7 23* 40 Art. IT.— THE BLASTING OP BOCKS UNDER WATER WITHOUT DRILLING. New York, August 10, 1852. Freeman Hunt, Esq., Editor Merchants' Magazine , etc. ; — Dear Sia : — We take great and sincere pleasure in sending you the following com- munication relative to the new method of blasting bocks under water without drill- ing, which was invented by Mr. Maillekert, and for about one year has been most suc- cessfully practiced in this country. This communication will, as soon as possible, be followed by another, relative to the removal of ba&s in and at the mouth of rivers bt dragging, a method which, in many instances, has been most successfully applied in Europe, and is destined to be extensively used in this country. We feel very much gratified' for the room which you were pleased to offer us for these communications in the columns of your highly estimated Magazine, the name of which is the very best introduction to an intelligent class of readers. When Mr. Maillefert first presented his plans for the removal of those dangerous Digitized by v^oosle Blasting Rocks under Water irithovt Drilling . 321 rocks in Hell-Gate, which for centuries past had been a terror to navigators, he had patiently to submit to the doubts and objections raised from all sides, and even to the hr more discouraging ridicule, which some persons thought proper to throw over his contemplated operations. A strong conviction and a good deal of energy upheld, however, his courage, and carried him through a severe trial to a complete triumph. A trip to Hell-Gate on one of the many beautiful steamers that are daily running through a passage which bore its name but too properly, will now be sufficient to con- vince even the most skeptical They will not any more find that terrible whirlpool which made them hold their breath in anxiety and awe, until they got safely out of it — none of those foaming ed- dies, which it seemed impossible to avoid. However strong may have been their doubts, they will gladly acknowledge that a wonderful change has taken place, that if they had not known Hell-Gate before, they should not be able to comprehend how it could be thus denominated, and that the few and harmless eddies that yet remain seem to be placed there rather to improve the scenery, and perhaps with a view of recalling to the mind of those who are too quick in forgetting what Hell-Gate was a year ago, and what it will never be again. Hell-Gate has lost its terrors, and may be made the best and safest entrance to the harbor of New York, if the necessary means be found to continue operations which, from the very outset, have given such beautiful and im- portant results. You will, in the following communication, find a short account of the progress of the operations in Hell-Gate up to the present day ; the difference between Mr. Maille- fert’s method of blasting rocks under water, and those hitherto used; what may be expected from it ; its peculiar advantages and applications towards the improvement of our rivers, harbors, and maritime thoroughfares. We feel it our duty, in submitting the following communication to your readers, to apologize for the foreignisms it may contain, and which we trust they will kindly ex- cuse, in consideration of our sincere endeavor to contribute our share to the develop- ment of the immense resources of this great and hospitable country. We have the honor to be, dear sir, with high and sincere respect, Your very obd’t serv’ts, B. MAILLEPBRT, \ W. RAA8LOFF, s °ul>marine Engineers. The blasting of rocks under water without drilling for which Mr. Maille- fert has taken out a patent, dated the 2d of March, 1852, is an invention which is intimately connected with the general desire for improvements in rivers, harbors, and maritime thoroughfares. W6 do not, however, intend to say, that this invention has been directly called forth by that desire, for such is not the case ; but we feel convinced that nothing short of a general and strong feeling in favor of such improvements could have prevailed upon private individuals to furnish the pecuniary assistance which was requisite in order to give a fair trial to an invention, which, at the outset, met with so many doubts and objections, and had to encounter an almost general incre- dulity. The trial has been most successful throughout, and has been carried out to an extent which at once secures to the invention a prominent place among the operations to be used for the improvement of our maritime highways. Notwithstanding the difficulties and delays always and unavoidably at- tending experiments, the most remarkable results have been obtained. The first submarine charge was fired by Mr. M&illefert on Pot Rock, in VOL. XXVII. — NO. III. 21 Digitized by v^oosle 022 Blaetmg Bocks under Water without ZbriUmg. Hell-Gate, the 10th of August, 1851, and from that day the operations have been continued in that difficult and dangerous thoroughfare, being in- terrupted only during the severest frost, and during Mr. Maillefbrt’s illness consequent upon an accident which happened the 26th of March last It will be necessary, for a just appreciation of the magnitude of the un- dertaking, and of the difficulties with which these operations were attended, to give a short description of the character of this thoroughfare, and the dangers to navigation arising from the crookedness and narrowness of the channel, the violence of the currents, and the great number of sunken and visible rocks which obstruct it. The very picturesque appearance which Hell- Gate bore in former times, and which it derived from, the whirlpool called the Pot, the violent agitation of the water rushing through it, the foaming eddies indicating the existence of the dangerous sunken rocks, has inspired Cooper with some of his most thrilling descriptions of maritime scenery and daring sea-adventures. A more sober and business like description than those which the great American romancer has given us in the “Red Rover,” and in the “Water- Witch,” are to be found in some able and lucid reports from Lieuts. Com. C. F. Davis and D. D. Porter,* from which we will give some of the prom- inent passages. Lieut Davis states in his report as follows : — “Of the sailing vessels that enter the Hurl-Gate passage, it is estimated that one in fifty sustains more or less injury by being forced by the violence of the currents on the rocks or shoals ; and the accident to the Oregon, which nearly proved fatal to her passengers, shows that even steamboats, with a motive power that keeps them under perfect control, and guided by the most experienced pilots, are not secure from peril. “ Such an improvement iu the channels of Hurl-Gate as would render them navigable to vessels of all classes under common circumstances, would supply to the Commerce of New York a new outlet to the sea— one in a different direction from the harbor channels, and available when those were temporarily closed by adverse winds or other causes — and would therefore be a permanent and valuable resource both for those vessels outward bound and for those returning home. u But a still more serious consideration is that of the increased facilities for naval defense which this improvement would afford. In the event of a rupture with a naval power, there can be no doubt that the attempt in the last war to rav- age the shores of Long Island Sound, and to prey upon its domestic Commerce, will be repeated. The means of resisting or preventing such hostilities must be drawn chiefly from New York; and if the Hurl-Gate passage be made secure, not only our largest men-of-war, but our steamboats of a superior class, which, on such occasions, would be armed for the purpose of defence, would be at once enabled to hasten to the scene of danger. “The steamboats ire now constantly passing through Hurl-Gate; but the diffi- culties of the passage would to them be seriously increased if they were pressed down by a naval armament and equipped for action. “ During the war with Great Britain our frigates were blockaded in the harbor of New York , which could not have been the cose if the Hurl-Gate passage had been open. Commodore Decatur ventured to carry his squadron through, but with such risk that the attempt with a frigate was only made once afterwards, notwithstanding the constantly recurring necessity. * Hep* made by Lieut. Com. C. F. Davis, of survey of Hurl-Gate channel, and communicated to the Chamber of Oomperoe of the city of New York, by Pror. A. D. Beebe, Supl. U. S. Coast Survey, dated February 15 1848, and report made by Lieut. Com. D. D. Porter, etc., communicated by Prof. A. D. Bache, Supt. U. S. C. 8- to Ebon Meriam, for the use of the Chamber of Commerce of New Tort, dated October 30, 1848. Digitized by v^oosle 323 Blasting Bocks under Water without Drilling . “ The removal, therefore, of the obstructions to the safe navigation of Hurl- Gate, is recommended by a regard to the future naval defenses of the country. “ The dangers in this channel arise from the great strength of the current, and the number and position of the rocks and reefs. The strength of the current is such that sailing vessels can only stem its force or escape from it by a command- ing breeze ; but as the main course of the flood tide keeps the middle of the eastern channel, it is most secure for vessels which are coming fi*om the west- ward, with the tide, to place themselves in the center of the stream, and follow its direction. They are thus carried through in safety. This plan, however, is inadmissible for any but small vessels, on account of two rocks, the ‘ Pot,’ and the ‘ Frying Pan,' which lie in or very near the mid-channel, are in the way both going to the eastward and westward, and have but little water on them at low tide. There is also a reef called Way’s Reef, which lies in the course followed by the steamboats principally when coming from the eastward against a strong flood. It Is their custom to keep close around Pot Cove, and run up under Hai- let’s Point ; by so doing they avoid the strength of the flood. In this part they find an eddy current in their favor. “ But in the ebb the greatest danger arises from the divergence of the current at a point marked (A) on the sketch, where the ebb tide branches off into three directions to take the course of the three channels ; the main south channel, the middle channel, and the eastern channel. M The safe navigation depends here upon deciding sufficiently soon at the point of separation which channel shall be taken ; and the neglect to do this, or a loss of control over the vessel for any reason, frequently results in being carried on the Gridiron. “ When a vessel that has attempted the eastern channel finds herself carried, towards the Gridiron, her only chance for safety is to run for the middle channel, which is narrow, and made precarious by the middle reef, the outer rock of which is the Negro Head. “ The Gridiron is, owing to the strong set of tide on it, the most dangerous reef in the passage. “ The reef known as the ( Bread and Cheese,’ on the eastern end of Blackwell’s Island, is also very dangerous. Vessels are liable to go on it on the flood when it is covered, by getting into the eddy near it, with a light wind. The chief dan- ger is on the ebb, and from the same cause as that which makes the Gridiron dangerous, t. e.f the strong set of tide in that direction.” * * * New York Municipal Gazette , p. 886. Lieut Porter states as follows : — u It was my intention to have made you a full report on the subject, but a copy of the report of Lieut Charles H. Davis, on Hell-Gate, was sent to me to-day< and I find it so full and correct in all its details, that I could say but little more without incurring the charge of plagiarism ; in fact, the opinions expressed by Lieut. Davis, coincide with those I had formed previous to reading his report, ana it only remains for me to point out the dangers I have noticed while surveying hero, and which have escaped his attention. I have also had a better opportunity of measuring the size and shape of the rocks than he had, and herewith give a description of them. “ The first in order, and the principal obstruction in Hell-Gate, is ‘Pot Rock,* on which I found eight feet of water at the lowest tides. * * * “ At half tides the depth of water does not increase on ‘ Pot Rock,’ as there is at least a fall of four feet, and a vessel drawing over eight feet must strike upon it it A full rigged brig struck it three days since, and went down with a valuable cargo on board. This obstruction once removed, Hell-Gate would be less dan- gerous by one-half, and the eddies, which are now the cause of half the difficul- ties, would, in a measure, disappear. * * * ** There is a dangerous rock, called ‘ Bald-headed Billy,’ fifteen yards from Hat- ter’s Dock, which is dry at low water, and ( brings up ’ a number of vessels at high water. Three vessels struck upon this rock while I was at Hell-Gate : one we got off with some difficulty ; another lost bowsprit, anchors, and chains. * * * Digitized by v^oosle 324 Blasting Rocks under Water without Drilling . “ Opposite ‘ Gibb’s Point,* and within fifty yards of Blackwell’s Island, is a large rock, which I have called ‘Blackwell’s flock.’ The current sets directly upon it with the flood tide, and it is a most dangerous obstruction. It is six feet out of water at low tide, and could be removed at small expense. “The ‘Frying Pan’ rock is a ledge running north and south, and is a part of the chain of rocks which which runs from ‘ Hog’s Back ’ to * Hallet’s Point This rock removed, vessels would always drift through the main ship channel. The difficulties of removing it would be much greater than any other rock in the Gate, as it is so difficult to hit upon it “ There is a small rock, though a very dangerous one, to the southward of Woolsey’s Bath-House. It extends about fifty yards out into the channel, and is connected with the shore line at low water. * * * “ In a place where the interests of so many are at stake, the want of attention to the navigation of Hell-Gate appears like culpable neglect No one can form an idea of the number of vessels that go on shore during the course of a month ; eighteen went on shore during the period I was occupied there, (two months,) and many of them were very much injured. I am convinced that if proper meas- ures were taken to protect the commercial interests of this great city, by blasting the rocks mentioned above, and docking it as proposed by Lieut. Davis, not one vessel would be lost in five years.” * * * N. Y. Municipal Gazette, pp. 886, 887. It will easily be understood that the operations in a thoroughfare like the one described, and through which more than three hundred vessels have been passing in a single day, were attended with various and peculiar diffi- culties, which hardly could be found in any other locality. Pot Rock, the most dangerous of the sunken rocks, rose in the middle of the channel, from a depth of from fifty to eighty feet, to within eight feet below the surface (at mean low water). It was formed as a ledge, stretch- ing across the Gate so as to present its broad side to the current ; the west- ern slope rose pretty gradually, but the eastern side was steep, and even overhanging. At a depth of twenty-four feet below the surface, this form- idable rock had a length of about two hundred and fifty feet, and an extreme width of seventy-five feet ; its upper part was prismatical, and its top had an area of only some few square yards. On that side of the rock which turned towards the current, the waters were forced several feet above their natural level, and on the other side of it there was a corresponding depression — the consequence of which was a very dan- gerous whirlpool of considerable extent, and bordered with foaming eddies. The violent agitation of the water above and around Pot Rock, and the wild roar which accompanied it, was exactly such as if some sea monster were struggling in agony, vainly attempting to reach the surface of the wa- ter. When the tide was running, Pot Rock could not even be approached in a small boat, and the only available time for sounding the rock, or for blasting it, was during slack water, when the tide had ceased running one way, and until it commenced running in the opposite direction. But owing to the situation and character of the channel, slack water lasted only some few, never beyond ten minutes, and the operations were therefore confined to that limited space of time. It is evident that, under such circumstances, no other mode of operation than the one invented by Mr. Maillefert could possibly be made use of. It was not only entirely impracticable to fix any apparatus for drilling upon Pot Rock, but even the mooring of a vessel or float on or near the spot, and during the tide, could not be seriously contemplated. In the beginning of the operations, not more than two or three charges Digitized by v^oosle Blasting Rocks under Water without Drilling . 825 could be fired per day ; many days were entirely lost, the weather being un- favorable, and others had to be devoted to surveying operations, which also could be effected only during slack water, and in very favorable weather. But all these difficulties were overcome, the work was gradually progress- ing, and a survey made on the 7th of November by Lieut. Bartlett, U. S. N., showed a depth of not less than eighteen feet three inches , at low water, on any part of rot Rock. This result had been obtained in the course of two-and-a-half months, by the firing of one hundred and forty-three charges. A great improvement had then already taken place in the appearance of Hell-Gate. The whirlpool had entirely disappeared, and the eddies were almost reduced to mere ripples. It had also, at that time, become evident that the removal of rocks by Mr. Maillefert’s method was not only possible, but also very expeditious, and at- tended with proportionally small expense. Although the season was then very much advanced, the operations were continued on Pot Rock, and commenced on several of the other most dan- gerous rocks. Among these, the “ Frying Pan ” offered almost the same difficulties as “ Pot Rock,” being situated in the middle of the channel, wjiere the tide sometimes turned within two or three minutes. The operations were thus continued until the 12th of December, when the very cold weather compelled Mr. Maiilefert to suspend work until the 2d of February, 1852. Pot Rock had then been broken down to nineteen feet below mean low water. w Bald-headed Billy,” a large and dangerous boulder, had been removed to deep water. Lieut. W. A. Bartlett, U. S. N., Ass. U. S. Coast Survey, states the following, in relation to this latter operation. “ By accurate measurement of this * boulder,’ after a submarine explosion had dislodged it from its bed, it was found to be sixteen feet long, ten feet wide, and eight feet deep ; and as it was too heavy to be floated whole, it was then split by drilling, and the two parts separately floated away to deep water, being lifted by the iron cylinder floats at high water.” Two other dangerous rocks, opposite Mr. Edwin Hoit’s mansion, also had been removed to deep water. On one of these rocks a vessel was wrecked shortly after the commencement of the operations in Hell-Gate. Several charges had been fired on “Frying Pan,” “Way’s Reef,” and “ Diamond Reef,” (New York harbor,) but the result had not been ascer- tained by a survey. The operations were resumed the 2d of February, and continued in spite of the cold and stormy weather, until the 26th of March, when Mr. Maiile- fert was wounded by the disastrous explosion of a charge above water. Pot Rock had already, since the 27th of February, been broken down to a depth of twenty feet six inches below mean low water, a depth which was deemed sufficient for commercial purposes, wherefore no operation has taken place upon Pot Rock since that day. This splendid and highly satisfactory result has been obtained by the firing of two hundred and eighty-four char- ges, of which twenty- seven were of seventy-eight pounds of gunpowder each, and two hundred and fifty-seven were of one hundred and twenty-five pounds each. When Mr. Maiilefert had recovered from his wounds, he recommenced operations the 12th of June, and has continued them since in Hell-Gate, as well as on Diamond Reef, lying between Governor’s Island and the Battery. The results obtained up to the 4th inst are as follows : — Pot Rock broken down from 8 to 20 J feet below mean low water ; Way’s Digitized by v^oosle 326 Blasting Rocks unde? Water without Drilling . Reef from 5 to 14£ feet ; Frying Pan from 9 to 18| feet; SheUdrake Rock from 1 £ to 16£ feet; Diamond Reef from 16 to 18 feet Bald-headed Billy, a large boulder, and two small rocks opposite Mr. Edwin Hoit’s mansion, have been broken, and entirely removed into deep water. The above depths at mean low water correspond with the following depths at mean high water : — Pot Rock removed to a depth of 26 i feet at mean high water; Way’s Reef 20 J feet; Frying Pan 24* feet; SheUdrake Rock 22’ feet; Diamond Reef 24 feet The removal of these large and dangerous rocks constitutes a great and very sensible improvement. The appearance of Hell-Gate is greatly changed, the terrible whirlpool, called the “ Pot,” is not to be found any more, and the project of making Long Island Sound and Hell-Gate the main entranoe for steam and other vessels coming from Europe or from the north to the harbor of New York, whereby, besides other great advantages, a distance of twenty-five miles may be saved, can now be seriously contemplated. The experiment is now completed, and the results obtained by Mr. Maille- fert’s operations are undisputed and undisputable. They greatly surpass even the most sanguine expectations, and have established universal faith in the modus operand it the efficiency of which was, at first, 60 generally doubted. We will now proceed to show the difference between this mode of blast- ing rocks under water, and those hitherto used, its peculiar advantages, and applications. It has always, heretofore, been the practice in all attempts to blast rocks under water, to insert the explosive charge in or under the rock, under the impression that the rock could not be separated or removed unless the charge were confined within the mass of the rock, or in some suitable cavity under it, or between it and the solid bottom, on which it rests. And as the drill- ing of the rock, or the making of the required excavation under it for the confinement or reception of the charge in many instances is entirely imprac- ticable, and almost always attended with great labor and difficulty, when made under water, the discovery of a more generally applicable, as well as easier and cheaper method, has been for a long time a great desideratum. Considering the great resistance which the water offers to the passage of bodies through it, and which is as the squares of the velocity and the mass of water to be displaced, Mr. Maillefert concluded that by placing a charge of gunpowder on or against the surface of the rock to be blasted, at a proper depth under water, and by firing off that charge, the considerable volume of gas which is almost instantaneously produced by such an explosion, would, m forcing its way through the water, meet with a resistance which would make it act in all directions, though in a different degree, somewhat like powder confined in a mine, and that the proportion of tne concussion, which would thus be directed against the rock, would be sufficient to disintegrate even the hardest and most tenacious kinds. This conclusion proved perfectly correct in all cases where a proper pro- portion existed between the depth of water above the charge, the quantity and quality of the powder exploded, and the character of the rock, and was therefore made the basis of this new method of blasting rocks under water, by which the difficulty, labor, and expense connected with drilling operations are entirely obviated. ^ Mr. Mafilefert’s mode of procedure in carrying out his method of blasting, is aa follows : — Digitized by v^oosle Digitized by v^oosle vw 828 Blasting Bocks under Water without Drilling * He takes a canister a made of tin or other suitable material, inserts an isolated conductor d , fills it with gunpowder, and closes it up so as to prevent access of the water. The cylinder a is then lowered on the rock, from a boat or float, and by means of a rope or chain c. Sliding along the guide- rod, 6, it is placed exactly on the spot to be blasted, after which the guide- rod h is withdrawn, the boat or float moved away far enough not to be in- jured by the agitation of the water consequent upon the explosion, which is effected by connecting the conductor d with a galvanic battery, e, also placed at a suitable distance. The explosion throws up a considerable body of water to a hight of from thirty to one hundred feet, breaks and scatters part of the rock, and some- times makes the ground tremble at a distance of more than half a mile. As soon as the agitation of the water has subsided, the boats resume their station above the rock, which is carefully examined and sounded, by means of one or more sounding-rods, and another charge is then lowered down and fired on any spot discovered to require additional concussion. We cannot here go into detail about the depth of water required, the quantity of rock broken down by every explosion, the rules for choosing the spots on which to place the charge, the time required for the firing of a charge, etc., all of which depends entirely upon the character of the rock, the velocity of the current, and a great many other circumstanoes, which vary according to the locality. The above-mentioned results, obtained in Hell-Gate, where nearly sixteen hundred cubic yards of the hardest rock (Gneiss) have been broken down and removed under very difficult circumstances, as an experiment, in less than seven-and-a-half months, are sufficient to indicate what is to be expected from this method of blasting, which offers the following great and peculiar advantages ; — It can be applied under all such circumstances which would render the establishment or the working of a drilling apparatus entirely impracticable, or extremely difficult and expensive, as /. t. in open roads, and even in the open sea, all along the seacoast, in the most frequented thoroughfares, etc., etc. It is in such cases the only available method for the breaking down of rocks, reefe, and shoals formed by hard agglomerations, because either the depth of water or the violence of the current, the swell of the water, and the frequent passage of vessels, would render it impossible, or almost so, to establish and work a drilling or any other permanent apparatus. The charges can be prepared either on shore or on board a vessel moored in the vicinity of the field of operations. The operation itself, therefore, re- quires no other apparatus than a float or two boats, which can readily be brought to the spot, and again withdrawn at the shortest notice. This makes it possible not only to profit of almost every favorable opportunity, either in regard to the tide or the weather, but also to carry out the opera- tion in the most frequented thoroughfares, without in the least interfering with or impeding the navigation. It furnishes a very excellent and easy method for removing boulders such as obstruct and endanger, more or less, the navigation of almost all our riv- ers and maritime thoroughfares. One or two charges properly applied being in most instances sufficient to remove even the heaviest boulders out of the channel, this mode of operation proves not only less expensive, but also in- finitely more expeditious than the one hitherto used, viz : drilling the boulder, Digitized by v^.ooQle Journal of Mercantile Lav). 329 blasting it to pieces, and subsequently picking up tbe pieces and carrying them on shore or into deep water. It i9 a cheap method, both on account of its economy in labor and of its extreme expeditiousness. The greatest improvements to be made by this mode of operating, will hardly ever require more than one season to carry them to a successful end. It can be very advantageously connected or combined with other subma- rine operations, as f. i. : — With drilling , as an auxiliary operation towards facilitating and quicken- ing the removal of those rocks, etc., which are so located that breaking them by blasting in connection with drilling, will involve less expense than the blasting without drilling. With dragging and dredging, for the special purpose of breaking such ob- structions as snags, or other solid objects, hard agglomerations, etc., which could not be overcome by the apparatus used for those operations, and by which, therefore, a considerable dragging or dredging operation might be stopped in its progress. It can be most effectually used for the opening of navigation in thorough- feres obstructed by ice ; and acting as well upon the bottom as upward, it will, in many instances, be the means of preventing the formation of bars in rivers, where such obstructions very often will accumulate under or against the ice bar. This short account will be sufficient to indicate the many applications that may be made of Mr. Maillefert’s invention, and to show that it is destined to take a prominent place among the agencies of those submarine operations upon which we must depend for the improvement of our maritime highways. It is calculated to overcome all the difficulties in the way of those grand improvements which could not hitherto be thought of, and we venture to say that, by its liberal application, the greater part of those dangerous rocks, reefs, and ledges, by which the navigation of the waters along our coast, and in our rivers and lakes, is made extremely perilous, causing every year nu- merous and most melancholy shipwrecks, can be removed in the course of a few years, if the necessary means (small when compared to the terrible losses which would thereby be obviated) can be obtained for such improve- ments, which the voice of humanity and the interests of the country loudly call for. JOURNAL OP MERCANTILE LAW. ACTION OF ASSUMPSIT FOR GOODS SOLD AND DELIVERED. In the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk County, March term, 1852. Judge Fletcher presiding. The Froatburg Mining Company, vs. The New England Glass Company. This was an action of assumpsit for goods sold and delivered. At the trial the plaintiffs produced one Child as a witness, who testified that he was the agent of the plaintiffs, who did their business in Baltimore, Md. ; that about the 19th March, 1849, he received from the agents of the defendants, who do their busi- ness in Cambridge and Boston, a verbal order for a cargo of coal to be shipped by the plaintiffs from Baltimore in a vessel drawing not over ten feet of water, at a freight not over $2 25 per ton. This order the witness forwarded to the Digitized by i^.ooQle 800 JoumeU of Mercantile Law. agent of the plaintiffs in Baltimore, and on the 14th April, 1849, the cargo wne snipped on board a schooner which drew, when fully loaded, nine feet nine inches only. The bill of lading was forwarded by the plaintiffs to Mr. Child, and received by him in due course of mail on the 16th or 17th April, and speci- fied the freight to be $2 25 per ton. On the day it was received, it was indor- sed by Mf. Child, and together with a bill of the coal left by him in the counting room of the defendants’ agent, who was at that time absent. As soon as the defendants’ agent returned, he sent back the bill of lading and refused to receive the coal The bill for the coal reduced the price twenty cents per ton, so that the freight on the coal to be paid by the defendants would not exceed the limits of $2 25 per ton. On the passage from Baltimore to Boston the vessel in which the coal was shipped, foundered. After being raised and repaired, she arrived in Boston, where the plaintiffs, by their agent, tendered the coal to the defendants, who refused to receive it It was proved at the trial that by the usage of the coal trade between Balti- more and Boston, when coal is ordered in Boston from Baltimore, the delivery of it on board a vessel consigned to the person ordering it, is a compliance with the order, and the coal is thereafter at the risk of the party ordering it Fletcher J. delivered the opinion of the Court The defesse was, that accor- ding to the provisions of the statute of frauds, this being a contract for the sale of goods, wares, and merchandise for the price of fifty dollars or more, and there being no note or memorandum of the bargain in writing, the contract was not binding unless the purchaser should accept and receive part of the goods, or give something in earnest to bind the bargain or in part payment There was nothing given in part payment, or in earnest, and the only question was, whether the defendants did accept and receive the goods, or any part of them 1 That there was no actual taking or acceptance of the coal by the defendants, is quite clear. So soon as the defendants’ agent had knowledge that the bill of lading was left at his counting-room, he forthwith sent it back to the plaintiff's agent, and expressly refused to receive the coal When the coal itself arrived, and was tendered to the defendants’ agent, he at once refused to receive it. So that the defendants had promptly repelled all attempts to make an actual delivery of the vessel to them, and had promptly refused to aocept and receive the com or any part of it. But it wa9 contended by the plaintiffs’ council that it is not necessary that there should be an actual manual taking or occupation of the coal, but that there may be a constructive accepting and receiving, and that the receiving on board the vessel was a sufficient accepting and receiving by the defendants. The proposition of the plaintiffs that there may be a constructive accepting and receiv- ing, or a receiving without the actual manual occupation by the purchaser, seems to be well sustained by the authorities. Therefore, in many cases it is made a question to the Jury whether the purchaser by his mode of acting or forbear- ing to act, or by some acquiescence, has not accepted the goods though there has been no actual manual taking and occupation of them by him. The fnrther proposition of the plaintiff, that the acceptance and receipt to satisfy the statute of frauds are not such as to preclude the purchaser from afterwards to the quan- tity or quality of the goods is certainly fully sustained by the case of Morton vs. Tibbett (15 Adol. & Ellis.) This case in this particular differs from many pre- vious cases, which are all carefully referred to and commented on by the Chief Justice of the Queen’s Bench, in delivering the opinion of the Court In Morton vs. Tibbetts, the receipt of the goods is considered as a substitute for writing, leaving to the purchaser the same right to object that the contract has not been complied with, which he wonld have if the contract had been in writing. The other and most material proposition on behalf of the plaintiffs, that the coal when delivered on board the vessel was accepted and received by the defendants, within the provision of the statute, remains to be considered. That a delivery to a carrier is not sufficient to satisfy the statute, as a general proposition, is undoubtedly true, and is very properly admitted by the plaintiffs* council. But it is maintained that the master of the vessel under the particular circumstances of this case, was an agent to accept, to satisfy the statute, because in the first place he was a carrier nominated by the defendants. But the facta Digitized by ^ooq le Journal of Mercantile Law. 931 show that the verbal order of the defendants was merely to transmit the coal shipped by the plaintiff*, from Baltimore, in a vessel drawing not more than ten feet of water, at a freight not over $2 25 per ton. No referenco was made to any particular vessel or master. Even this very general order was not complied with by the plaintiffs, as the freight was $2 45 per ton, instead of $2 25, as was ordered. This departure in the price of the freight would, perhaps, of itself be sufficient to exempt the defendants from the liability to take and pay for the eoah But it is not necessary to put the case on that ground, or attach any importance to that fact. The order as to a vessel was very general, referring to no particu- lar vessel, or master, specifying only the draft of water and price of freight. The master was merely a carrier, and the taking by him would in no sense, and upon no principle, be regarded as a receipt by the vendee. The case of Morton vs. Tibbetts was much stronger than the present one. There, the defendant himself sent a particular lighterman to receive the wheat. But the delivery to the light- erman was not considered to be a receipt by the vendee, though other act* of the vendee, tending^o- ahow an acceptance by him, were regarded as sufficient to justify a verdict for the plaintiff. So also in Bushel vs. Wheeler, in the same Volume, the vendee ordered the goods to be forwarded by a particular sloop, yet the delivery on board the sloop was not regarded as a receipt by the vendee within the statute, though the subsequent acts, and forbearing to act, on the part of the vendee, were held to be sufficient to go to the jury, to find an actual receipt by the vendee. It is therefore quite clear that a delivery on board the vessel, in this case, cannot be regarded as a receipt, within the provision of the statute, by the vendee, on the ground that the defendants ordered the coal to fie forwarded in that way. But it is further maintained by the plaintiffs, that the master of the vessel wa9 ira agent to accept, within the statute, because the usage of trade made him such in the coal trade between Boston and Baltimore. The usage, as shown, was that when coal is ordered in Boston from Baltimore, the delivery of it on board a vessel consigned to the person ordering it, is in compliance with the order, and the coal is thereafter at the risk of the party ordering it. It does not in terms appear whether or not this usage applies to mere verbal orders which are intend- ed by the statute of frauds. Nor is it shown upon what ground this usage can be set up and maintained against established provisions and principles of law ? Upon general principles of mercantile law, where a person accepts a written order, and delivers goods on board a vessel according to the order, consigned to the person ordering them, in common form, they are then of course at the risk of the consignee. When orders have been received and executed, and delivery has been made to the master of the ship and bills of lading signed and forwarded, the sel- ler is functus officio , and can do nothing more, except so far as he may have a right of stoppage in transitu. * It is unnecessary to consider how far there could be any usage affecting the rights of the parties in this case, as it is quite clear that the case is not within the usage set up and relied upon. The usage is said to be, that when coal ordered is delivered on board a vessel consigned to the party ordering it, that is a com- pliance with the order, and the coal is thereafter at the risk of the party ordering it But in the present case, the coal was not consigned to the party ordering it, but on the contrary was consigned to the plaintiffs’ own agent. By the bill of lading the coal was to be delivered to Addison Child or his assigns. But the bill of lading expressed that it was to be delivered to Addison Child for the New England Glass Co., and when the bill of lading was received by the consignee he indorsed it and offered it to the defendants’ agent, which it is said was a sub- stantial compliance with the alleged custom. The supposed custom required the coal to be consigned to the defendants, but it was in fact consigned to the plaintiffs’ agent This, so far from being a substantial compliance with, was the widest possible departure from the custom. The bill of lading gave the defen- dants no right to, or control over the coal, and when indorsed and offered to defendants’ agent, were promptly rejected. There was, therefore, no acceptance of the coal by the defendants, to satisfy the statute of frauds, and the plaintiffs must become nonsuit. Digitized by Google 332 Journal of Mercantile Law . WHAT CONSTITUTES DUE DILIGENCE IN MAKING A DEMAND UPON THE DRAWEE OP A NOTE, ETC. The following opinions delivered by Judge Lewis, in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, April, 1852, are of interest to the bar and business men. The one is in reference to the practice in pleadings, and the other relates to what con- stitutes due diligence in making a demand upon the drawer of a note. Bennett vs. Young. — Lewis J. — In this case we are unable to perceive any error in the proceedings of the Court below. On the contrary we are gratified to find that the Court was so properly impressed, in regard to its powers and duties, and so careful of the rights of the parties as to instruct the jury distinctly that “the question of what is due diligence in making a demand upon the drawer, when the facts are undisputed, is a question of law exclusively, and that where it depends upon controverted facts, it is for the jury to determine what the facts are : and if the facts are ascertained the law settles it, whether there has been due diligence.” There was no error in this instruction. But it seems that the Notary undertook to draw to himself the cognizance of the whole question of law and fact by a sweeping certificate that he had “ made diligent search and inquiry ” for the drawers. The Judge admitted this certifi- cate in evidence, and that threw upon the defendant the burden of disproving the facts therein stated. This was rendered exceedingly difficult by the omis- sion to state in the certificate the acts of the Notary, with the material circum- stances of time, place and persons, which were supposed by him to amount to “ diligent search and inquiry.” Where did he search ? Did he go to the last place of residence of the drawers? Did he inquire of the holder himself, who is presumed to know, before he takes the note, the residence as well as the cir- cumstances of the draw ers ? Did he even take the trouble to examine the com- mon source of information, the Directory 1 The certificate is silent on all these questions. But difficult as the task was, the defendant gave ample evidence to show the dangerous nature of admitting the certificate of the notary as evidence of facts not distinctly stated, so that the party may have the means of rebutting the evidence, and the Court the means of judging, if the facts are not contested, whether they constitute due diligence or not. The act of January 2, 1815, makes the official acts , protests , and attestations of all Notaries Public acting unde** the authority of this Commonwealth, certified under their respective seals of office, prima facie evidence. But it has been properly said that this statute was not intended to enlarge the official duties of Notaries, but merely to furnish the means of authenticating such acts as were within their official authority be-“ fore. Chief Justice Gibson, in delivering the opinion of the Court in Bellimcre *5. Bank of the United States, 4 Whar. 113, states that “though generally if not universally employed on such occasions, the official character of a Notary ex- tends only to the protest, and not to the hunting up of the parties.” Under our present view of the value of these certificates in the form in which this was made up, and the great abuse which may be practiced by means of them, we are not surprised that the Judge below told the jury that he had “ some question whether the certificate was any evidence at all.” It is not necessary to decide the question at present It is sufficient to say that this remark to the jury fur- nishes no ground for reversing the judgment Judgment affirmed. Smith et al. vs. Latour. — Where the facts set forth in a declaration or plan do not in any form in which they may be stated, constitute a good cause of action in the one case, or a valid defense in the other, the parties may, if they prefer that course, contest the facts in the first place before the jury, and afterwards call for the judgment of the Court upon them as found and set forth upon the record. But if the objections touch not the substance , but go merely to the form, in which the facts are set forth, this course cannot be pursued. He that stands upon matters of form — has a slippery footing, and if he slips at the time when the law requires him to stand, the objection is cured by his own inattention to the very matter which he charges upon his adversary. It is assuredly very late in the day to announce, in a decision of the highest Court in the State, that duplicity in a declaration and defects of form in setting forth a good cause of Digitized by v^oosle 333 Journal of Mercantile Lavt. action cannot be taken advantage of after verdict. The first is cause for special demurrer only, (Todd 647,) and the last is cured by the verdict, 2 Todd, 826. The second count, it is true, is informal ; but we can readily perceive therein the elements from which a formal declaration, containing a good cause of action, might have been constructed. The defendants below are therein charged with fraudulently obtaining goods from plaintiff below by pretending and asserting that they w ould pay the value, in a note against McMillan, which it is in effect asserted, they knew to be worth- less. After verdict, we may understand this declaration as containing the aver- ments that the defendants represented the note of McMillan to be good and val- uable ; that they knew at the time that this representation was false, that they in- tended by means of this falsehood to defraud the plaintiff, and that they thereby suc- ceeded in fraudulently obtaining hisgoods. These facts properly set forth, constitute a good cause of action. But if this were not the case, it does not follow' that the judgment should be reversed. It is the ordinary case of one entire verdict upon sev- eral counts, some of which are good and one is supposed to be bad. In that case, although the evidence may have been applicable to all the counts, the court below might have extended the verdict and judgment upon the good ones. Under the act of assembly which authorizes this court to enter the judgment which the court below ought to have entered, and upon the general principles which, now independent of the act of assembly govern the courts in administer- ing the law according to common sense and justice, this court might now enter the verdict and judgment upon the counts admitted to be good. Having the whole evidence before us, we might do what was done in Catlierwood vs. Kohn, 7 Barr, 392. But this is not necessary, as \ye are of opinion that the informality of the second count consists merely of the defective manner in which a good cause of action is set forth, and this, as already stated, is law by the verdict. The court below was asked in the 14th point to instruct the jury that the first count in the declaration was defective ; and it is here complained that the court refused to give this instruction, and stated that the defendants should have de- murred to it or should move in arrest of judgment. This was undoubtedly correct. The jury was empanelled to try the issue of fact, not to assume the office of the court and determine the question of law arising upon the face of the declaration. What had the jury to do with the defects in the declaration? They were to ascertain whether the facts which it alleged were established by the evidence or not, and the effect of the finding was for the decision of the court afterwards. To permit a party to obtain a verdict of not guilty, upon technical objections to the form of the declaration, would be a prostration of justice. The court was perfectly correct in its view of this point of the case. Fifteen points were presented for the solution of the court below, and there are nineteen specifications of errors here. But we perceive no error in any part of the proceedings below. Judgment affirmed. BROKERS — CONTRACT TO DELIVER STOCKS, ETC. In the Superior Court, City of New York, February, 1852, before Judge Duer, Paine, and Bosworth. John B. Staples, vs. Charles Gould. [Contract to deliver Btock at stipulated price. Deposit by principal with bro- ker to cover contingent loss in sale of stock on time. A contract to deliver stock on time when none is owned either by broker or principal, whether in name of broker or principal absolutely void under the statute. Money deposi- ted with broker to secure him against loss in such transactions not recoverable.] The pleadings and evidence establish the following facts The plaintiff, on the 15th of Januaiy, 1851, employed the defendant, a broker, to sell for him 200 shares of Canton Company stock, at the price of $66 per share, deliverable, at the option of plaintiff, at any time within 30 days from that date, the stock to be paid for on delivery. In pursuance of such employment, the defendant, on the same day, as such broker and agent, and with the knowledge of the plaintiff, contracted to sell 100 shares to Gilbert, Cobb & Johnson, and 100 shares to Wheelock & Brothers, at $66 per share, deliverable at the option of the plaintiff, Digitized by v^oosle 834 Journal of Mercantile Law. at any time within 30 days thereafter. The contracts were made in the name of the defendant, without his disclosing to the purchasers that the plaintiff was his principal. On the same day, the plaintiff deposited with the defendant $750 in money, « for the purpose of protecting the defendant against loss or damage in the bu- siness of such agency, and with the agreement and understanding between them that the defendant should have the right to retain so much of these moneys as should be necessary fully to indemnify and save him harmless from loss or dam- age, by reason of such sale to be made by him, as the broker and agent of the plaintiff.” And the plaintiff agreed, in consideration of the acceptance of such agency by the defendant, to indemnify and save him harmless from all loss and damage by reason of such agency, and to fulfil and perform the contracts of sale so made by the defendant as his agent and broker. The plaintiff did not own any stock when he employed the defendant to make the contract of sale, nop at the time when the contracts were made, nor at any time within thirty days thereafter. Nor did the defendant owti any of the stock at the time he made the contracts. On the 20th January, 1851, 350 shares of the stock of this company were transferred to the defendant on the transfer books of the company. On the same day he transferred to each of the purchasers the 100 shares of stock contracted on the 15th, to be sold to them respectively. This stock brought on the morning of the 20th, #80, and at the close of the day #85 per share. Before and at the expiration of the thirty days it was worth less than #66 per share. There was no evidence tending to show that the plaintiff knew of the delivery of the stock, on the 20th of January, to the purchasers, or that the defendant requested the plaintiff to furnish any stock to be delivered in satisfaction of the contracts, or that the plaintiff offered to furnish the stock to enable the defen- dant to perform his contracts, or as a satisfaction for the defendant’s stock which had been delivered in execution of the contracts; there was no attempt to prove that the plaintiff during the thirty days next after the making of the con- tracts demanded a return of the #750 from the defendant, or notified him not to perform the contracts. Thb action was tried on the 9th of December, 1851, before the Chief Justice, who “ reserved all the questions in the case ; directed a verdict for the plaintiff, subject to the opinion of the court upon a case to be made, either party to be at liberty to turn the case into a bill of exceptions ; the case to be heard at gen- eral term, without an appeal, and with liberty to the court to order a non- suit or judgment for the defendant” The case made, shows the facts to be as before stated. Bosworth, Justice . — The plaintiff advanced his money to the defendant to in- demnify him against any losses he might incur by reason of making, or having made contracts for the sale of 200 shares of Canton stock. The obvious pur- pose of the advance was to furnish moneys with which the defendant might pay the amount of any increase there might be in the value of stock, on the day for the delivery of it, above the contract price of #66 per share. The. plaintiff did not own any stock at the time he authorized the contract to be made, nor at the time he was notified that the contracts had been made, nor within thirty days thereafter. The only inference is, that he employed the defendant to make a contract which is declared void by statute. If it was intended that the defen- dant should contract in the plaintiff’s name as principal, then he employed the defendant to make a contract, falling within the express words of the statute in relation to stock-jobbing. (1 R. S. 710, { 6.) It was probably intended that the defendant should contract in his own name without disclosing his principal. If this was not intended, the deposit of the #750, as an indemnity against the consequences of contracting, would be an idle ceremony. For if it was intended that the defendant should expressly con- tract as agent, in behalf of the plaintiff as principal, no indemnity would be wanted, as the defendant could not then, in any event, be subjected to liability or loss, by reason of making the contract, whether the transaction was lawful or unlawful. Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Mercantile Law . 330 A contract on time for the sale of stock, made through the medium of a bro- ker, where the name of the principal is not disclosed, is as much within the meaning of the statute, as if made by the principal personally in his own name. (6 Paige 124, Gram, vs, Stebbins and Stebbins. 2 Hall 162, J. & W. G. Ward vs. Van Duzer.) The defendant did not own anv stock when he made the contracts ; the con- tracts were, therefore, void, whether regarded as his contracts or those of the plaintiff. The answer and complaint severally aver that the contracts were made oy the defendant on account of the plaintiff. The money advanced was delivered to the defendant, to secure his aid in fur- therance of an object repugnant to the express provisions of the statute, and to be put by the latter to an unlawful use, if such use of it should become neces- sary, to save him from loss or damage on his contracts. It was, therefore, ad- vanced to be used for an illegal purpose, and as an inducement to the defendant to engage, on account of the plaintiff, in transactions contravening the policy of a statute law of this State. It is well settled, that an act malum prohibitum , or malum in se, cannot be made the foundation of a civil right which will be en- forced in a court of justice. If a person lends money, or sells property, to be put to an unlawful use, and if such an unlawful use enters into the contract, and is the inducement to the loan or sale, the lender cannot recover back the money lent, nor the vendor for the property sold, though not in any other res- pect a party to or connected with the unlawful transaction. (5 Denio, 364, Morgan, vs. Groff ; 2d Sand, S. C. R. 146, Bell, t>*. Quin ; 7 Wend, 276, Pennington and Kean, vs. Townsend; 4 Mees and Weis, 434, McKennell, vs. Robinson vide ! Gray, vs. Hook, 4 Corns, 449.) The plaintiff cannot recover under } 8, of the statute. That section provides that “ eveiy person who shall pay and deliver any money, etc., by way of pre- mium or difference, in pursuance of any contract or wager in the two last sections declared void, may recover such money, etc., of and from the party receiving the same and his personal representatives.’* This was not paid or delivered as a premium or difference. It was paid or de- livered to indemnify the defendant against the losses to which his contract might subject him. It was not paid either as a premium or difference in pursu- ance of the contract of sale which defendant made with Gilbert, Cobb ana John- son, or with Wheelock and Brother. There was never anything paid in pursu- ance of either of those contracts as a premium or difference. There was a literal performance of each of those contracts, by a delivery of the stock sold. That section evidently means that, where a person sells st6ck on time, not then being the owner of any, at a stipulated price, and instead of delivering it, pays the excess of its market value above the contract price, or receives the excess of the contract price above that of the market price, the party so paying the premium or difference may recover back the amount thus paid. The extent of the statu- ary provisions is simply this : The contract of sale is made void. It cannot be inforced by either party. Neither can recover damages for the breach of it. If instead of being literally executed, either party in pursuance of such contract, has paid or delivered money by way of premium or difference, he may recover it back. In this case the defendant, in substance and effect, received the money, to be paid by him by way of premium or difference, if the market value of stock at the period for fulfilling the contracts should exeeed the contract price. This, at all events, is the interpretation of the object of the advance most favorable to the plaintiff, so far as his right to recover under the eighth section is concerned. If it was, in fact, advanced or deposited merely to secure the defendant from loss by means of making the contract, without any intention that it should be actually applied in any event to pay a premium or difference, then the advance or deposit is not such a payment or delivery as is specified in the eighth section of this act ; therefore it cannot be recovered back under that section. (5 Denio, 373, Morgan rs. Groff) Neither can the plaintiff say that he repented of his intended violation of the statute, before it was violated, that he so notified the defendant, revoked the agency, and demanded a return of the money, and, there- Digitized by v^oosle 836 Journal of Mercantile Law . fore he is entitled to recover it back. The plaintiff cannot recover on such grounds. Even if the law would aid him to recover back the money, on such a state of facts, it is sufficient answer to say that such are not the facts of this case. There is no proof of the revocation of the agency ; on the contrary the con- tracts were made for the plaintiff’s benefit; he was so notified and did not dis- sent; no request for a return of the money was made until after the whole time allowed, by the terms of the contract, for the delivery of the stock, had elapsed ; if the locus p enilentuz could continue beyond that period, it would continue until the plaintiff’s claim should be barred by the statute of limitations ; the repentance, for which the law gives opportunity to a party, is repentance of a purpose to offend against public policy, or to violate the laws, and not of having lost his money ; that must bo exercised while a contract is executory, or before the contingent event happens. “ The happening of the event is the crisis in the contract which terminates all election, opinion or repentance.” If that principle could by any possibility be applied to a case of this character, the recision of the contract and a demand of a return of the money should have been made within the thirty days fixed for the delivery of the stock. — (12 J. R., Yates vs* Foot.) What would have been the rights of the parties, if it had appeared that the plaintiff, during the thirty days, had not notified the defendant not to perform the contracts, and had demanded a return of the money advanced, it is unneces- sary to discuss, and no opinion is intended to be expressed on that point. On the case, as now presented to the court, the verdict should be set aside, and a judgment of nonsuit entered. C. r. Kirkland for plaintiff ; J. Lerocque for defendant. ACTION UPON A PROMISSORY NOTE. In the Supreme Court, (city of New-York, May 17th, 1852,) before Judge Sanford. Richard A. Reading and William II. Merchant, Ex’rs, against John Bacon & Son and Westlake & Coger. This was an action upon a promissory note for $1,620, made by J. Bacon & Son, 4th August, 1851, to the order of Westlake & Coger, and by them in- dorsed and negotiated to plaintiffs* testator. It is claimed for the defense, that the note was delivered to Westlake & Coger to get it discounted for the benefit of the makers; but that they misappropriated it, and negotiated it for their own benefit ; that the note was an accommodation note, without consideration between the original parties, and that it had been ne- gotiated at a usurious rate of interest. It appeared from the testimony of Westlake, called in behalf of his co-defend- ant, that he had taken the note to get it discounted for the makers, but that he diverted it from this use, and gave it to Merchant as collateral security on 61,300 borrowed from him upon their check on the Manhattan Bank ; and that Merchant had charged at the rate of one per cent per week upon this loan. It was also in evidence that this check, when presented at the bank, was credited to Mer- chant; but that, as soon as it was found that Westlake & Coger had no funds in the bank, Merchant was notified, the check protested, and charged to his ac- count The court charged the jury to consider this action as two different suits, one against the makers, and the other against the indorsers — their right and interests being distinct and separate. As to the indorsers, the jury must leave out the testimony of Westlake, and then the case, as against them, was free from the charge of usury ; that what happened at the bank, at the presentment of the check, did not amount to a payment. The testimony of Westlake alone sup- ported the charge of usury, on which the defendants, the makers, relied for their defense ; if the jury believed this testimony, the plaintiffs were not bona fide holders of the note, as against these defendants. Verdict for the plaintiff— $1,300, as against Bacon & Son; $1,670 51, as against Westlake & Coger. Digitized by Google Commercial Chronicle and Bevieie. 837 COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW. GENERAL ASPECT OF COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS — CREDITS AT THE SOUTH ABD WEST — BLESSINGS AND DANGERS OF PROSPERITY— INCREASED VALUE OF PROPERTY— CONDITIO* OP THE NEW YORK STATE BANKS— DIFFICULTIES CONNECTED WITH THE WAREHOUSING SYSTEM— NECESSITY OP A LIBERAL INTERPRETATION OP THE LAWS TO INSURE HARMONY BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PEO- PLE— DEPOSITS AND COINAGE AT THE PHILADELPHIA AND NEW ORLEANS MINTS FOR JULY — IMPORTS AT NEW YORK FOR JULY— CAUSE OF THE DECLINE FROM PREVIOUS YEARS— IMPORTS FROM JANUARY 1ST— WAREHOUSING MOVEMENT— IMPORTS OP FOREIGN DRY GOODS AT NEW YORK FOR JULY, AND FOR SEVEN MONTHS — RECEIPTS FOR DUTIES AT NEW YORK— REVENUE OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1851-2— IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES FOR FOUR YEARS — EXPORTS AT NEW YORK FOR JULY, AMD FOR SEVEN MONTHS— COMPARATIVE EXPORTS OF SPECIE AND MERCHANDISE. The season for summer relaxation from the cares of business is about over, and those who have been wandering in search of health or pleasure have, for the most part, returned to their posts. Here and there we miss from ’Change, or the haunts of business, some well-remembered form, which has given way under the weight of years, or the toils of a too constant engagement, and while the laugh was gayest during the summer revel, has been quietly laid to rest. But most have again buckled on the harness, and braced themselves for a re- newed struggle in the great arena. We have cause to congratulate those who are engaged in commercial affairs, (of all labor the most arduous,) upon the comparative absence of those fretting and anxious cares, which so often crowd upon the opening season. There is no stringency in the money-market, haunt- ing the merchant with a constant fear of dishonored bills, or broken engage- ments. There are no suspicious whisperings of failing credit, the precursor of protests and bankruptcy. No one can now be prostrated in business by being crowded at an unexpected moment. Capital is freely supplied, and all who have, in any substantial property, a balance on the right side of their ledger, need have no trouble about meeting their liabilities. This prosperity is not con- fined to the large commercial markets ; it is extended throughout the country. The South, which was at one time almost universally distrusted, has nobly sus- tained its credit. With a cotton crop of over three millions of bales, the price of this great staple has been maintained far above the usual average, thus fully realiz- ing the hopes of the planter. Throughout the West there has been such a large distribution of money, that the merchants are seldom pinched for want of the means of payment. It is true that the price of wheat, and consequently of flour, has been lower than might be expected, as compared with other property; but pork, beef, Indian corn, and most other provisions and products of the soil, are unus- ually high. This general prosperity is not without its trials and dangers, some of them quite as real and palpable as those which attend upon adversity. There is danger that the avenues of business will be too much crowded; that the mass will forsake the slow and certain methods of acquiring, and rush into those which promise more rapid fortunes ; that thousands will be lured by the general sunshine into spreading too much sail for their weight of ballast, and thus be shipwrecked in the first breath of an adverse gale. And yet a large multitude of the young and thrifty will take advantage of these golden hours to secure a VOL. XXVII. — NO. III. 22 Digitized by v^oosle 838 Commercial Chronicle and Heviete, competency, for which they would have struggled in vain, or at least more anx- iously, in less favorable circumstances. There has been a steady advance in the nominal value of most descriptions of permanent property, but as yet we have to notice very little rash speculation. The banks have not expanded be- yond a safe limit, their large specie basis being constantly on the increase. In our last we gave a comparative statement of the condition of the New York city banks, as just compiled by order of the Controller ; we now annex a sum- mary of the condition of all the banks in the State of New York at the date of their last three quarterly statements : — Dec. 20, 1851. March 27, 1852. June 26, 1858 Loans and discounts $108,590,700 til 1,476,008 $121,289,046 Stocks 15,098,788 ' 14,918,189 16,167,228 Specie 8,806,829 10,780,684 18,804,866 Cash items 10,272,860 12,285,862 12,871,410 Bank notes 2,887,087 2,614,170 8,248,660 Due from banks 10,625,200 11,147,870 11,060,069 Capital 68,621,422 59,026,740 68,706,686 Circulation 26,228,558 27,812,054 27,940,247 Deposits 46,836,682 56,211,585 65,034,604 Due to banks 16,498,666 19,088,264 25,229,167 The increase in loans and discounts, as well as in specie, has been confined almost exclusively to the city, as will be seen by a recapitulation of a few items from the statement of the New York city bonks: — Capital. Loana and discounts. Sptda June 26, 1862 $85,348,000 $81,878,000 112,166,000 March 27, 1862 86, 1 37,870 71,550,054 9,716,070 December 20, 1861 85,188,640 64,141,899 7,364,489 From the above it will be seen that the ratio between the specie and liabilities has been increased in favor of the former, and we may also mention that since the date of the above return, the stock of specie has received large accessions. Some excitement has been manifested at New York iu consequence of the in- troduction of new restrictions in connection with the entry of goods into private bonded warehouses. The Secretary of the Treasury claimed the right to make a suitable charge for watching and taking care of the goods thus stored, and there would seem to be nothing unreasonable in the principle of such remuner- ation. The importers asserted that the charge in question was contrary to law, and therefore submitted to the exaction under protest, and proceeded to test the ques- tion in the United States Courts. Whereupon, the Secretary forwards to New York a blank pledge, which he requires all to sign under penalty of the entire with- drawal from them of the privilege of private storage. This pledge not only provides against future protests, but also requires the signers to release all their past claims. This is resisted as unjust and oppressive. It is difficult, some- times, to distinguish between the mutterings of a fault-finding spirit, and the remonstrances of those who feel sensible of having been wronged; but in this ease it does appear as if the government were disposed to be a little arbitrary. The constant litigation between the importers and the officers in the Treasury Department, seems to have somewhat irritated the latter, and induced a partisan spirit, seldom found where no personal interests are at stake. This is all wrong, and the continued pressing of doubtful points will only increase the evil. The government have been defeated in a majority of the suits brought against it, and Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Chronicle and Review* 339 that before the highest judicial tribunals of the country, where wrong has never triumphed. This would show that those connected with the collection of the revenue have been more intent upon gaining some advantage for the Depart* ment, than upon a judicious and liberal interpretation of the laws. We do not refer to any particular administration, but to the general tone of feeling which, with slight exceptions, has prevailed at Washington for years. Where there is any doubt of the meaning of an act, the scale should be turned in favor of the merchant, the government always having it in its power to protect itself by more explicit legislation. In cases where a judicial decision is asked by a claim* ant who fancies himself wronged, the executive should accede to it readily, and throw no obstacles in the way of its being speedily obtained. The exhibition on the part of the officers of the government of a contrary spirit, loses for the revenue more than it gains. The moment the government assumes an antago- nistic position, and enters into the contest with the warmth of personal feeling, the importer is too apt to forget his own obligations, and take the opposite side, resolving to make the most he can, without regard to the real merits of the question. In the dispute particularly alluded to, the Department would appear to be doubtful in regard to the strict interpretation of the law, as the pledge offered requires a renunciation of the legal claim, without the privilege of a ju- dicial derision. We annex a statement of the deposits and coinage at the Philadelphia and New Orleans Mints for the month of July : — nsposiTs roa jttly. NEW ORLEANS. PHILADELPHIA. From California. Total. From California. Total. Gold. (228,418 $236,981 (4,040,000 (4,200,000 Silver 1,872 12,643 20,000 21,600 TotaL (229,785 (248,524 (4,060,000 (4,221,500 GOLD COINAGE. Piece*. Value. Pieces. Value. Double eagles . 10,760 (216,000 209,098 (4,181,860 P.agrlfkft T 40,806 403,060 HiSf-eagles 40^924 204,620 Qoartereaglea 14,000 86,000 66/166 166/140 Gold dollar*. . T. ......... 48,860 48,860 Total gold coinage . . . 24,750 (250,000 400,888 (6,000,080 SILVER COINAGE. Qoarter-dollan 96,000 (24,000 . .... Dimaa ................. 120,000 (12,000 Three-cent pieces 862,400 25,872 Total silver coinage. . . 96,000 $24,000 982,400 (87,873 COPPER COINAGE. Conti .................. • 466,699 (4,667 Total coinage ..... 120,760 (274,000 1,849,837 (6,042,569 The total deposits of California gold for coinage at our mints since 1848 amount to about $135,000,000, while the total production is over $300,000,000. We gave in our last number a statement of the imports at New York for the fiscal year ending June 30th. We have now compiled from official documents Digitized by Google s 340 Commercial Chronicle and Review. a summary of the receipts for July, which show a falling off from July, 1851, of $1,563,793, and from the same month of 1850 of $6,231,729, as will be seen by the following comparison : — IMPOSTS ENTERED AT NEW TOES FROM FOREIGN POETS FOE THE MONTH OF JULT. Entered Entered Tears. direct. warehouse. Free goods. Specie. Total. 1852 $11,458,117 $428,919 $915,154 $150,007 $12,942,257 1851 12,874,701 1,022,725 1,027,481 81,148 14,606,050 1860. 16,591,446 2,155,820 499,512 1,927,708 21,178,986 Most of the receipts for specie, as put down for 1850, came from Chogres, and consisted of California gold, which then cleared from thence as from a forw eign port The withdrawals from warehouse for the month were $1,095,800 in 1852, $1,167,644 in 1851, and $944,127 in 1850. The stock in bonded ware- house is drawn down very low, and is much lighter than for several years. This continued decline in the imports is just what might have been expected from the position of the markets in reference to foreign fabrics. Large losses bad been suffered upon even the most desirable stock, and the natural result, in- stead of being the ruin of the merchants, as many predicted, has been a steady decrease in the imports. The decrease at New York, where two-thirds of the foreign merchandise is received, has now reached a very considerable sum; the imports since January 1st, exclusive of specie, being $13,205,295 less than for the corresponding seven months of 1851, and $6,922,639 less than for the same period of 1850, as will appear from the following statement: — IMPORTS ENTERED AT NEW TORE FROM FOREIGN PORTS FOR SEVEN MONTHS ENDING JULT 81. Entered Entered Years. direct. warehouse. Free goods. Specie. Total. 1862 $58,498,029 $6,451,668 $8,259,939 $2,028,248 $74,237,884 1851 70,762,894 8,486,912 6,165,125 1,480,476 86,895,407 1850 63,254,488 9,916,433 5,901,354 9,064,489 88,196,764 The apparent excess of specie in the year last given above, is owing to causes already stated. It will be seen that the value of goods entered warehouse has materially declined. This shows that the demand has been much more active, although other causes have also been at work. The withdrawals from ware- house have, on the other hand, been much greater, amounting for the first seven months of 1852 to $9,622,577, against $6,879,985 for the corresponding peri- od of 1851, and $5,378,101 for the same period of 1850. Of the decline in imports, as compared with last year, $7,245,923 has been in dry goods, and $5,959,372 in general merchandise. The imports of dry goods for July are $1,620,254 less than for July, 1851, and $4,302,086 less than for J uly, 1850, the falling off extending to nearly every variety of fabric : — IMPOSTS or DET GOODS AT THE PORT OF NSW TORE DURING THE MONTH OF JULT. ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION. 1840. 1841. m M anufactures of wool ... $8,662,120 . . . 1,607,776 $2,864,648 $2,187,187 M anufactures of cotton.. ....... 1,198,817 1,089,736 M anufactures of silk . .. 4,672,161 8,933,092 8,074,265 M anufactures of flax. 741,096 611,260 488,586 If itcellaneous dry goods. . . . 880,698 468,476 580,696 Total ... $10,868,849 $8,646,273 $7,870,869 Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Chronicle and Review, 941 WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE. Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton Manufactures of silk. Manufactures of flax Miscellaneous dry goods ... 1850. $814,619 104,880 124,674 24,696 10,984 1851. $818,717 167,871 266,709 87,782 21,109 185!. $287,484 96,970 149,894 82,064 12,416 Total • Add entered for consumption. ..... $679,762 10,868,849 $800,688 8,646,278 $628,878 7,87(1,869 Total thrown upon market. . . . $11,483,601 $9,346,966 $7,898,647 ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING. Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton. Manufactures of flax Miscellaneous dry goods 18S0. 1486,839 898,983 222,142 71,207 12,818 1851. 8341,315 129,572 268,818 45,003 27,465 18§l 8126,623 72,226 130,624 16,299 21,556 Total Add entered for consumption 81,185,934 10,853,849 $811,678 8,646,278 $867,328 7,870,869 Total entered at the port. . • • $12,039,788 $9,867,961 $7,787,697 The value of goods thrown upon the market shows a less relative decline than the value entered at the port, from the fact, as already stated, that the with- drawals from warehouse have been larger than the entries. We annex, also, & comparison of the receipts of dry goods at the same port since January 1st: IMPOSTS OF DBT GOODS AT THE POST OF NEW YORK FOR SEVEN MONTHS ENDING JULY 80. ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION. Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton.. ...••••••• Manufactures of silk Manufactures of flax. * Miscellaneous dry goods. 1850. $9,892,766 7,629,974 12,488,160 6,167,884 1,386,408 1851. $8,936,621 6,978,178 16,742,684 4,147,867 2,878,047 m $7,464,641 6,716,788 12,242,781 3,428,990 2,492,466 $86,410,132 # $38,177,697 $81,889,806 WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE. Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton. Manufactures of silk. Manufactures of flax. Miscellaneous dry goods.. 1850. 8724,050 753,580 689,011 258,158 88,123 1851. $896,647 1,008,874 868,926 897,849 260,821 1852. $1,079,188 1,126,786 1,401,176 616,618 289,266 Total $2,512,872 $8,422,617 $4,460,888 Add entered for consumption. 36,410,132 88,177,697 81,889,806 Total thrown upon market. . . . $88,923,004 $41,600,214 $86,800,693 Digitized by v^oosle M2 Commercial Chronicle and Re viw, entered foe warehousing. Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton. Manufactures of silk Manufactures of flax. Miscellaneous dry goods. 1850. (1,813,992 . 1,866,812 . 794,642 . 478,886 67,868 1851. $1,166,289 1,088,287 1,288,440 890,664 229,890 18fi $915,188 640,864 1,652,118 228,779 222,545 Total $4,004,646 . 36,410,182 $4,062,620 88,177,697 $3,664,489 81,839,806 Add entered for consumption.. .... Total entered at the port. . . . , $40,414,677 $42,240,217 $84,994,294 The receipts for duties continue to decline, although not in the same propor- tion as the imports, the payments upon the stock taken from warehouse having otherwise added to the revenue. We annex a comparison of the total from the 1st of January for three years: — RECEIPTS FOE DUTIES AT NEW TORE. ' I860. 1851. 1862. January 1st to March 81st. $6,996,656 48 $9,295,257 80 $7,617,887 78 April 1st to June 80th 6,033,258 67 7,857,408 80 6,682,425 16 July 4,210,115 95 8,558,400 12 8,240,787 18 Total since January 1st,... $17,240,026 00 $20,211,065 72 $17,491,100 06 The revenue of the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1858, is about $2,500,000 less than for the preceding year, as will be seen by the fol- lowing comparative statement, to which we also annex a summary of the imports for the last four years, the figures for 1852 being estimated from the duties, in an* ticipation of the official returns:— REVENUE OF THE UNITED STATER Tears. Customs. Total. Years. Customs. Total. 1852 $47,820,816 $49,728,009 I 1850 $89,668,686 $48,375,798 1851 49,017,567 52,312,979 | 1849 28,846,788 81,074,847 IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM FOREIGN PORTS. Years. Dutiable. Free. Total. 1852 $178,000,000 $25,000,000 $208,000,000 1861 191,118,845 26,106,687 216,224,982 1860 155,427,986 22,710,882 178,188,818 1849 126,479,774 22,877,666 147,867,439 Considering the diminished imports, it would be but reasonable to expect a corresponding decline in the exports, but this has not thus far been realized, judging from the returns at the same port. The exports from New York to for- eign ports for July have indeed fallen off from last year in the item of specie, but in the value of produce and merchandise there is no material difference. EXPORTS FROM NEW TORE TO FOREIGN PORT8 FOR JULY. Domestic Foreign Foreign Yean. produce. dutiable. tree. Specie. Total. 1862 $2,965,542 $825,732 $20,759 $2,971,499 $6,288,630 1851 8,188,027 284,897 2,811 6,004,170 9,478,905 1850 8,574,260 418,671 17,568 1,518,080 6,623,574 Taking the total from January 1st, (exclusive of specie,) the value of goods exported from New York show a slight advance upon the amount for the cor- responding period of 1851, and a considerable excess as compared with the same period of 1850. Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Chronicle and Review. 343 EXPORTS FROM NEW TORE TO FORK ION PORTS FOR SEVEN MONTHS ENDING JULY SI. Domestics Foreign Foreign Year*. produce. dutiable. free. Specie. Total. 1852 125,111,868 $2,746,807 $641,978 $16,595,608 $48,994,166 1851 26,644,866 2,266,189 878,666 25,097,686 68,882,846 I860 22,491,133 2,411,578 444,638 3,971,812 29,819,056 It will be seen from this that the falling off from last yo&r in shipments of specie amount to about nine-and-a-balf millions of dollars, and this notwith- standing undiminished receipts from California. We annex a comparative sum- mary of the total exports of merchandise, recapitulated from the above table : — EXPORTS FROM NEW YORK FOR SEVEN MONTHS. Tears. Specie. Merchandise. Tots). 1852 $15,695,508 $28,398,648 $43,994,156 1851 25,097,685 28,284,661 53,882,346 1850 3,971,812 15,347,244 29,819,056 We continue our monthly table of the comparative exports to foreign ports of some of the leading articles of domestic produce, showing the total from January 1st to August 20th, inclusive: — 1851. 185!.' 1851. 1851 Ashes — Pots . . . .bbls. 13,968 11,450 Naval Stores. . . .bbls. 282,768 282,500 Pearls 1,833 481 Oil 9— Beeswax Jbs 195,905 159,181 Whale galls. 831,367 30,912 Breadstuff*— Sperm. 448,896 Wheat flour . .bbls. 782,619 856,588 Lard 21,975 Rye flour 6,079 7,883 Linseed 9,781 Corn meal 30,197 83,076 Provisions — Wheat bush. 606,703 1,072,762 Pork .bbls. 80,886 25,697 Rye. 286,460 Beef 22,696 34,866 Oats 2,658 8,053 Cut meats. . . ...lbs. 2,721,722 1,190,302 Barley 367 Butter 1.682,411 449,764 Cora. 1 ,346,978 700,800 Cheese 551,456 Candles — Mould, bxs. 26,601 40,370 Lard 3,970,807 2,618,131 Sperm .... 1,601 2,669 Rice ..tea. 19,976 22,378 Coal. tons 8,517 26,481 Tallow . .lbs. 1,604,961 271,570 Cotton bales 227,065 273,051 Tobacco— Crude.pkgs. 1 1 ,487 16,887 Hay.... 4,854 6,898 Mao’d_..lbs. 2,273,798 2,683,799 Hops. 123 . 482 Whalebone 1,126,649 577,636 There is considerable excitement in the market for breadstuffe, owing to the partial failure of the English wheat harvest, now thought to produce less than an average crop ; and the prospect of damage to potatoes, which each suc- ceeding arrival more fully confirms. The exports to supply the expected defi- ciency will be large for the coming month. It is well to notice the change in the description of breadstuffs shipped to English markets. During the “ famine ” year we shipped large quantities of Indian com, intended for consumption in Ireland ; ever since, the exports of this article have been gradually declining. It will be interesting to trace the progress of this decline, which has extended to all other ports, and we therefore annex a statement of the comparative shipments of the principal breadstuffs from New York for the last five years, which we have carefully compiled exclusively for this review : — EX POETS OF BREADSTUFFS FBOM NEW YORK. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. Flour.. . . .bbls. 1,678,590 821,666 819,291 1,067,728 1,264,822 Wheat.. .bush. 2,114,792 680,587 752,318 690,066 1,468,465 Corn .. . . 6,193,902 4,666,501 4,237,973 2,471,871 1,605,674 Digitized by v^oosle 344 Journal of Banking, Currency , and Finance. It would seem from this, that while our flour and grain have been well re* ceived, corn has been gradually given up. As an article of human consumption, it is certainly less popular than wheat, and wheaten flour. There is also another ehange ; bo much of our flour has reached its destination in bad order, that the grain is now evidently preferred ; and the orders for wheat are disproportionately increased. We give a comparison of the shipments of these three items from the 1st of January to the 20th of August in each of the last three years: — 1850. 1851. 185!. Wheat flour. bbls. 897,626 782,819 856.688 Wheat bush. 104,605 606,703 1,072,762 Corn 2,321,402 1,346,978 700,800 Thus we see that, while the export of flour has slightly increased from last year, that of wheat has been nearly doubled, and that of corn only about half as much, up to the present date. This difference will be still more perceptible as the season progresses. The late orders have been nearly all for wheat, and the clearances will now be quite large compared with the corresponding period of last year. JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCY, AND FINANCE. DEBT AND FINANCES OF NEW ORLEANS. We are under obligations to W. H. Gaeland, of New Orleans, for a pamphlet, writ- ten by him, containing an expose of the financial affairs of that city, from which we gather the statements here presented : — The indebtedness of New Orleans consists of two kinds: — 1. That which was con- tracted before the division of the city into Municipalities, called the Old City Debt 2. That which has been incurred by the Municipalities separately, since that division. The following is a statement of the Old Debt as it stood on the 8th November last : — STATEMENT OF BONDS ISSUED FOE OLD CITY DEBTS AND OUTSTANDING ON NOV. 8, 1851. Date. Hate of interest. When doe and payable. Interest a year. Amonnt. 1880, May 1 6 per cent 1860 $8,420 157,000 1888, March 1 5 u 1861 8,850 177,000 1833, February l 6 u 1853 7,600 150,000 1847, January 16 6 it 1854 450 9,000 1835, March 20 6 u 1855 450 9,000 1830, July 1 6 u 1855 6,000 100,000 1834, November 1 5 u 1855 17,600 360,000 1835, January 1 5 u 1859 6,000 100.000 1835, January 1 5 tt 1860 5,000 100,000 1836, September 1 5 u 1860 5,000 100,000 1833, December 30 5 M 1863 10,000 200,000 1834, August 1 6 •1 1864 21,540 859,000 1884, September 15 5 it 1864 2,260 45.000 1836, January 1. 5 u 1866 26,000 500,000 1838, July 20. 1886, March 1 5 V 1873 18,200 864,000 6 u 1876 2,300 46,000 Interest coupons due aud unpaid on $188,460 the 8 th November, 1861 $2,666,004 202,0* Tetal of Old City Debt.. . » • i $2,868,066 Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Banking , Currency y and Finance • At the division of the city a sinking fund was created, with large assets, for the purpose of liquidating this debt, but through bad management and the changing vi- cissitudes of commercial revulsions, these assets have become almost worthless. With the exception of some $60,000 of available assets still in the hands of the liquidators, the amount that may be obtained from the sale of the Batture, and the contingent hope of realising something from the donation by Stephen Girard of negroes and land on the Ouachita, the means of paying this debt will have to be drawn from the gene- ral resources of the city. There may, however, be deducted from this debt a series of bonds, originally $500,000, issued to the Commercial Water Works, in exchange for an equal amount of the stock of the company. From the dividends arising from this stock, a portion of these bonds have been redeemed, and the amount remaining is $364,000, while the city still holds the $500,000 of stock in the water works. Although the market value of this stock is now only about $40 a share, it will undoubtedly increase in value so far as to be amply sufficient to meet the bonds for which it was exchanged. From the sale of the Batture, it is estimated, sufficient will be received to pay the interest paet due, $202,065. These two sums amount together to $566,065, and reduce the debt to $2,302,000. By an act of 8th March, 1836, the means of paying the interest on this debt were to be drawn from the several Municipalities in proportion to their respective resources, and not in proportion to their assessed wealth. The neglect of the Municipalities to respond to the requisition of the General Council for the payment of the interest of this debt, has had the effect to injure materially the credit of the city. The amount of the yearly interest is $188,460, and, as will be seen by the table, the interest for about a year and a half, $202,065, was remaining unpaid at the commencement of the present year, which, with $284,000 past due of the principal of the debt, makes the sum of $436,065 due to the holders of this stock. The neglect in question arises from no indisposition to meet the obligations which the city is so abundantly able to pro- vide for, but is the result of the peculiar administration of her municipal affairs. The population of New Orleans is made up of classes not only differing from each other in language and manners, but confined according to these differences to particular sec- tions, and constituting thus almost separate communities. Time and the genius of our institutions, it is admitted, are gradually wearing away these distinctions, but still they exist to a very considerable extent, with all their prejudices and influences. The prevalent feeling between the sections is a constant jealousy lest either one should ac- quire an undue influence, and should abuse its power by aggressions upon the others. To this sensitiveness, it has become necessary that the general principle, so much in favor as the conservator of the rights of the weak, representation based upon popula- tion, should bend — and hence the division of the city into Municipalities, supreme in certain matters within themselves, and among these, each liable only for such debt as it may itself contract This is carrying into extended practice the principle involved in the old dogma of State Rights ; ana although this may be the best system that the city in question could adopt under existing circumstances, it could not but be the oo- casion oi serious inconveniences. Among others, is this very neglect injurious alike to the city and to its creditors, of meeting punctually its obligations. The Mayor draws his warrant on the several Municipalities, and has done therein all that is required at his hands — farther authority in the matter he has none. The present Municipal Coun- cils, not having contracted the debt themselves, and seeing that its adjustment is to pass through the Mayor's hands, profess to know little about the matter, and thus the government of the city fails of doing what it ought, in consequence of a divided re- eponsibility, which is, of course, everywhere, no responsibility. The want of punctu- ality in the Municipalities gave rise to a system of giving twelve months' draffs upon them severally for the accrued interest; which drafts were paid or not, as circum- stances would dictate. Against the injustice of this, no practical remedy has been found Undoubtedly, the evil will continue, getting more and more aggravated, until some change is made in the construction of the city government. A prostration of credit, and the inconveniences therefrom, might induce a temporary promptness on the part of the Municipal Councils, in furnishing their respective contributions, but the evil would be sure to recur when the spur was no longer felt, and must at last per- manently affect the reputation of the city. Such a change, at least, should be effected as will establish sufficient centralism to prevent all considerations of the general in- terest from being swallowed up in the intense selfishness of a morbid sectionalism. The other debt, attaching to the several Municipalities, and contracted since the division of the city, was, at the commencement of tne present year, as follows: — Digitized by Google 340 Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance. MUnSdp. Funded debt. Floating debt. Total. Cash assets. Net debt. First. . |492,300 00 $664,266 80 $1,166,656 80 $114,564 37 $1,041,092 48 Second 1,749,660 00 1,01 1,650 98 2,761,810 98 463,262 82 2,298,048 66 Third.. 636,480 00 263,706 87 900,185 87 900,186 37 $2,878,440 00 $1,939,613 15 $4,818,058 15 $577,826 69 $4,240,226 46 The total liabilities of the city, exclusive of means directly available for payment, are— Old City Debt ... $2,802,000 Debts of Municipalities 4,240,226 Total, $6,542,226 Municipalities. First Second Third Real estate. $17,449,800 30,195,710 6,794,623 81aves,ete. $1,868,650 2,071,760 Capital. $2,584,400 7,169,595 Total. $21,897,350 89,487,065 7,981,658 $64,489,683 $8,936,410 $9,753,996 $69,266,068 Dividing the aggregate debt between the several Municipalities in proportion to their real estate, the following table will show the per centage on real estate in each Municipality, necessary to liquidate the debt — and it shows, also, upon the basis of the white population, the per capitum indebtedness of each Municipality : — Municipal- Proportion of Value of Per White Per capi- itiea. Debt proper, old city debt. Total. real estate, centage. populal’n. turn tax. First. $1,041,992 $787,850 $1,779,842 $17,449,300 $10.20 88,561 $58.01 Second.... 2,298,048 1,276,836 8,674,884 80,192,710 11.87 46,947 77.48 Third 900,185 287,814 1,187,499 6,794,623 17.47 19,890 69.70 $4,240,226 $2,802,000 $6,642,226 $64,489,688 $11.92 99,298 $65.88* The per centage of tax necessary to pay this debt, it will be seen, is, on the basis of real estate, 11.92; if the whole assessed property be taken, the per centage would be 9.44. In the tables following are shown the expenses of the city government, as estimated for the year 1852, independent of any payment on account of the principal or interest of the debt : — EXPENSES Or CITY GOVERNMENT, ESTIMATED FOE 1852. Municipalities. First Salaries of Mayor and Municipal officers. $39,189 Public schools. $54,000 94,000 18,680 Polico. $55,000 100,000 19,260 Lighting the Munlo- ip&lity. $32,200 45,000 7,240 Second Third. 17,046 $106,185 $166,680 $174,288 $84,440 Municipalities. First Fire companies. $10,000 House of Refuge. Workhouse, C. prison, P. Jail, and courts. $16,000 22,600 2,067 Inquests. Second Third. 8,720 $8,000 $6,000 1,600 $44,720 $8,000 $40,567 $6,500 Municipalities. First Charity. $5,000 Board of Commissions. Health. 87.000 86.000 Military companies. $2,000 1*500 Second 10,000 20,000 5,480 8,000 500 Third 800 $15,800 $82,480 $9,500 $3,500 Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Banking, Currtney, and Finauc*. 84 1 MnWpilltlNi First Second Third. Repair of marked. |2,000 8,700 Draining. $12,650 2,800 4,660 Cleaning streets. $26,650 42,060 Repairs to wharves It levees. $55,800 71,650 9,000 $6,700 $19,100 $68,710 $186,960 MonieipalitSsa. First Second. Third. Repairs to streets. Miscellaneous. Total. $180,416 $49,000 $492,866 68,580 47,000 615,791 82,880 8,000 117,228 $211,876 $99,000 $1,225,869 In the annexed statement are shown the revenues of the city from other sources than direct taxation : — MCXIPT8 OF THl MUNICIPALITIES OTHXE THAN FROM DULROT TAXATION. Cabarets, Levee coffee* Merchants, Ground Parish Public Municipalities. Markets. Ferry. dues, bouses, etc. drays, etc. rent. Jail. schools. First $112,000 $1,660 $70,000 $60,000 $80,000 $7,000 $5,600 $20,000 Second. 80,000 500 100,000 58,000 86,600 978 80,000 Third 15,000 8,076 27,000 86,000 17,600 700 200 16,000 $217,000 $5,225 $197,000 $144,000 $184,000 $8,678 $5,800 $65,000 Total — First Municipality $296,250 “ 8eoood Municipality 855,978 M Third Municipality 1 14,47 5 Total $766,708 The alteration of the rate of the levee duties probably reduced the revenue from that source about $100,000 below what it would have been under the former rates. Expenditures other than for debt $1,225,869 Revenue other than from direct taxation 7 66,7 08 Balance. $468,666 This latter sum is, therefore, to be raised by direct taxation on real and personal estate, on account of the ordinary expenses of the year. It is suggested by the author of the pamphlet from which these tables and the prin- cipal bets here embodied are drawn, that the whole debt of the city shall be consoli- dated so that there shall be but one species of obligation, and that to be represented b? the bonds of the city of New Orleans. The debt thus consolidated will present all the guaranties that the city and people can give of its solvency and punctuality. Let authority, then, be given in an amended chatter, to issue the bonds of the city at from 80 to 60 years, for the purpose of taking up the present indebtedness. In con- solidating the debt let there be three series of hopds, marked A, B, and C, designating the debt respectively of each Municipality — the designation being made simply to mark the origin of the debt, and point out the source whence the means for the pay- ment of interest and principal are to be drawa An annual estimate is to be made of the amount necessary to pay the interest, and create a sinking fund for the liquida- tion of the series marked A, and this sum is to be assessed on the real estate of tip First Municipality. A similar assessment in the Second Municipality is to meet the bonds B, and in the Third to meet the bonds 0. To secure punctuality, it i3 proposed to deprive the several councils, by a provision in the charter, of the power to act upon other matters until they have passed the necessary ordinance for the protection of this debt; and that the executive department be impelled by strict penal enact- ments to a faithful discharge of its part of the duty. Thus will direct responsibility be attached to those with whom toe power lies, and care and promptitude fully se- cured. Digitized by Google 818 Journal of Banking, Currency , and Finance . VALUE OF PROPERTY 15 THE PROVINCE 05 NOVA SCOTIA. Under the department of the Merchant*' Magazine for the present month, devoted to " Statistics of Population ” we have given from the official report from the Finan- cial Secretary’s office, (politely forwarded to the editor by D. McCulloch, Secretary to the Board of Statistics,) a complete view of the census of Nova Scotia, taken in 1851. From the same official source we derive the subjoined tabular statement of the value of property, taxation, Aa, for the Province in 1851 : — value of peopk&tt and assessments in NOVA 800TIA IN 1851. Bum Bum asses’d asses’d , Highest Lowest Probable Assessed Assessed for for rate rate value of real value of real val. of per’nal county poor for poor for poor Counties, estate. estate. property. rates. rates. and county. Sc county. Halifax £1,893,887 £1,461,195 £1,184,912 . . . . . . 0 0 1 Lunenburg. . . . 414,830 £860 £377 £8 10 0 0 2 0 Queens 262,506 104,286 220 318 10 16 8 0 2 0 Shelburne .... 137,090 • • • • • 93 194 Yarmouth .... 286,703 867,415 848,000 98 580 16 8 4 0 0 10 Digby 281,178 150,667 84,718 118 226 Annapolis 454,624 818,560 56,668 181 658 8 17 6 0 0 2 Kings 618,166 582,988 173,556 235 485 3 15 0 0 0 9 Hants 585,809 208,811 126 459 Cumberland.. . 590,224 500,741 112,610 119 222 Colchester.. . . • 672,318 114,954 304 288 8 5 0 0 0 4 Pictou 655,619 91,880 456 ... Sydney 278,689 Gfuysbioro* .... 166,861 207 872 5 1 0 0 10 Inverness ..... 816,787 328,453 116,560 250 • • a 1 13 4 0 0 6 Richmond 127,096 194 • • • Cape Breton ) 419,041 Victoria f Total £8,050,923 CONDITION OF THE NORTH-WESTERN BANK OF VIRGINIA. STATEMENT OF THE NORTH-WESTERN BANK OF VIRGINIA, INCLUDING ITS BRANCHES OF WELLSBUEG, PARKERSBURG AND JEF FER80N VI LLE, 1851-62. RESOURCES. July 1, 1851. $1,661,453 33 33,600 00 Jan. 1, 1852. $1,749,855 88 27,000 00 April 1, 1852. $1,766,690 87 65,400 00 July 1, 1852. $1,702,858 69 61,500 00 Bills discounted St’k of North-Western B’k Stock of Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Co. . . . Other stocks Unpaid instalments on st’k subscribed Banking houses. Other real estate Due by other banka. .... Nfotes of other b’ks, checks and certificates of dep. . Coin. Expense account In transit between bank and branches 20,000 00 20,000 00 5,000 00 800 00 200 00 28,792 44 80,024 87 26,870 18 10,440 00 285,648 88 161,272 81 91,706 09 77,044 79 856,778 26 821,492 65 7,875 70 7,639 98 2,010 76 18,421 45 20,000 00 20,000 00 6,000 00 5,000 00 100 00 82,182 02 86,448 84 10,440 00 10,690 00 178,102 62 812,326 57 60,215 59 102,078 49 848,824 48 876,584 14 8,787 05 9,865 96 Total $2,510,030 09 $2,423,391 88 $2,490,742 68 $ 2,636,6 2Q 69 Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Banking, Currency, and Finance. 349 Capital stock. Circulation of bank and branches Due Depositors. Due other banks. Discount account Exchange and collection account Rent account Contingent fund. In transit between bank and branches LIABILITIES. July 1, 1851. Jan. 1. 1859. $792,100 00 $792,100 00 1,836,088 00 1,320.604 00 289,291 68 187,846 23 86,617 24 29,873 66 86,502 07 52,796 54 5,752 30 9,041 75 434 81 648 28 58,244 49 80,481 48 April 1, 18% 1792,100 00 Jo); 1, 18% (794,100 00 1,397,463 00 175,125 64 89,866 98 23,610 31 1,482,272 00 236,380 67 49,294 14 49,017 26 4,150 77 7,442 74 62, 134 94 62,988 65 6,300 94 14,069 24 Total $2,510,030 09 $2,423,891 83 $2,490,742 58 $2,685,520 69 EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1789 TO 1851. STATEMENT OF THE EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1789 TO 1851, INCLUSIVE. ANNUAL AVERAGE DURING EACH ADMINISTRATION. Administration. Washington John Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe John Quincy Adams. . . Jackson Van Buren Harrison and Tyler. . . . Polk Taylor and Fillmore . . Administration. Washington. John Adams Jefferson Madison. Monroe John Quincy Adams. . Jackson Van Buren Harrison and Tvler . . Polk Taylor and Fillmore. . Civil list, foreign intercourse, Military and miscellaneous, service. .. $633,152 35 $1,106,603 84 .. 1,186,236 50 2,019,187 67 . . 2,049,057 69 1,384,528 68 .. 1,899,201 40 11,287,490 44 .. 8,295,303 61 4,596,847 78 .. 2,934,562 96 3,671,907 74 . . 4,259,684 28 6,263,460 29 .. 7,193,858 70 10,648,054 49 .. 6,528,600 62 6,884,750 96 .. 6,176,682 96 20,122,220 46 .. 15,576,777 62 12,057,174 66 Revolutionary and Indian other pensions, department. $72,607 62 $27,251 72 89,169 26 77,346 85 96,707 27 1,535,417 78 1,173,029 20 2,182,365 78 2,643,633 10 1,659,603 98 1,767,815 22 1,647,746 68 24,799 97 141,150 00 260,608 01 438,360 24 733,815 84 1.701,285 68 3,678,234 91 .1,887,210 04 1,163,564 66 1,828,084 01 Naval Expenditures, exclusive of public Public debt. Total establishment. debt. paid. expenditure. $106,768 29 $1,986,387 81 $4,511,619 61 $6,497,956 92 2,017,694 88 5,837,087 79 4,739,490 67 10,076,578 46 1,635,665 33 5,137,598 58 8,148,299 81 13,285,898 39 4,541,687 99 18,085,618 10 10,428,617 19 28,514,285 29 3,181,996 91 13,045,438 69 12,670,763 90 25,716,202 59 8,862,662 55 12,625,480 82 11,325,883 85 28,951,364 17 3,986,375 24 18,224,095 91 9,361,800 48 27,585,896 89 6,268,621 55 80,432,450 29 5,208,086 07 85,640,486 86 6,156,067 64 20,616,198 76 7,007,429 76 27,628,628 13 7,604,468 18 83,777,221 61 7,189,315 12 40,966,536 78 8,896,976 35 86,657,595 20 *15,265,461 63 51,823,846 20 RAISING MONET BY PAWNBR0NING IN IRELAND. Pawbrokers* tickets issued in Limerick last year . 634,392 Amount lent £85,690 In Dublin the amount lent was 660,492 In Cork 192,796 In Belfast 125,740 In Waterford 85,690 • This includes the average annual amounts of $5,896,900, paid to Mexico under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Digitized by v^oosle 350 Journal of Banking, Currency , and Finance. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. The following statement shows (he revenues of the United States for the four quar- ters of the fiscal year 1851 and 1852, ending June 80 : — Mineral. Lands. Customs, Total. September $249,627 $581,892 $14,754,909 $12,886,428 December 84,289 585,248 9,601,500 10,228,689 March 81,860 624,855 12,109,761 12,765,976 June 44,878 247,947 10,854,146 11,146,966 Total year $860,649 $2,044,087 $47,820,816 $49,728,009 Total 1850 ... . 1,847,218 1,859,894 89,668,686 48,875,798 This shows an increase in the items of regular revenue ; but the customs of the auarter show a decline of $596,001 from the corresponding quarter of last year, and te lands have declined half that amount. Hie expenditure of the government has, however, for the quarter been less, by nearly one-half^ than that for the corresponding quarter last year. PRICES OF MANUFACTURING STOCK IN NEW ENGLAND. The following table, prepared by Joseph Q. Martin, Stock and Exchange Broker* Boston, for the Evening Gazette , includes twenty of the most prominent stocks. It will be seen that all but two have declared dividends within the time embraced in the table, making the present value stand the amount of the dividend better in compari- son with six months since : — February 25. August 21. Last dividend. Offered. Asked. Offered. Asked. Per cL Appleton. 675 700 880 895 8 June. Amoekeag. 965 910 1,040 1,045 4 August Atlantic Mills 600 650 840 850 * Bay State Mills 670 715 785 800 5 February. Boott Mills 800 ... 950 980 8 May. Cocheco, (par 500) 475 475 500 506 4 July. Dwight 600 625 . . . 900 8 May. Great Falls, (par 200) ... . 188 185 202 205 8 August Hamilton 740 750 920 960 4 June. Laoooia 650 700 900 950 4 August Lancaster, (par 450) 300 825 850 375 8 July. Lawrence 810 900 950 1,000 8* March. Massachusetts Mills 750 775 980 990 4 July. Merrimack. 1,180 1,140 1,240 1,250 5 May. Nashua, (par 500) 880 ... 480 450 8 June. 8tark 550 600 880 . . 8 July. Suffolk. 675 700 960 1,010 4 August Thorndike 595 595 . . . 800 6* January, 1851. Tremont 535 ... 770 950 8 August York 750 840 900 940 8 May. VALUE OF A MUTILATED BANK NOTE. A merchant of Pittsburg sued the Exchange Bank of that city for refusing to re- deem a $5 oote on the bank, of which one-firth part hod been cut out It was con- tended on the part of the bank, that by cutting from several in the same manner, a new note may be formed, and the bank defrauded of the value of it The judge be- fore whom the case was tried, decided that the prosecutor was entitled to only four dollars, as the value of the note, and consequently rendered judgment in his favor to that amount • The Atlantic Mills hare made no regular dividends since going into operation. They ore now doing a good business, and having paid up previous losses, may declare a dividend in November next. The Lawrence Manufectruhig Co. will doubtless pay a dividend in September. The Thorndike Manufacturing Co. have made no dividend since January, 1851, hot the prospect la somewhat lavor- tble for on In Jenaary next. Digitized by Google 351 Journal of Banking, Currency, and Finance. CONSUMPTION OF GOLD Iff THE ABT8 AND MANUFACTURES. The following curious statistics, relative to the consumption of gold, were stated in a lecture lately delivered at the Geological Society at London : — The entire amount of gold in circulation Lb saidjto be £46,000,000 ; of which the wear and waste is stated to be 3£ per cent annually, or £1,680,000. The consumption of gold in arts and manufactures is as follows : — In the United Kingdom $2,600,000 France 1,000,000 Switzerland 460,000 Other parts of Europe 1,600,000 United States 600,000 Total £6,060,000 In Birmingham alone there is a weekly consumption of gold for chains only amount- ing to 1,000 ounces. The weekly consumption for gold-leaf in London is 400 ounces; in other places in Great Britain, 184 ounces. One or the potteries in Staffordshire consumes £8,600 worth of gold annually in gilding ; and the whole consumption for gilding porcelain in England is estimated at about 8,600 ounces annually. THE SAURIES OF FOREIGN MINISTERS. GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND THE UNITED STATES. The following are the salaries paid to their ministers, at several points, by Gnat Britain, France, and the United States : — London Great Britain. France. $28,500 United 8tai«u $9,000 Paris $87,700 9,000 Washington 21,800 11,400 .... St Petersburg .... 29,000 22,880 9,000 Vienna. 24,200 17,100 4,600 Madrid. 24,200 16,200 9,000 Berlin 24,200 18,800 9,000 Rio Janeiro .... 19,860 11,400 9,000 Constantinople , . . . . 88,900 16,200 6,000 UNITED STATES TREASURY NOTES OUTSTANDING AUGUST 2, 1862. Treasury Department, Register's Office, August 2, 1852. Amount outstanding of the several issues prior to 22d July, 1846, as per records of this office $107,911 64 Amount outstanding of the issues of 22d July, 1846, as per records of this office. 12,260 00 Amount outstanding of the issue of 28th January, 1847, as per records of this office 8,860 00 Total $128,611 64 Deduct cancelled notes in the hands of accounting officers, all under acts prior to 22d July, 1846 160 0Q Total $128,861 64 FOUR BANK NOTES OF ONE MILLION STERLING. What would be the sensation of an individual accustomed to handling one dollar relief notes, to receive a bank-bill for one million sterling I The Bank of England, it appears, issued four notes of that denomination, and after these four were engraved, the plates were destroyed. Of these impressions the Rothschilds have>one, the late Mr. Gootts had another, the Bank of England the third, and Mr. Samuel Rogers, the poet aad banker, now deoeratee his parlor with the fourth, suspended in a gold frame. Digitized by i^.ooQle 352 Journal of Banking , Currency, and Finance. BRANCH MINT OF UNITED STATES IN CALIFORNIA. The following Act, establishing a Branch Mint of the United States, in California, passed daring the First Session of the Thirty-second Congress, was approved by the President, July, 8d, 1852 : — AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A BRANCH OF THE HINT OF THE UNITED STATES IN CALIFORNIA. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress the standard of gold will re- main unchanged, and at the same time become depreciated ; but our meaning will be better understood, by affirming, that while gold retains a fixed value, the price of all other commodities and productions will be enhanced in relation to it. Supposing gold becomes, iu the course of six years, depreciated to the extent of 26 per cent, and sup- posing pig iron to be now worth forty shillings the ton, it will at that period bring fifty shillings. During the interval, the labor required to produce gold having dimin- ished, has cheapened it to that extent, and the labor required to produce pig iron hav- ing remuiued stationary, has resulted in this striking change. The real value of gold has diminished, but its nominal value, or its exchangeable value, is unaltered, and hence the value of all other commodities will be enhanced in their relation to gold as a fixed and unchangeable standard. It may illustrate our subject still better if we affirm as a fact, that during the last thirty years the real value of gold has increased 25 per cent Though nominal, its value is the same, for its standard price is unaltered, yet its ability to employ labor, to purchase commodities, to command productions, has very greatly augmented. In that interval our national taxation has undergone a diminution to the extent of almost twenty millions, aud the reduction has chiefly taken place by repealing or reducing taxes upon articles of consumption, which has considerably reduced their prices ; tea, coffee, sugar, and corn, have all fallen in price, or, in other words, a sovereign will com- mand aim o.' t 60 per cent more of these commodities at the present time, than it could do in 1820. In manufactured articles, whether of cotton, silk, or worsted, a similar, and as great a reduction has occurred in their relation to gold as a standard of value. Money has been continually euhancyig its importance, and our large capitalists have increased their stores without a risk incurred, or an intelligent effort. It inspired the deepest fear for our productive classes to anticipate this process to be continued for another quarter of a century, but California and Australia have opened their golden treasures when the clouds were dark and lowering, and hope was almost about taking her departure — they have arrested the cheapening process, or in clearer language, are cheapening gold, and bringing it to a level with other commodities — which event will introduce an unexpected but bright day in our history. W e have shown that gold, while it maintains its present standard of value, will al- so, owing to its abundance, fall in price, or that it will require a greater quantity of it to purchase our products than it does at present ; we maintain this to be an established and incontrovertible fact from our commercial history during the past thirty years, in which we find that gold, though always of the same standard of value, has really in- creased in price, for its power in purchasing our products has been greatly augmented ; the large supplies we are now receiving will equalize the relative value of all these articles, much to our national advantage. Digitized by v^oosle 855 Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance . THE MUTTS OF FRANCE. The most important and best conducted mint out of Paris is at Strasbourg. At both these places the sinking is done by means of steam. The other French mints are at Bordeaux, Rouen, Lille, Lyons, and Marseilles. While upon this subject, it may not be amiss to give the following official information : — By a law of the 26th December, 1827, a central commission, instituted at Paris, overlooks all the operations of the mint, decides the value of the different pieces, and allows none to be put in circulation which are not perfectly good. The directors of the mints do the business, however, on their own account, and are paid by the govern- ment according to the amount of coinage. In addition to the coining of money, the mints strike off an immense number of medals, sometimes for the government, but in most instances for private individuals. At the commencement of the fourteenth cen- tury the Paris Mint was situated in the Rue de la Monnaie , a locality now known as the Rue Boucher. By a decree of Louis XV., dated in 1768, the old mint, being in a state of decay, was ordered to be demolished, and two mansions, known as the Grand et Petit Hotel de Conti , together with several houses adjoining, were purchased by the government, upon the site of which was built the present mint The administration of the mint comprises at Paris: — 1. The coinage ot money. 2. The striking of med- als. 8. The fabrication of dies aud instruments used at the mint 4. The manufac- ture of postage-stamps. 6. A bureau for assaying, fhe personnel of the administra- tion and the agents du controls are paid by the government The tariff of charges must be approved by the Minister of Finances. In 1S47, the amount of money coined in Paris was 86,991,177 francs ; 7,700,020 francs in gold, and 78,286,167 francs in silver. The charges allowed to the director were 804,423 francs. The number of clerks waa 10 ; the number of workmen varied from 66 to 108. In 1848, the amount of money coined was 169,614,985 francs; 39,697,740 francs in gold, 119,731,096 francs in silver, and 86,160 francs in copper. The charges allowed to the director for this year were 1,319,916 francs. The number of clerks employed was 14 ; the number of workmen from 66 to 126. In 1847, medals were struck off to the amount of 433,621 francs; namely, 107,021 francs in gold; 296,697 francs in silver; 30,759 francs in copper; 144 francs in p latino. The cost of fabrication was 69,915 francs. The number of clerks was 4 ; that ot workmen from 28 to 35. In 1848, medals were struck off to the value of 224,887 francs; namely, 38,093 francs in gold; 167,559 francs in silver ; 18,919 francs in copper; 316 francs in platiua. The cost of manufacture was 38,930 francs. The number of clerks was 4 ; the number of workmen from 22 to 30. The salaries of the clerks vary from 1,000 to 4,000 francs per year; the wages of the workmen from 8 to 8 francs per day. In 1848, the amount paid for engraving, sinking dies, Ac., was 52,260 francs. In this department the number of persons employed in 1848 was 19. The chef d'atelier received 8,400 francs per year; one engraver received 2,400 francs per year; another 1,800 francs per year; another (working by the piece) 2,400 francs ; one forger 8 francs per day ; another 6 francs ; and the rest of the workmen from 8 to 6^ francs per day. The ateliers for the manufacture of postage-stamps was opened in December, 1848. The number of persons employed is 11, who gain from 8 to 6 francs per day. This department is under the management of the Assistant Engraver of the mint, who re- ceives a franc-and-a-half per thousand for the stamps, he furnishing the wood upon which they are engraved, and paying the workmen. The Bureau of Assay is managed by the Assayer-in-Chief, who receives his pay from the charge which the law allows him to make upon the articles assayed. The amount of gold and silver assayed in 1848 was 4,500,000 francs of the former, and 9,000,000 francs of the latter. The number of persons employed was 16, of whom one asMstant-AMayer gained 2,800 francs per year; six assistant-assayers 1,800 francs; six others from 1,250 to 1,660 francs; one clerk 1,260 francs; another clerk 960 francs ; and one cutter 1,100 francs. THE BOARD OF BROKERS. The proposition to found a new Board of Brokers in New York, says the Mercan- tile Journal , makes sure progress, and although that progress is slow, the scheme will shortly assume public importance. Complaint has long been made that the proceed- ings of the present body are despot;c, and that their customary mode of carrying on Digitized by v^oosle 356 Journal of Banking, Currency, and Finance » business with closed doors creates a mjsterv sod a monopoly which the public good demands should be abolished. On none of the commercial marts of Europe, with the exception of London, are the sales of the Stock Exchange people conducted with a privacy restricted to the members of the Board, and it must be conceded, the peculiar constitution of that body in some measure justifies the exclusion practiced by them. Although the Royal Exchange has for centuries been considered the focus of the great monetary, exchange, and commercial operations of the kingdom, the mode of doing business has varied with the change of the times ; and the ancient custom of the mer- chants of a particular nation or trade having possession of a certain part of the area called a walk has fallen into desuetude. The great bulk of the merchants are now divided into classes, each of whom possess an exchange or mart, exclusively occupied or devoted to their peculiar branch of Commerce ; thus, in London, there is a Stock Exchange, the Corn Exchange, the Coal Exchange, a Shipping and Insurance Exchange, (Lloyd s Rooms,) and subsidiary Halls and Sales Rooms, and Coffee Houses, where the merchants congregate and have desks ; and where the large sales of foreign pro- duce, wool, <&&, periodically take place. The stock operations in London have only assumed their present importance since the middle of the seventeenth century, when the business of dealing in securities was separated from that of banking. The market, for a series of years after its institution, was held at various places in the Royal Exchange and its neighborhood. In 1801, the vast growth of the transactions induced the brokers to seek a permanent location, when the present building in Bartholomew Lane, was erected by subscription. The transactions of the brokers are usually divided into three branches — English, (for stocks and Exchequer bills ;) Foreign, (stocks ;) and the Share Market — these branches are called Houses. The members are of two classes — Brokers and Jobbers — and the business, as in this city, consists of two kinds — genuine and speculative — the former for money and the latter for time. A jobber is a capitalist who usually keeps a large amount of stocks on hand, and is always ready to sell in any desired quantity, thereby saving time and trouble both to the broker and the party desiring the investment. The members of the Stock Exchange are subjected to a rigid discipline, by a commit- tee elected by themselves. A candidate for membership must be recommended by members, who attest that they have known him for an honorable man for more than two years, and they are required to give security for him for a certain period of time. The committee assist in winding up the affairs of members who are defaulters upon the market ; they also net as arbitrators in any difference arising among the members ; and as no member is allowed to be a partner in any other business, few losses are suffered by the members from each other. It is mostly the brokere who suffer from their outside connections. No member who fails to meet his engagements is allowed to appear in the house, until his creditors have received a stipulated composition, and the names of members who are defaulters, on the stated u settling ” or “ account days,” are chalked on a black board, exposed in the hall, which constitutes the Stock Ex- change method of expulsion. The Board are munificent contributors to public chari- ties, and have a fund for decayed members, which is liberally supported. Strangers are not permitted to enter the Stock Exchange, and the minor speculators assemble at the Hall of Commerce, in the adjacent street From the foregoing it will be perceived that the Committee of the London Stock Exchange, in the supervision which they exercise over the business conduct and char- acter of their members, furnish the best and most valid reason for their exclusion of the uninitiated. The same causes do not exist in New York, and we have yet to learn the propriety of the course adopted by the present Board. LOUISIANA BANKS AND LOANS. The new constitution recently adopted by the Louisiana Convention, contains the following provisions relative to banking and State loans : — “ Corporations with banning or discounting privileges may be either created by spe- cial acts, or formed under general laws : but tne Legislature shall, in both cases, pro- vide for the registry of all bills and notes issued or put in circulation as money, and shall require ample security for the redemption of the same in specie. “ The Legislature shall have no power to pass any law sanctioning in any manner, directly or indirectly, the suspension of specie payments by any person, association, or corporation, issuing bank-notes of any description. “ In case of insolvency of any bank or banking association, the billholders thereo Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Banking, Currency, and Finance . 857 shall be entitled to preference in payment over all other creditors of such bank or as- sociation." The following resolution passed the convention by a vote of one hundred and three yeas to five nays : — “ Resolved, That when the Legislature shall contract a debt to an amount exceed- ing $100,000, except in case of war, to repel an invasion, or suppress insurrection, it shall, in the law creating the debt, provide the means for payment of the current in- terest and the principal when it shall become due, and the law shall be irrepealable until principal and interest are paid." The new constitution thus stops the very proposal for repudiation of State debts in the Legislature. THE NORTH BRANCH LOAN. The bids for the State loan of $850,000 authorized by the last Legislature of Penn- sylvania for the completion of the North Branch Canal, were opened at Harrisburg on Saturday, June 12th, 1852, and the loan was allotted to the most favorable bidders. The successful parties were Charles Henry Fisher, of Philadelphia; Duncan, Sher- man & Co., of New York, and George Peabody, of London. They took the whole loan, at par, as follows : $200,000 at 4| per cent, interest per annum ; $650,000 at 5 per cent interest per annum. The abatement of interest on this amount makes the bid equal to a premium of about 1.90 for the whole loan at 5 per cent per annum. The whole of it was taken on foreign account, and it may be considered a most fortunate allotment for the State, and a new proof of the public confidence, both at home and abroad, in the credit of Pennsylvania. The successful bidders also offered to take the whole amount of the loan as follows : — $450,000 at 5 per cent, at 101 77-100 premium. $400,000 at 5 “ at 102 08*100 This amounts to about the same thing as the former bid, and makes it about equal to a premium of 1.90 on a 5 per cent loan. ORIGIN OF COINS. The Philadelphia Bulletin, has the following on the origin of coins : — The rare beauty of the World’s Fair medals, one of which we inspected last week, suggested a train of reflections on the history of medals and coins, and the means of coming, which it may be worth while, perhaps, to lay before our readers. In the early ages of mankind, all traffic, as is well known, was conducted by means of barter. The herdsman exchanged his cattle for goods, or the merchant his goods for food to eat. But such a rude condition of affairs could not, it is clear, continue long ; and the necessities of mankind, therefore, led to the substitution of a medium of exchange, or representative of value. The precious metals, from their intrinsic worth as well as their portable character, naturally suggested themselves for this pur- pose. At first, however, they were used in simple bars, without even stamp or coin- age, and were, in such cases necessarily weighed, and often assayed, at every transfer. But this being found inconvenient, the expedient was hit upon of authenticating the •weight and standard by a mark. Afterwards that the needs of Commerce might still further be consulted, the bars were made of various sizes. In the end, still further to impress the character of a legalized currency on the gold, silver, bronze, or copper employed, appropriate shapes, differing from those of the simple bar, were selected, the circular form of the present coin being that most generally adopted. It was not always, however, that money was made round. Our British ancestors, prior to the invasion of Julius Csssar, employed rings, sometimes singly, but oftener made into a chain, for currency. Large quantities of this species of coin have been dug up in England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. The smallest piece of money of this description, which has yet been discovered, is a gold ring weighing half a penny- weight But others containing three times this weight, or five, ten, ten, sixteen, or twenty-two times this weight up to the weight of a pound troy, have also been discovered; thus proving mat the rings were not intended for ornaments but for Digitized by i^.ooQle 368 Journal of Banking, Currency , and Finance. currency. Even among the Romans, circular coins were not in use until the time of Servius Tullius, and in Great Britain they were not employed till some time after the conquest bv Caesar. Of all ancient nations, the Greeks produced the most beautiful coins — those of the Romans not being particularly elegant till a late period in their history. The method of stamping the piece of money was simple. Usually the blow, which gave the impress, was struck by a hammer; and, at first, the die was cut in the face of the instrument itself. So late as two centuries ago, the coining of money, even in England, was conducted in a comparatively rude manner ; and many a Spanish quarter, yet in circulation, bears decisive evidence of uncouth coming. Even at this day, the coined money of Europe generally, is disgraceful to art, and is frequently basely alloyed. The exceptions are the gold and silver pieces of Eng- land, France, Belgium, and Prussia. Our own coins are not so good as they might be, a fact which any person may verify by comparing them with well executed medals — that struck in honor of Mr. Clay, or those issued at the World's Fair, for instance. Some of the finest coins and medals ever executed were those issued by the Emperor Napoleon. Generally, however, the European coins are as much inferior to those of the United States, as these latter are to the coins of England or France. The worst executed coins, among civilized nations, are those of Mexico and the South American States generally. A word more and we shall have “ coins ” enough, at least for one reading, on coins and coining. Money is a word, we are told by Chambers, derived from the temple of Jupiter Moneta, where a metallic currency was first struck by the ancients. Cash comes from the French word caisse, a coffer or chest in which money is kept. And pecuniary is derived from pecus, the Latin for a flock or herd of animals, these being w the earlier ages the equivalents for money. THE EARLY DISCOVERY OF COAL. Bituminous coal, or sea coal, was known upwards of a thousand years ago, in the year of our Lord 853, but did not come into general use until the 16th century, and was not used in the manufacture of iron until the 17th century. Anthracite coal came gradually into use so late as the 1 9th century, and was not used as fuel in the man- ufacture of iron until about 16 years ago. So early as 1790 anthracite coal was known to abound in the county of Schuylkill, in the State of Pennsylvania, but it being a different quality from that known as sea coal, or bituminous coal, and being hard of ignition, it was deemed useless until the year 1796. when a blacksmith of Pennsylvania, named Whetstone, brought it into notice. His success in burning it induced persons to dig for it, but when found, eveiy person connected with the enterprise had to experiment on its combustion, and vain were the attempts to burn it by the majority of them, and all came to the conclusion that it would not come into general use. About the year 1800, Mr. Morris, who had a large tract of land in Schuylkill Coun- Sr, Pennsylvania, procured a quantity of coal therefrom, and took it to Philadelphia ity, but he was unable with all his heroic exertions to bring it into notice, and aban- doned all his plans. From that time until 1806 it was talked about as a humbug; when accidently a bed of coal was found in digging a tale race for a water wheel for a forge, which induced another blacksmith, David Berlin, to make a trial of it His s access was generally made known , which induced others to try to bum Pennsylva- nia coal THE BONDS OF THE PLANTERS’ BANK OF MISSISSIPPI. The following is the Act passed by the late Legislature of Mississippi, with regard to the bonds issued by the State on account of the Planters’ Bank : — AX ACT TO SUBMIT TO THE PEOPLE THE QUESTION OP THE PAYMENT OP THE BONDS OF THIS STATE ISSUED ON ACCOUNT OF THE PLANT EES* BANK OP THE STATE OP MISSIS- SIPPI. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi : That it Bball be the duty of the returning officer at all the election precincts of this State at the Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Statistics. 850 next election , to propound the question to each voter where he presents his vote : " Will you submit to a direct tax to the payment of the Planters* Bank Bonds, issued by the State on account of the Planters* Bank of the State of Mississippi,*' and who shall keep a correct reoord of the number of those who shall answer in the affirmative, and of those who shall answer in the negative ; and make due returns thereof to the general returning officer of the county in which said election shall be holden, and it is hereby made the duty of said general returning officer in this State to transmit to the. Secretary of the State, within ten days thereafter a true return of said vote in their respective counties. Sec. 2. Provides for the publication of the Act. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted : That unless a majority of the whole number of votes east for election at the said presidential election, shall be cast against the payment of said bonds, the result of said vote shall be instructive to the next legislature to provide the most suitable plan for the payment of said bonds. COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. COMMERCE OF FRANCE IN 1852. The official returns of the trade and navigation of France, with her colonies and foreign countries, during the first six months of the present year, have just been pub- lished, the results of which, as compared with the same period in the previous year, are very favorable. Thus, the total duties received upon importations have been 69,002,964f. ; in 1851 they amounted to 64, 655, 1611 ; and in 1860 to 57,661.643£ The receipts for the first six months of this year, therefore, show an excess of 14,847,8^31 over the corresponding period of 1851, and of 1 1,441,32 If. over that of 1860. A very large increase is shown m the importation of the various materials used for manufac- turing purposes, such as raw cotton, wool, silk, indigo, cochineal, dye woods, whale oil, copper, tine, and nitrate of soda. In colonials there has also been a very large increase in the imports of coffee and sugar, both of colonial and foreign growth. Tbe principal decrease is shown in lead, nitrate of potash, and olive oil The import of linen thread and linens has been about tbe same as last year. In regard to exports the returns af- ford evidence of an increased foreign trade, which is principally shown in the articles for which France has always found an extensive demand abroad, such a9 wines, brandy, soap, printed cottons, linens, hides, leather, books, engravings, porcelain, and glass. In the export of grain, woolen yarn, and haberdashery, there is, as compared with 1851, a slight falling off ; as also in silks, plain calicoes, and silk manufactures ; but the only important decrease is in the export of refined sugar, which has been very much below that of previous years. THE MACKEREL FISHERIES. The following is the estimate of the Inspector- General of Massachusetts, showing what interest Massachusetts has in the fishery question : — Tons, 54,040, being 858 vessels, navigated by 9,174 men and boys. Value of vessels and outfits.. $3,582,000 Annual value of catch 2,400,000 The value for the rest o! New England may be considered as nearly equal to this amount, say, value of vessels and outfits 2,600,000 Value of catch. 1,600,000 Tons, 80,000—6,000 men and boys. But only an approximation can be made, as many vessels are employed in both cod and mackerel Tne Massachusetts mackerelmen, in 1851, caught their fares as follows : — In American waters. bbls. 188,836 In waters, the exclusive right to which is now claimed by Earl Derby. . . 140,906 Digitized by v^oosle TABLE OF EXPORTS OF SOME OF THE LEADING ARTICLES FROM THE PORT OF NEW TORE DURING THE THREE TEARS ENDING JUNE, 1852. Pot Aahes, bW Pearl Ashes, bbla. Cotton, bales. Colton Goods, packages. Floor, bbla. Month. 1849-50. ’50 SI. ’SI 51. ’49 50. ’50 1. ’51-1. ’49-50. ’50-51. ’51-51. ’49-50. ’50-51. ’51-51. ’49-50. ’50-51. 51-1. Illy 1,677 3,140 1,0-27 188 463 174 12,123 20,292 12,866 8,904 640 269 118,498 47,921 281,084 860 Commercial Statistics , C « o H o « W N o « CO 00 0»0>0ip« oo® *^GD©^«OOeOW«Ot- 40 ©, of eo* » o' o' oT n «T im" oT 0>9C<0® *o o -ao tAi SO » -w» t- q6 O 00 t^OO t-^OO t- CO CO «C9® o’ ® ® « oT h Kf V « V ® ® ob® « 10100 wo® c q©c©©4©aq©cOao©*-w« 00 i<3 ~ tO «© a> OO tr? £-? ^-hWOO>WC4«WO»0> H W H fi HL-«W«000»M|»0 >0 ©4^ *- CO © *-H « ©4 w 10“ sT o c1 w* r-* « o» « ffW«OOiO® « WWIO ©'WO©«OtO©4*~C4~~-'* » oo e* -qo © © h 1-4* ss oo co co co ooeo^o^ooo »wtO®Mr*®o®® « w « H a* yf »t-t-lOOlO «® w® ® »®s^WWW*HWC4® » W ® W w.0^® O M •$* s-Ts-T ofcowof^-T OO)®MH. C~1 tq aq «C ©4 o» © O » © ~ V s-T ©4 w 04 00' © 00“ Wh W«Fd w W»-I«W t- © © t- *- «"• • *- © »t-www«00> ss^O ®©©O*t©s*0O©4s*CO4© C»»W®0®W«^Ot- ©4 coc*©©i^t®cocotoc»f- ®«aO»©©*©*~OOCOO> iHW©4r-0-lCOIel01(MC4 90«nhiOOI»«h^ ®K>«0>Wr40«Wt«0» ^ s-^ 04 0_ 00 «q to ao co© » « W W IH s-T 04 04 «e4H«fri®OH®^® t-r^©©00004>Q0004 so»co^oo©©c-eoco©oo© . ‘qo3«q©«ost^oq^©^©>cq S «“ o CO* 00“ to 04* CO CO 00 CO 00* 00* ► 1-t W 04 1-1 (N IN (N >-;w- <* (3>04— tkOCOOOWttO 00 « 0© V ©4 V 0© ©i“ 00 00 ©4“ V 5 • 00 © © 03 ©4 ©4 W3 t * 03 to © 3*®$®*''*©®©'^©®’’*'**© „ 1 © ypm ©©© .©oioiaooo-wto»©4s-*to©4© ®f* ®^f©4^©oqoOs-^ 00 00 04 s— 40 S 2 2 S t® ^ o’ ^ Jpt«MWrifH^H0t"O©© •S ,SS®HWiON®!SOM' ,5s® ®„ °1© © ® © eo o oo & 2 ^ ^ 06 of o© ©f © ©“ w*~ B«| H H O ©I 1-1 w 10 W w e -t r -t •* *■* to era ® >o^wOos«eiwMNH ® © © © ®>22S2fi°5:Nwo',«r® «^,-<*<3>tCOi''J<£-0*©4©©— I—. •* 00 ^ *“1 *-• © -W» © ^ , oqo» oqr^^co © ©s-* « © ^ ® mo o ® w o « o ©4“ o m « w«o w « ©« S H (N Wh (N © C4A-H • © s-4 to to >©4©4©4-W ' © ® IO IN J.©4oq©4 4q • 0©©04 w«® « re W H >«o © *- ©4 oo © © •© >r-l^t*©©s-e® ••Wl ». ©. © © ri • 40 ; -1 o « « w w w * r-T | fi jg I s £§* j : f fill i-l Ji.J-1 sill JltllUIIM Digitized by Google Commercial Statistics* 861 FISHERIES OF THE BRITISH PROVINCE OF ROTA 8C0TIA. From the official statistics of the Province of Nova Scotia (referred to in other de- partments of the present number of the Merchant s’ Magazine) we derive the subjoined statistics of the Fisheries of that Province as taken in 1861 : — STATEMENT 01* THE FISHERIES OF NOVA SCOTIA IN 1851. No. of No. of No. of Quantity of No. of vessels era- Ton- No. of boats cm- No. of nets and dry fi&h bbla. of Counties. ployed, . nsge. men. ployed. men. seines. cured. salmon. Halifax... . . . ....... 96 2,184 265 1,437 1,054 6,764 14,684 25 Lunenburg .. i ..... . 1 86 2,478 659 458 640 6,610 21,057 7 Queens ...... 27 1,178 228 119 229 612 8,998 . . Shelburne . . ...... 109 27,229 694 419 679 1,342 86,417 50 Yarmouth . . ...... 71 2,206 477 49 76 896 20,270 9 9 Digby ...... 84 990 169 82 112 256 10,901 , , Annapolis . . ••••.. 6 247 19 62 86 197 602 . , Kings ..... • 7 580 88 82 46 181 994 80 Hants. • •*••• a® 9 9 8 11 19 87 6 Cumberland. 3 109 18 25 23 278 680 97 Colchester . . ...... 2 25 6 28 50 96 229 16 Pictou ...... . . ... . . 6 13 97 34 76 Sydney ..... 6 90 26 180 168 1,066 1,088 184 CTuyBlJoro’ .. ...... 71 2,860 289 888 1,005 7,227 15,884 601 Inverness... , ...... 74 1,007 264 247 379 955 11,901 198 Richmond.... 99 2,197 456 522 860 2,654 82,265 42 Cape Breton ) 21 463 83 654 1,298 2,469 21,458 844 Victoria. .. . . .... j .... ... ... .... .... ... Total. . , 48,888 36,81 5,161 6,718 80,154 196,4341,669 No. of No. of No. of No. of Quantity Quantity bbls. of bbls. of bbls. of bbla. of of smoked offish Counties. shad. mackerel, herring, alewlves. herring. Value. oil. Value. Halifax ...... 1 29,885 5,085 182 98 £83,878 17,896 £1,608 Lunenburg. . ...... .. 9,417 4,878 202 , . 15,118 8,401 876 Queens. ...... .. 1,441 4,880 . . . 80 10,274 1,055 Shelburne.... ...... .. 4,610 6,680 61 276 22.215 40,992 8,977 Yarmouth . . ...... . . 1,129 1,398 611 100 15,000 7,988 861 D>gby 4 8 1,885 5,213 10 4,830 7,616 1,866 827 Annapolis .. ...... 20 108 529 16 7,862 1,656 762 182 Kings. ...... 856 2 849 164 2,115 1,200 242 27 Hants. ...... 546 ... 840 ... 107 .... .... . . . Cumberland. 568 86 678 162 160 1,810 982 98 Colchester. . . ...... 1 ,450 # # 112 800 2,404 98 9 Pictou ...... . . . . t # 50 12 o « • a 18 2 Sydney ...... .... 1,828 1,280 32 ... .... 2,618 252 Goyaroro* ... ...... 4 20,064 8,460 816 ... 28,208 21,878 1,641 Inverness.... ...... .... 5,401 2,287 2,172 6 18,492 17,174 1,914 Richmond . . 25 18,873 4.898 881 ... 50,085 22,947 1,782 Cape Breton. ....) 28 9,428 6,113 58 41 86,290 8,804 Victoria... . . s ^ .... — ... ... .... Total 8,686 100,047 68,200 5,848 15,409 217,270 180,260 17,764 IMPORTS OF BRANDIES INTO GREAT BRITAIN. SHIPMENTS OP OOGNAO BRANDIES FROM CHARENTE TO ALL THE PORTS OF GREAT BRITAIN FROM THE 1ST OF JULY, 1851, TO THE 80TH OF JUNE, 1862. Kartell A Co Pooch ton. Hilda. 11,706 Qr. casks. 4,283 Omn. 449 Jas. Heonessay A Co. 8,169 5,008 2,866 George Saligoac . . . . , 8,405 8,774 2,888 Otard, Dupny A Co 1,600 1,172 1,079 Sundry parties . 7,287 9,147 81,766 8,966 82,167 28,824 87,998 Digitized by Google 862 Commercial Statistics. ROCHESTER FLOUR TRADE. QUANTITY OK FLOUR 8HIPPED FROM ROCHESTER IN EACH MONTH OF THE SEASON OF 1851, COMPARED WITH FOUR PREVIOUS TEARS, AS PUBLISHED IN THE ROCHESTER DEMOCRAT. 1851. April 62.152 May ... 61,758 June 29,616 July ... 40,805 August 43,390 September 63,887 October 112,637 November 96,683 December Total , . . . 500,830 1850. 38,039 56,641 1849. 184S. 1847. 89,508 93,279 85,665 68,081 67,585 74,932 88,301 40,888 51,958 78,390 68,445 66,792 67,758 61,666 88,196 77,486 92,396 74,474 94.848 153,004 98,946 111,030 127,291 124.411 108,865 103,712 8,447 1,044 651 552,729 570,757 584,426 631,574 1844 1845 1846 1847 QUANTITIES SHIPPED FOR SERIES OK YEARS. bbls. 400,888 518.818 540,232 631,574 1848 1849 1850 1851 bbls. 684,426 670,757 652,729 500,880 The Rochester and Syracuse Railroad carried 20,513 barrels in 1851. This is a small comparative amount. In 1848 that road took 68,137 barrels, and in 1850 about 80,000 barrels The amount of flour left here by canal during the year is 26.888 barrels. Last year there were 44,443 barrels left by canal. The Western Railroad during 1851 brought down 49.000 barrels, in 1850, a little more than that. Adding to the amount shipped by canal, the difference in the amount left here during the year, and the shipments are still less than any previous year named, excepting 1844-5. To the amount shipped must be added the amount consumed by 40,000 inhabitants, and by a large number of people living in the suburbs and vicinity. The amount of wheat left here by both canals for two years is as follows 1850. 1851. April Genesee Valley. Erie. Genesee Valley. Erie. 9.680 26,638 86.974 16,448 63,387 May 47,876 28,420 June 13,485 45,347 July 83,263 47,824 81,491 August 68,576 122,277 59,187 22.294 September 50,187 124,018 159,472 18,751 October 83,828 149,162 895.990 61,754 November 226,465 178,892 62,287 December ....... 50,785 79,856 40,880 Total 762,288 1,113,857 851,607 The following is the quantity left by both canals for a series of years : — 1844 .. ..bbls. 834,141 1 1848 bbls. 1,448,188 1845 1 1849 1,426,486 1946 ........ 1,503,546 1 I860 1,215,759 1,465,454 1847 1861 The Western Railroad has left 175,000 bushels, which is more by 50,000 than it brought here the year previous A rough estimate of the amount of flour manufactured here in the course of a year is 600,000 barrels, to manufacture which, computing five bushels of wheat to each barrel, would require three million bushels. The whole amount left here by canal and railroad is 1,640,454 bushels, leaving 1,359,546 to be made up from receipts by wagons from the country towns. The product of this county is computed at about that amount. A considerable portion of what is grown in this countv is brought in by canal, while no small amount is brought from adjoining counties \>j land carriage. Some wheat is received by lake vessels, both from Canadian and American porta. The amount arriving last year is muoh smaller than usual, but we have not been able Digitized by v^oosle Nautical Intelligence. 363 to obtain the precise figures. Canadian produce dealers have found this an unprofit- able market, as their wheat can scarcely compete with Genesee upon paying terms, and they do not often venture to send a cargo to our port BRITISH IMPORTS OF SUGAR FROM HER POSSESSIONS. From a return, printed by order of the British House of Commons, we find that in 1851, 36,777,717 lbs. of sugar were imported from British Possessions, which, as com- pared with the previous year’s imports, shows a decrease of 2,955,326 lbs. Of coeoa 4,349,051 lbs. were imported, being an increase over the previous year of 2,360,454 lbs. Cotton wool was imported to the extent of 123,075,603 lbs., exceeding the imports of 1850 by 8,974,948 los. The imports of foreign sugar from all parts amounted last year to 2,296,304 cwts., being more than the previous year by 945,781 cwts. Refined sugar, foreign, was imported to the amount of 53,084 cwts., and of British produce 153 cwts. The sugar imported from British possessions amounted to 5.693,082 cwta. The imports of rum from British possessions amounted to 4,652,282 gallons, being a small increase over the previous year. COMMERCE OF HOLLAND IN 1852. By a comparative statement of the imports, exports, and transit of merchandise hi Holland during the first six months of 1852, published in the Stoat a Courant, it is shown that the quantity of raw cotton imported in that period is nearly double that imported in the same period of 1851. Cotton yam also shows an increase of fully one-third ; the value of iron imported has been increased by nearly 1,500.000 florins; the quantity of raw sugar, 15,000,000 lbs.; coffee, 10,000,000 lbs.; rice, 6,000,000 lbs. ; leaf tobacco, 6,000,000 lbs.; and tin by 1,000,000 lbs. In the exports tbero has been an increase of 1,200,000 florins’ value upon iron, 3,000,000 lbs. upon raw cotton, 8,000,000 lbs. upon coffee, 1,000,000 lbs. upon sundry manufactured goods, 6,500,000 lb9. upon rice, 600,000 lbs. upon sugar, 6,000,000 lbs. upon leaf tobacco, and 1,000,000 lbs. upon cotton yarns. THE FOREIGN TRADE OF LONDON. It appears from a return to Parliament, that in 1841 the number of British vessels which had entered the port of London, engaged in the foreign trade, was 4,016 sailing and 626 steamers, and m ten years — in 1851 — the number was 5,190 sailing and 1,406 steamers; while of foreign vessels there were, in 1841, 1,927 sailing and 72 steamers, and last year the number had increased to 3,474 sailing and 274 steam vessels. NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE. BELVIDERE KNOLL AND HOOPER’S STRAITS. The Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey has communicated to the Secretary of the Treasury the following information, which was published officially for the benefit of mariners : — CoArr-SuavKY Station, near Petersburg, Va* August 7, 1852. Sm : — I have the honor to communicate a notice to mariners in relation to buoys recently placed, by request of the collector of Baltimore, on the Belvidere Knoll, near the entrance to the Patapsco, and near a wreck in Hooper’s Straits, and respectfully ask authority to publish it A buoy painted red, with a white band near the top of the spar, has been placed near the sunken wreck of a collier, in the entrance of Hooper’s Straits, (Chesapeake Ba jt) which is a dangerous impediment to vessels enteriog the straits from the north- ward. The buoy is placed in seventeen feet water, seven yards from the bows of the wreck, with the following bearings by compass : — Digitized by v^oosle 864 Nautical Intelligence. Light-ship in Hooper’s Straits R by S. Tom’s point N. 4 W. Vessels should pass to the westward of the buoy, and approach it no nearer than thirty yards. A similar buoy has been placed on Belvidere Knoll, S. R from the Bodkin, (Chesa- peake Bay,) and east of the swash channel, into Patapsco River, (Baltimore entrance,) with the following bearings by compass : — Bodkin’s Light-house N. W. 4 1ST. Sandy point 8. 4 W. Very respectfully, yours, Ac^ a. D. BACHE, Superintendent. BEACON AT ENTRANCE OF BOMBAY HARBOR. Commodore's Office, Bombay, May 19, 1853. The beacon on the Island of Kennery, situate at the entrance of Bombay Harbor, the completion of which was made known by a notification published in the Bombay Government OazeUe, and dated April 8d, 1851, having been partially destroyed by the heavy rains of the monsoon, was taken down. A new beacon has since been commenced on, and is now sufficiently advanced to- wards completion to be visible to vessels approaching the harbor, and it is expected will be entirely finished by the 1st of June next. The new beacon is of a cylindrical form, and rises to the bight of 70 feet above the foundation. The beacon is painted black, and can be seen at a distance of 16 miles on a dear day. The following are a few of the bearings from Kennery : — Outer light N. by W. 4 W. 74 miles. Light-house. N. 1 14 miles. Inner light N. 4 E. 11 miles. Northern light N. R by R 4 E. 8 miles. BOQUERON CHANNEL, PORT OF CALLAO. The following notice to mariners is extracted from a letter of Lloyds’ agent at Cal- lao, dated June 25th, 1852: — “The chanoel (Boqueron) is not the usual one to enter the port, and lately a num- ber of vessels have come on shore from attempting to come in that way, rather than the ordinary one round the north point of the island of San Lorenzo. The Pe- ruvian vessels generally eoter by the former channel, but most of them are small, and the masters are, by practice, well acquainted with it. The Peruvian government have prohibited vessels laden with guano from entering by the Boqueron Channel, and as it is not a safe one for persons unacquainted with it, we consider that the underwriters and masters of vessels should be aware of the risk and danger incurred.” BEARINGS OFF BULL’S BAY LIGHT-HOUSE. Bring the light-house on the north-east of Bull’s Island to bear N. W. 4 W. by com- pass, and run for it until over the bar, then follow the beach round by the lead, until the point of the island gives you a harbor. This course will give you not less than nine feet on the bar at low tide, rise of tide about six feet. LIGHT-HOUSE ON BULL’S ISLAND. The light-house lately constructed on Bull’s Island, about 80 miles north of Charles- ton, was lighted on the 1st of August Bull’s Bay affords a safe anchorage ground for vessels of light draft, which may be obliged to seek a safe harbor by stress of weather. W. J. GRAYSON, Superintendent. NOTICE TO UNITED STATES CONSULS. Our consuls abroad will serve the interest of Commerce and Navigation* by forward- ing to the Editor of the Merchants Magazine any authentic information touching light- houses, port charges, d that whatever favors, immunities, or privileges the United States of America or the republic of Guatemala may find it proper to give the ministers and public agents of any other power, shall, by the same act, be extended to those of each of the contracting parties. Art. XXVIIL To make more effectual the protection which the United States of America and the republic of Guatemala shall afford in future to the navigation and commerce of the citizens of each other, they agree to receive and admit consuls and vice-consuls in all the ports open to foreign commerce, who shall enjoy in them all the rights, prerogatives, and immunities of the consuls and vice-consuls of the most fa- vored nation ; each contracting party, however, remaining at liberty to except those ports and places in which the admission and residence of such consuls and vice consuls may n t seem convenient. Art. XXIX. In order that the consuls and vice-consuls of the two contracting par- ties nmy enjoy the rights, prerogatives, and immunities which belong to them by their public character, they shall, before entering on the exercise of their functions, exhibit their commission or patent in due form to the government to which tney are accredit- ed ; and, having obtained their exequatur , they shall be held and considered as such by all the authorities, magistrates, and inhabitants in the consular district in which they reside. Art. XXX It 19 likewise agreed, that the consuls, their secretaries, officers, and persons attached to the service of consuls, they not bring citizens of the oountry in which the consul resides, shah be exempt from all public service, and also from all kinds of taxes, imposts, and contributions, except those which they shall be obliged to pay on account of Commerce or their property, to which the citizens and inhabitants, native and foreign, of the country in which they reside, are subject; being in every- thing besides subject to the laws of the respective States. The archives and papers of the conhulate shall he respected inviolably, and under no pretext whatever shall any magistrate seize or in any way interfere with them. Art. XXXI. The said consuls shall have power to require the assistance of the au- thorities of Hie country for the arrest, detention, and custody of deserters from the public and private vessels of their country, and for that purpose they shall addreM themselves to the courts, judges, and officers competent, aud shall demand the said dc- serieis in writing, proving, by an exhibition of the registers of the vessel’s or ship’s roll, or other public documents, that those meu were part of the said crews ; and on this demand, so proved, (saving, however, where the contrary is proved,) the delivery shall not be refused. Such deserters, when arrested, shall be put at the disposal of the said consuls, and may be put in the public prisons, at the reqnest and expense of tho-e who reclaim them, to be sent to the ships to which they belonged, or to others of the same nation. But if they be not sent back within two months, to be counted from the day of their arrest, they shall be set at liberty, and shall be no more arrested fat the same cause. Art XXXI I. For the purpose of more effectually protecting their Commerce and navigation, the two contracting parties do hereby agree, as soon hereafter as circum- stances will permit, to form a consular convention, which shall declare specially the powers and immunities of the consuls and vice-consulj of the respective parties. Art. XXXI11. The Uuited States of America and the republic of Guatemala, de- siring to make as durable as circumstances will permit, the relations which are to be established between the two parties by virtue of this treaty, or by general convention of peace, amity, Commerce, and navigation, have declared solemnly, and do agree to, the following points : — Digitized by i^.ooQle Commercial Bepulation*. an 1st The prevent treaty shall remain in fell force end virtue for the term of twelve yeara, to be counted from the day of the exchange of the ratification!, and farther un- til the end of one year after either of the contracting parties shall have given notice to the other of its intention to terminate the same ; eaeh of the contracting parties re- serving to itself the right of giving such notice to the other at the end of said term of twelve years. And it is hereby agreed between them, that on the expiration of one year after such notice shall have been received by either from the outer party, this treaty, in all its parts relative to Commerce and navigation, shall altogether cease and determine, and in all those parts which relate to pease and friendship it shall be per- petually binding on both powers. 2d. If any one or more of the citixens of either party shall infringe any of the arti-_ des of this treaty, such citizens shall be held personally responsible for the same, and the harmony and good correspondence between the nations shall not be interrupted thereby ; each party engaging in no way to protect the offender or sanction such vio- lation. fid. If, (which indeed cannot be expected,) unfortunately, any of the articles contained in the present treaty shall be violated or infringed in any other way whatever, it is expressly stipulated that neither of the contracting parties will order or authorize any acts of reprisal, nor declare war against the other, on complaints of injuries or dama- ages, until the said party considering itself offended shall first have presented to the other a statement of such injuries or damages, verified by competent proof, and de- manded justice and satisfaction, and the same shall have been either refused or unrea- sonably delayed. 4th. Nothing in this treaty contained shall, however, be construed or operate con- trary to former and existing pulic treaties with other sovereigns or States. The present treaty of peace, amity, Commerce, and navigation, shall be approved and ratified by the President of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by tbe government of tbe republic of Guate- mala, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in tbe city of Washington or Guatemala within eighteen mouths, counted from the date of the signature hereof, or sooner, if possible. In foith whereof, we, the plenipotentiaries of the United States of America and of the republic of Guatemala, nave signed and sealed these presents, in the city of Gua- temala, this third day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred aod forty-nine, [l.s.1 ELIJAH HldE, [l. 8.J J. MARIANO RODRIGUEZ. And whereas the said convention has been duly ratified on both parts, and the re- spective ratifications of the same have been exchanged — Now, therefore, be it known, that I, Mil lab d Fillmoex, President of the United States of America, have caused the said convention to be made public, to the end that the same, and every clause and article thereof, may be observed and fulfilled with good foith by tbe United States and the citizens thereof. In witness whereof, I have hereunto Bet my hand And caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-eighth day of July, in the T a 1 year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, and tL* -J 0f the independence of the United States of America the seven- ty-seventh. MILLARD FILLMORE. By the President : W. H UMTEB, Acting Secretary of State. OF ALLOWANCE FOR TARE ON MERCHANDISE. antouLAB msTRUonoxt to oollxotobs and othxb officers or onerous. TREASURY DeVARTKEKT. Jan® 83, 18BS. The Supreme Court of tbe United States, in a recent decision made in the case of Cornelius W. Lawrence, plaintiff in error, «, John Caswell and Solomon Caswell, having laid down a principle adverse to the construction and practice heretofore pre- vailing upon the subject of allowances for tare, draft, leakage, breakage, TOTAL POPULATION IN TOT THIRTY-ONE STATES. Whites 19,427,269 Free colored 419,451 Slaves Federal representative population Federal representative ratio TOTAL POPULATION, INCLUDING THE TERRITORIES. Whites Free colored. Slaves. 19,846,710 8,200,880 21,766.931 93,420 19,667,271 429,710 8,204,098 Total 48,191,074 COMPLETE CENSUS OF THE PROVINCE OF NOVI SCOTIA IN 1861. We are indebted to D. McCulloch, Esq., Secretary to the Board of Statistics (Fi- nancial Secretary 8 office) for oomplete 41 statistics of each county of the British Prov- ince of Nova Scotia, exhibiting a view of the population, pursuits, industry, and re- sources of the country, within each county of the Province, as taken in 1861." Under the present head we give all that relates to population, according to the classification of the official document from which the subjoined statements are copied : — NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA ENGAGED *N LEARNED PROFESSIONS, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, MECHANICS, AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, NAVIGATION, AND LUMBERING. COUNTIES. ft \ o . I 1 t 0 1 * o 2, g. No. of mere! and trader gi l I-* Hi No. of mac les 9 2, | !§-° fi a 3-1 ?h ■ if §2. H 9 * ? ill fif it 1 ? : s if ? i if : I . • ?»s Halifax. 44 67 81 760 253 2,028 2,099 1,823 86 271 92 Lunenburg . . 11 6 9 824 800 880 3,018 1,155 24 178 192 Queens 16 4 6 86 293 257 400 816 • . 186 289 Shelburne. . . 13 2 5 43 105 837 817 1,806 282 263 64 Yarmouth.. . 16 8 8 136 125 449 1,151 406 210 663 17 Digby. 14 2 7 89 134 370 1,331 202 48 860 21 Annapolis... . 21 10 11 98 178 476 1,998 48 28 266 7 Kings 21 7 10 81 107 486 2,600 22 46 118 4 Hants 17 6 6 74 226 404 1,822 3 105 267 10 Cumberland. . 16 11 16 80 482 624 1,982 11 99 188 220 Colchester.. . 17 6 8 64 867 602 2,833 42 74 189 228 Pictou 21 9 11 169 280 1,089 3.463 5 204 56 18 Sydney . ... 12 7 2 62 78 801 2,113 197 62 88 . , Guyswro*. . . 16 4 8 107 67 242 1,248 1,222 81 125 88 Inverness . . . 12 2 2 78 87 873 2,118 473 41 108 7 Richmond... . 4 8 4 67 40 171 490 1,022 8 694 1 Cape Breton. ns 7 7 119 94 502 8,276 1,124 85 278 66 Victoria L. •• •• ... •• ... .... .... .. ... •• Total 288 143 146 2,415 3,200 8,895 81,601 9,927 1,418 8,961 1,254 CENSUS OF THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA, EXHIBITING THE AGGREGATE NUMBERS, AGES, AND 8EXE8 OF EACH DESCRIPTION OF PERSONS. Counties. No. of persons under 10 yean of age. Males. Females. No. of persons from 10 to 90 years of age. Males. Females. No. of persons from 90 to 30 years of age* Males. Females. Halifax 6,291 4,228 4,659 2,548 8,653 Lunenburg 2,618 1,877 1,860 975 841 1,887 1,298 Queens 1,081 655 560 Digitized by v^oosle Siatktie * of Population, etc. 875 * No. of persona under No. of persona from No. of persons from 10 years of age. 10 to 90 years of axe. SO to SO years of nge. Counties. Males. Females. Males. Females. Mules. Females. Shelburne. 1,490 1,412 1,909 1,502 714 788 Yarmouth 2,227 2,083 1,713 1,645 917 987 Digby 2.099 1,912 1,468 1*454 863 94t Annapolis. 2,214 2,183 1,733 1,653 987 1,181 Kings 2,245 2,122 1,720 1,679 1,082 1,086 Hants 2.845 2,261 1,719 1,629 1.044 1,168 Cumberland. 2,442 2.870 1,666 1,080 1.099 1,079 Colchester 2,520 2,412 1,912 1,866 1,116 1,148 Pictou •.... 4,168 4,088 3,086 8,105 1,772 2,196 Sydney 2,095 2,129 1,749 1,788 973 1,161 Guysboro* 1,817 1,787 1,405 1.874 884 871 Inverness 2,814 2,727 2,906 2,014 1,451 1,897 Richmond 1,750 1,650 1,197 1,275 889 879 Cape Breton ) 4,613 4,476 8,889 8,420 2,101 2,118 Victoria. f Total 44,000 48,452 83,791 88,444 20,277 22,885 No. of persons from No. of persons from No. of persons aboro 90 to 40 years of age. 40 to 50 yearn of age. 50 years of age. >> an ties. Males. Females. Males. Females, Males. Females. Halifax 2,485 2,616 1,701 1,608 1,906 1,974 Lunenburg 885 843 718 848 640 850 Queens 878 598 276 283 892 426 Shelburne. 496 618 874 870 607 642 Yarmouth 652 647 479 456 669 667 Digby 637 635 505 454 685 649 Annapolis. 751 793 680- 633 827 801 Kings 777 737 627 689 824 800 Hants 754 728 685 538 825 734 Cumberland 888 772 496 682 755 611 Colchester 818 888 585 546 916 798 Pictou. 1,240 1,869 1,062 922 1,879 1,826 Sydney 596 605 428 468 718 762 Guysboro* 619 496 861 889 601 492 Inverness 820 831 682 507 824 904 Richmond 689 521 387 871 498 482 Cape Breton. ) 1,880 1,833 971 907 1.467 1.405 V ictoria. ) «••• .... ... ... ...• Total 14,615 14,665 10,616 10,271 14,878 14,228 No. of mar- ried persons No. of Deaf and of both No. of No. of rate No. of dumb. Blind. Counties. taxes, widow’s, widows, payers, paupers. M. F. M. F. Halifax. , 11,392 380 1,129 4,187 839 23 10 13 18 Lunenburg .. t 4,595 85 277 2,469 24 8 1 Queens.... 2,253 61 144 1,260 20 .. 3 .. .. Shelburne 2,868 77 234 1,710 16 2 8 1 8 Yarmouth 4,088 86 240 2,197 25 8 6 2 8 Digby 3,659 96 213 1,854 65 6 5 3 1 AonapOlis. 4,878 122 806 1,961 62 8 2 6 8 Kings 4,286 128 817 2.194 63 7 8 2 8 Hants 4,184 126 274 2,804 49 3 2 1 1 Cumberland 4,066 97 198 2,04 8 2 0 6 6 6 .. Colchester 4,701 185 288 2.399 17 7 8 8 2 Pictou 7,103 215 689 8,062 117 16 7 6 7 Sydney. 8,242 99 829 1,788 15 10 4 7 5 Guysboro* 8,080 80 198 1,670 82 7 3 7 7 Inverness 4,295 129 887 2,298 55 10 17 7 4 Richmond 2,908 88 247 1,819 81 6 2 2 2 Cape Breton ) 7,568 236 654 8,668 60 17 12 11 8 Victoria ) .... . . ...... . • Total...1..... ..... 78,701 2,288 5,016 88,888 1,072 182 08 74 62 Digitized by Google 876 Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. LwUm. Idiota. ladlanm. Colored persona. Total Counties. M. F. M. F. M. F. Male*. Females, pop'n. Halifax <0 85 10 • 78 01 788 965 89,112 Lunenburg 4 6 4 2 11 10 7 4 16,895 Queens 1 4 2 25 27 107 106 7,266 Shelburne 2 . . 4 6 16 9 209 281 10,622 Yarmouth 1 8 8 6 11 2 126 121 18,142 Digby 5 12 11 74 80 226 228 12,252 Annapolis 6 8 6 6 64 64 268 280 14,286 Kinga 8 6 12 8 4 2 96 90 14,138 Hants. 2 8 7 18 31 38 76 96 14,330 Cumberland 2 4 8 1 .. 61 76 14,889 Colchester. 8 6 9 6 10 5 10 10 16,469 Pictou 8 5 26 9 47 68 18 7 25,698 Sydney 4 3 17 8 62 62 78 89 13,467 Guysboro’ 2 2 6 6 87 26 294 809 10,838 Inverness 4 6 15 12 2 7 1 2 16.917 Richmond 2 1 11 5 11 8 20 21 10,881 Cape Breton. ) 6 4 22 22 60 62 18 14 27,680 Victoria. J . . . . Total 76 90 176 128 624 632 2,821 2,587 276,117 RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS. STATISTICS OF THE COLLINS AND CUNARD STEAMERS. We are indebted to J. H. C. Campbell, Esq ., of Boston, for tbe subjoined statistics of the Collins and Cunard steamers. Mr. Campbell's well-known accuracy as a star tistician is a sufficient guaranty for tbe fidelity of tbe compilation. The statements for previous periods, published in the Merchant*' Magazine for September, 1851, and March, 1852, were compiled by Mr. Campbell j — 1 FOE LIVERPOOL FROM NEW TORE— -COLLINS LINE. Date. Steamship. No. pass. Specie. D. H. If. January 10 ... Pacific ,. 49 8625,510 11 2 80 44 24 ... Atlantic .. 27 246,000 10 28 . , February 7 ... Arctic 61 1,040,680 9 18 80 44 21 . . . Pacific 68 550,000 10 20 80 March 8 . . . Baltic 81 73,600 12 21 , , 44 20 . . . Arctic . 60 11 6 April 8 . . . Pacific 104 2,000 11 18 16 44 17 ... .Atlantic, 124 12 8 May 1 ... Arctic . 138 66,000 10 16 80 44 16 . . . Baltic. 172 76,000 10 20 . . 84 29 . . . Atlantic . 165 520,000 10 5 , . June 12 ... Arctic 160 450,000 lo 18 80 <4 26 ... Baltic. 167 480,000 10 19 6 FROM LIVERPOOL TO NEW YORK — COLLINS LINE. Date. 8teamshlp. No. pass. Commander. D. If. M January 7 . . . Arctic 45 Luce . 18 20 . . 41 9ft ... Pacific 44 Nye. . 15 4 80 Febru’ry 11...., . . , Atlantic 86 tfest. 14 21 80 44 25 . . . Arctic 20 Luce.. 11 17 80 March 10 . . . Pacific 40 Nye. . 11 . . . . 44 24 ... Baltic 84 Comstock 11 21 16 April 7 . . . Arctic 47 Luce.. 10 18 . . 44 21 . . . Pacific 88 Nye. . 11 4 May 6...., . . . Atlantic 69 West. 11 9 80 19 . . . Arctic 99 Loe... 10 19 80 Jane 9 ... Baltic 77 Comstock. 10 28 80 « 16 ... Atlantic 77 Wert. 10 S 44 80..... ... Arctic.. 120 Loo*.. 11 2 . . Digitized by Google Ba&Uroad, Canal , and Steamboat Statistic #. 877 FOB LIVERPOOL FROM NEW YORK — CUNARD LINK. Data. Steamship. No. pass. Speeie. D. H. ftf. January 14. . . 60 $600,268 10 22 80 28... 40 600.000 10 10 . . Febru’ry 11... 40 958.860 12 1 . . a 25... 82 688,000 11 22 • . March 10... 50 78,000 12 11 . . *4 24... 72 84,000 12 21 80 April 7... 60 4,600 11 11 • e « 21. .. Afrirn _ . . 107 10 19 May 5... 113 180,000 10 6 , . *« 19... 128 575,000 10 6 , . June 2... 100 408,150 10 11 M 16... 167 928,000 10 16 . , « 80... 112 404,000 11 1 80 FROM LITSaPOOL TO NEW TORE — CUNARD LINE. Date. Steamship. No. pass. Commander. D. H. M January 8... .. 49 Judkins. .. . 13 9 46 « 17... .. 47 Stone. .... 20 19 M 81... .. 41 Lang 17 21 , , FebruVy 14. . . .. 52 Ryrie 14 . . • » a 28... .. 90 Judkins... 12 20 a • March 18... .. 59 Lott 12 . . , . ii 27... .. 86 Harrison. . 11 6 SO April 10... .. 76 Judkins. .. 10 28 e t 24... .. 52 Lott 12 5 80 May 8... .. 52 Harrison . 11 19 80 «« 22... .. 55 Judkins, .. 10 19 , , June 5... .. 51 Lott 11 4 . . « 19... .. 80 Harrison . 11 12 80 FOB LIVERPOOL FROM BOSTON— CUNARD LINE. Date Steamship. No. pass. Specie. D. H. M* January 1... Canada... 88 $26,000 10 21 . • M 21... Cambria. . 17 65,000 11 10 . . February 4. . . America . 28 162,716 11 4 80 ii 18.. Europe . . 16 207.168 n 2 • . March 8.. Cambria . 10 21,000 12 28 . , M 17.. ..... America . 18 12 8 II 81.. Niagara.. 29 12,000 18 9 15 April 14. . ..... Canada. . . 21 18 45 28.. . ... America.. 44 10 15 May 12.. .... Niagara.. 60' 12,250 12 8 45 M 26.. Canada.. . 63 241,400 10 11 45 June 9.. Cambria . 67 157,000 10 28 . . M 28.. America . 62 289,000 11 6 80 FROM LIVERPOOL TO BOSTON — CUN AID LINE. Date. Steamship. No. pass. Commander. D. H. M. January 10. . . .. 18 Shannon... 16 8 . . “ 24... .. 86 Lott 16 7 . , February 7 . . . .. 29 Leitch ... 15 19 80 21.. .. 28 Shannon. . . 18 . , 40 March 6.. .. 46 Stone 12 8 , , ** 20.. .. 68 Lang .... 11 8 . . April 8,. .. 47 Shannon... 13 8 45 u 17.. .. 46 Stone 12 12 , , May 1.. .. 61 Lang. ... 12 17 , , u 15.. .. 62 Douglas .. 12 17 , . II 29.. .. 51 Shannon. . . 11 16 80 June 12.. .. 50 Stone 11 16 # . « 26.. .. 78 Lang 11 2 10 Digitized by Google 878 Railroad, Canal , and Steamboat Sktfiilk*, THIRTEEN TRIPS OpLUNS LINK TO LIVERPOOL. Days* Hours. Min. Total time occupied 143 17 60 Average time per trip 11 1 Quickest trip since January, by Arctic, February 7 9 18 80 Longest “ “ by Baltic, March 6 12 21 . .. Average number of passengers 102 THIRTEEN TRIPS CUNARD UNI TO LIVERPOOL. Total time occupied 146 13 80 Average time per trip 11 6 Quickest trip since January, by Asia, May 6 10 5 Longest “ “ “ March 24 12 21 80 Average number of passengers. 81 THIRTEEN TRIPS CUNARD UNI BOSTON TO LIVERPOOL. Total time occupied 161 28 80 Average time per trip 11 16 Quickest trip since January, by Canada, May 26 10 11 46 Longest “ “by Niagara, March 81 18 9 16 Average number of passengers. 86 THIRTEEN TRIPS OP THE OOLLINB LINE FROM LIVERPOOL. Total time oocupied 164 20 16 Average time per trip 11 22 Quickest trip since Janaary, by Atlantic, June 16 10 3 Longest “ “ by Pacific, January 28.. 16 4 30 Average number of passengers 61 THIRTEEN TRIPS OP THI CUNARD LINE PROM UVERPOOL. Total time oocupied 170 16 46 Average time per trip 13 3 8 Quickest trip since January, by Asia, May 22 10 19 Longest “ “ by Niagara, January 17 20 19 Average number of passengers. 67 THIRTEEN TRIPS OP THE CUNARD LINE TO BOSTON FROM LIVERPOOL. Total time occupied 169 6 85 Average time per trip 18 Quickest trip Bince January, by Canada, June 26 11 2 10 Longest “ “ by America, January 10 16 8 Average number of passengers. 46 COLLINS LINK. Total amount of specie shipped since January. $4,126,690 “ number of passengers srfiled since January. 1,821 “ “ “ arrived since January 791 Largest “ “ in, per Arctic, J une 80 120 u * “ out, per Baltic, May 15 172 41 amount of specie shipped, per Arctic, February 7 $1,040,680 CUNARD LINE — NSW TORE. Total amount of specie shipped since January. ....... $5,848,77$ “ number of passengers sailed since January 1,056 “ “ “ arrived since January 740 Largest ** “ in, per Asia, February 28. 90 “ “ “ out, per Asia, June 16 157 u amount of specie shipped, per Niagara, February 11 $968,860 CUNARD LINE — BOSTON. Total amount of specie shipped since January $1,182,829 “ number of passengers sailed since January 458 “ “ u arrived since Jgnuary 690 Largest M “ in, per Canada, June 28 78 “ u * out, per Canada, May 26 68 44 amount of specie shipped, per America, June 28 $289,000 Digitized by Google Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistic i. 379 Specie shipped per Collins and Cunard steamers from New York, Jan- uary to July let, 1852 $9,476,463 Specie shipped per Cunard line from Boston, January to July 1st, 1862. 1,182,829 Total Collins and Cunard since July, 1851 82,159,618 C0LLIN8 LINK. Quickest trip ever performed — Outwards, Arctic, Captain Luce, February 7, 1852 Inwards, Baltic, Captain Comstock, August 6, 1851 CUNARD LINE — NEW TORE. Outwards, Asia, Captain Judkins, May 7, 1851 • . Inwards, Africa, Captain Ryrie, August 2, 1851 CUNARD LINK — BOSTON. Outwards, Asia, Captain Judkins, December 10, 1851.. . Inwards, Canada, Captain Lang, June 28, 1651 . ....... Days. Honrs. Mho. 9 18 80 9 18 40 10 2 10 6 9 20 46 10 1 80 The Niagara, which sailed from Liverpool January 17th, put into Halifax in distress, having been at sea nearly seventeen days, and encountering severe weather. The At- lantic sailed from Liverpool February 11th, and when within six hundred miles of New York broke .a part of her machinery connecting with the larboard crank, which detained her two days. The America from Liverpool, February 21st, was seised in Boston, March 8, by United States officers, on a charge of smuggling. Several mer- chants of high standing immediately gave the required bonds, and she sailed on her regular day. Very little specie has been brought by either line. The Canada, March 20, America, April 3d, and Pacific, April 21st, each delivered small shipments. It will be seen that the Collins line yet takes the lead, both as regards passengers and speed. Captain Luce, of the Arctic, has the honor of having accomplished the pas- sage from New York to Liverpool in nine days eighteen hours and thirty minutes. This, with the famous trip of Captain Comstock in the Baltic, places the Collins line in a proud position. Tne steamship Arabia, now finishing for the Cunarders, is expected to prove a formidable rival for Collins, but it must not be supposed that im- provements cannot be made upon the models of the American ships. j. h. a a STATISTICS OF THE WESTERN RAILROAD. Incorporated in 1888 ; opened throughout October, 1884 ; length, 156 miles ; length of double track, 54 miles; cost, January 1, 1852, $9,958,700. The following table exhibits the operations of the road, during the last ten years ; its cost, and the market price of the stock, at the beginning of each year. The item of M interest " is not included in the receipts or expenses : — Year. Cost. VaL, p’r shr. Gross rec'ptn. Rao’g expenses. Net Income. Dlv. p.c. 1842 .... • • $80 $512,689 $266,619 $246,070 . 1848 $7,087,200 45 678,882 808,973 269,909 1844 7,601.200 68 768,768 814,074 489,679 8 1846 7,886.200 91 818,480 870,621 442,859 5 1846 7,741.700 96 *878,418 *412,679 *465,739 6 1847 8,185,800 99 1,825,827 676,689 648,647 8 1848 8,769,500 105 1,882,068 662,867 679,711 8 1849 9,900.100 102 1,848,810 688,322 766,488 8 1850 9,926.900 101 1,869,614 607,549 761,965 8 1851 9,963,700 104 1,858,895 597,766 757,139 8 TotaL 10,256,845 4,790,689 6,466,206 A. 6 2-6 THE COAL TRAFFIC OF RAILWAYS. As we mentioned a few weeks back, the Great Western Railway Company will shortly, by means of the South Wales Line, commence to bring coals to London. In the neighborhood of the South Wales Line there are coals in great quantities and of # For eleven months. Digitized by v^oosle 380 Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. various qualities — some of the best. The Great Western will, we believe, transport coal to London at a rate of charge which the Marquis of Salisbury and Mr. Grahame say is not only unremunerative, but productive of actual loss. It would seem that the Great Western are about to commit the same gross blunder that the Great Northern now persist in — namely, to carry coals long distances for (about) one half-penny per ton per mile 1 The observations of the Canal Directors, (the Marquis ana Mr. Gra- hame,) instead of deterring railway directors from carrying the coal traffic, seem to spur them on in the enterprise. The fact is, the more the subject is investigated, the more apparent it is that under good management, and in consideration of large quan- tities and long distances, coals can be profitably carried for the charge of about one half-penny per ton per mile. The Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway Company has also its eye upon a large coal traffic. In short, there is scarcely a line in the kingdom which will not in time carry coals. How far will this circumstance affect the Great Northern's coal traffic? t The an- swer is to be found in the fact that London alone consumes, in the course of a year, three-and-a-half millions of tons of coal. The utmost the Great Northern, in their san- guineness, expect to carry, is about three-fourths of a million tons a year, and only a portion of this to London. Therefore, there is plenty of scope for all the London rail- ways to carry coals without injury to one anotner. That against which railways will compete, is water-carriage — the canals and the sea. We think that it is highly probable the coal traffic will pass from water conveyance to railway, as passengers have from coaches. If railways can carry coals as cheaply as canals, they will certainly do it better ; for on railways there are no periodical stoppages by reason of bad weather; no frightful loss of life or property (except that wnich occurs now and then from gross mismanage- ment— which is within the control of man, and in the course of time will be entirely prevented) ; and the coals are delivered in better condition. The railways will, there can be no doubt, confer an immense benefit on the public by the carriage of coals. Not only will the public have them in better condition for use, but there will be no room for jobbing. The traders will not be enabled to run up prices enormously in severe weather. The supply will be more regular. The articles which some time ago appeared in the Journal on this subject, have called forth the valuable communication of Mr. £. Basket Derby, of Boston, America, which now appears in another column. Mr. Derby is a first-rate authority on the traffic of American railways. As an American railway director, his position alone is sufficient to command a certain degree of respect ; but having devoted his time and talents to the study of the American railway system, he is entitled to the utmost def- erence on the subject He shows that in America, where the railways labor under some disadvantages in the carriage of heavy traffic — fuel, for one thing, being dearer — water-carriage could not stand against the competition of railway ; that the railway could carry coals at a cheap rate with profit The coal traffic of the American railway in question is carried at about five-eighths of a penny per ton per mile. This is as low, or somewhat lower than the English Great Northerns charge. The American charge of five- eighths of a penny per ton per mile is for a run of ninety-five miles. The Great Northern's charge of one half-penny per ton per mile is for a run of one hundred and seventy six miles ; but for their shorter distances the Great Northern charge more than one half-penny per ton per mile — about one penny, or double. The average receipt of the Great Northern from coals is, we believe, more than the American charge ot five-eighths of a penny per ton-mile, while their average run would be full as long. Tet the Ameri- can radway company, and notwithstanding their additional expenses of working, ex- tract a profit from their coal traffic of just about 50 per cent, the expenses including the cost of back carriage. This fact powerfully supports the position which it will be remembered we, in our articles on the coal traffic referred to, took up— namely, that the Great Northern carry their coals at a profit of about 50 per cent The American line carries very little else than ooaL Its passengers are not many, and the tons of coal are to the tons of merchandise carried as 1,650,270 tons to 68,807 tons. Of its whole revenue of $2,814,880 per annum as much as $2,018,870 is de- rived from the coal traffic. — Herapath't Journal. Digitized by Google 881 Raileoad9 Canal) and Steamboat Statistics, iRIAXIIG OF RAILWAY CAR AXLES. A writer in the New York Journal of Co)nmerce attributes the breaking of the axles of railroad cars to torsion, or twisting, occasioned in turning curves. He says that both wheels are keyed, or otherwise fastened, on the axle ; so that they must have a common velocity. In turning curves, the wheel on the outer rail must have a motion as much greater than the other as is due to the greater circle which it traver- ses. The only way, therefore in which the equal speed of the two wheels can be at- tained, is bv the sliding of that on the inner rail, so as to compensate for its diminished velocity. The sliding of the wheel operates to twist the axle, and it generally parts at its connection with the wheels. This seems to be owing to the whole leverage of the wheel, acting from its flange to the center, bearing on this point The only effec- tual remedy f»»r this evil, is some method of securing an independent motion to oppo- site wheels; at the same time taking the strain off the axle. This fact may afford a hint to the inventive genius of some of our mechanics. In answer to this, a civil engineer in the Public Ledger of Philadelphia, says : — “ The writer is probably not aware that all railway wheels are conical, or in other words, they have a larger diameter near their flanges, than at the outside of their treads ; and that, as the centrifugal force of the trains drives their flanges towards the exterior rail, their bearing diameter on that rail increases, and on the interior rail it decreases, so as to compensate for the difference in the length of the rails, and avoid the sliding alluded to. Engineers, knowing the radius of their curvatures, regulate the cone and play of their wheels to suit ; and are well pleased with the practical working of the simple mathematical rules which they apply. The frequent reference I see made this subject, by those who are evidently not familiar with railway mechanism, must be the excuse for thi3 explanation, by a civil engineer. RAILROADS IN SPAIN. The Spanish provincial correspondence and newspapers are full of accounts of rail- roads ana projects of railroads, by means ot which every province looks forward to have its resources developed and its riches increased. Cadiz hope? to 6ee her fallen trade revive ; Barcelona to drive even the English smuggling trade in cottons out of the market The semi-official organ of the ministry avails itself of the enthusiasm awak- ened on the subject by representing the present ministry as the government, whose speeial mission it is to endow the country with these means of communication, which are expected to change the face of Spain, and put her on a level with the other nations of Europe. RAILWAY ACCIDENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN. The usual return relating to railway acccidents for the half-year, ending 81st of December, 1851, has been printed. The number of passengers was 47,509,392. The number of persons killed was 118, and 264 injured. There were eight passengers killed and 213 injured, from causes beyond \their own control ; 9 passengers were killed and 14 injured owing to their own misconduct or want of caution; 30 servants of companies or of contractors were killed and 17 injured from causes beyond their own control; 82 servants of companies or of contractors were killed and 11 injured owing to their misconduct or want of caution; 33 trespassers and other persons, neither passengers nor servants of the companies were killed and 9 injured by crossing or walking on railways. There was one suicide. Tho length of railways opeu on the 30th of June, 1S51, was 6.698 miles, and on the 1st of December last, 6,890 miles ; being an increase during the half-year of 192 miles. THE LONGEST TUNNEL IN THE WORLD. One of the longest, if not the longest tunnel in the world is now in a forward state of completion. It is situated in Hungary, and leads from the shores of the River Gran, not far from Zarnowitz, to the mines in the Scbemnitzer Hills. It is two geographical or about ten English miles long. It is intended to answer the double purpose of a channel to drain off the water accumulating in the works, and a railway to transport the ore from the mines to the river. Digitized by v^oosle 882 Journal of Mining and Manufactures. JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES. GOLD MINING IN CALIFORNIA. Fbeeman Hunt, Esq^ Conductor Merchant «’ Magazine , New York : — Sib : — Gold it obtained in California from two sources — the placer diggings and the quarts rock. A large portion of that which has been exported from that State hat been obtained from the placer diggings. This method hat been prosecuted to such an extent and with to much industry and care, that the best placers have been explored, and digging in the sand and banks of the streams has become much less profitable than at first. The consequence it that the attention of the gold seekers is more strongly at- tracted to the rock mining, which hat been prosecuted to some extent, but in a far more limited degree than the diggings in placers . In quartz mining, the gold is found penetrating the rock like veins, and to obtain it the rock must be crushed to a powder which is washed and the gold finally separated from the dust by mixing it with quicksilver. There are two important points in this process. The first is, to crush the rock, and the secood to obtain all the gold by the use of the quicksilver. The first machinery for crushing quartz rock was put up in June and commenced work in July, 1851, on the big Mariposa vein. This was a Chilian mill and was put up by Messrs. Cook A Jackson ; it crushed about five hundred pounds in twelve hours. The amalgam was examined once in three or four days and the yield found to be $250. to $875. The Chilian mills have proved to turn out more gold to a pound of the same ore, but they have failed entirely because they crush such a small amount in a day. In this respect they are only one step in advance of common band mortars. This same company in August went another step in advance by puting op M Stockton Stamps," and set them in motion in September. These stamps weighed 209 pounds and were worked by a steam* engine. But they were too light They would crush only two anda-half tons in twenty four hours. These light stamps were sent out to California under the impression that the rock would yield $2 00 or $8 00 in gold to the pound. 8tocktoo A A spin wall's mill went into operation on the same vein in November, 1860. It contained twelve stamps weighing each 159 pounds. Their mine was poor and the only part of their claims which worked to a profit was 120 feet on the Mari- posa vein, and the rock from this they were obliged to transport to the mill at an ex- pense of one cent per pound, and the amount crushed was only 8,500 pouods iu twelve tours. Of course this would not pay. It was the assertion of the agent of this com- pany that if the machinery had been heavier they would have succeeded. And this is probable, for the miners are now in the habit of bringing the rock to the mills and paying from $20 00 to $80 00 per too for crushing it ; which is an evidence that it is profitable. All these first mills used the bowls with a single shaking table for separating the gold from the pulverized dust, by which about 16-16 of it ran off and only 1-16 passed through the shaking table. These mills were originally designed for the gold mines of Virginia and Georgia, where they may have been very successful ; but they were, unfortunately, found en- tirely unsuitable, under the circumstances, for California. They were generally driven by an engine of eight or ten horse power and, therefore, were competent to crush four or five toos of rock in a day. Such a mill, at Virginia prices for labor, could be worked at an expense of fifty dollars per day. If we suppose the yield to be one cent per pound, for five tons, it would amount to two hundred dollars per day, or one hun- dred and fifty dollars net profit in Virginia, In California, on the otner hand, the wages of the same number of laborers, or force, which was employed in Virginia, would amount to $274 per day, which would not pay expenses by $174. At two cents of gold to the pouna of rock, the yield is only $400, which is a very insignificant return for California. By contrasting this method of labor with that adopted by the successful mills, the importance of suitable machinery will be readily apprehended. The Grass Valley Quarts Mining Company's Mill nas been regarded as the “Model Digitized by Google 383 Journal of Mining and Manufacture*. Mill” in California, as, in its success, it has been one of the most prosperous. This mill has thus far crushed the rock upon the old fashioned method long in use among miners, aud known as “ stampers.” Their form is somewhat modified and much lar- ger ou the face than usual. There are ten of them in the mill weighing each about 700 pounds, aud they crush from thirty to forty tons of ore per day. This at a yield of two cents to the pound i9 $1,600 per day, and supposing only two hundred work- ing days in a year, amounts to $320,000. But this mill has actually yielded on some d&y9 $3,600. Its average, however, is $70 to the ton or 3^ cents to the pound. The quartz, even under the imperfect method of separating the gold with quicksilver, has yielded at this mill an average of three- and-a half cents to the pound of rock. This mill paid its original cost in sixty days after it was constructed : subsequently it has paid large profits, notwithstanding it has been three times remodeled, improved and enlarged. In the months of April and May alone the net profits of this mill exceeded $17,800, and the last arrival brings a statement of equal richness in the yield. The highest estimate of expenses for running a mill of this kind is in round numbers about $400 per day. There is one point in connection with quartz mining in California which has defeated many enterprising persons and caused the loss of capital also. It is that lack of ex- perience which is necessary to command success in all mining operations. Many have attempted it who possess little or no real knowledge of mining ; many also have em- barked in it without the necessary capital and have not been able to sustain them- selves until abundant proceeds could be realized from the mine. All have been in error in relation to the suitable machinery. The method of separating the gold from the pulverized quartz has been very im- perfect, and in Borne cases not more than one-half or one-third of it is obtained, as was proved by assaying it afterwards. Of course, this has been an unexpected difficulty to many. But it has now been to a considerable extent obviated by improved amalga- mators, and will doubtless be still further remedied hereafter. The extent of the quartz veins is estimated by Prof. Blake to be comprised " within a belt of land ten miles broad and running the whole length of the country north and south, and doubtless furnishing a supply of gold which it will take centuries to ex- haust.” He also says “ there can be no doubt but that quartz mining is destined to be the most permanent source of gold in this country. It will not be many years before it will attract that attention which, as an investment for capital, it evidently deserves. J. T. THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS. We commence in the present number of the Merchants Magazine the publication of a series of papers on the manufacture of glass. These cannot fail to be acceptable to our readers, as they will contain much valuable information relating to the discovery of the materials and their various improvements, which, under the influence of heat, are fused into a substance long known as the beautiful, pellucid glass, so indispensa- ble in domestic, chemical, building, and various other uses. The process through which its manufacture has reached its present state of perfection, with statistical and other valuable knowledge of the art of glass making will be embodied in these articles. To eay they are from the pen of Deming Jarvis, Esq., the well known founder and principal of the Boston and Sandwich Glass Manufactory, in Sandwich, Mass^ is suf- ficient assurance to all who know this gentleman that they will be reliable and interesting. THE MANUfACTfJES Of GLASS. — KO. L It may be safely asserted, that no department of art has from its earliest period attracted so much attention and investigation, none involved so extensive a range of inquiry, or been productive of more ingenious, interesting, and beautiful results, than the manufacture of glass. The question of the origin of glass goes back to the remotest antiquity, and is in- volved in almost entire obscurity. All that modern writers on the subject are enabled to do, i9 to glean hints and indistinct statements in reference to the subject, from the very brief and unsatisfactory accounts of the ancients. These, however, throw but a feeble light upon the precise point of the origin of the manufacture ; and little is proved beyond the fact of its great antiquity. Digitized by v^oosle 384 Journal of Mining and Manufacture*. That the subject held a very prominent place in the technological literature of the ancients, is clearly proved — Pliny, Theophrastus, Strabo, Petronius, Arbiter, Berxelias, Neri, Merrit, Runket, and others, referring constantly to it. The writings of all these demonstrate the deep interest existing upon the subject at their various times ; but still fail to present us with any connected or detailed account of the rise and progress of the art. When it is considered that the elements involved in the manufacture of glass are derived from the earth, — not one of its components being in itself transparent, bdt earthy, opaque, and apparently incapable of beiDg transmuted into a transparent and brilliant substance, — when it is considered that from these a material is produced almost rivaling the diamond in luster and refractive power, and sometimes so closely resembling the richest gems as to detract from the value of the costliest, — can it be wonderful that in the earliest ages the art was invested with a mysterious interest at- taching to no other mechanical department 1 From the earliest periods, up to the eighteenth century, the art, from the peculiar knowledge and skill involved, could only minister to the wants or pleasures of the luxurious rich. The rarity of the material rendered the articles greatly valuable, as tasteful ornaments of dress or furniture ; — indeed, it is well known that the glass of Venice, at one period, was as highly valued as is plate of the present day ; and the passion for possessing specimens, promised in England at least, to excite a spirit of speculation fully rivaling that exhibited in the tulip mania, so ridiculous, as well as ruinous, in Holland. It has been reserved for the present age, however, to render the art of glass making tributary to the comfort of man — to the improvement of science — and by its moder- ate cost, to enable the poorest and humblest to introduce the light and warmth of the sun within, while excluding the storms and chilly blasts ; to decorate his table with the useful, and minister to his taste, at a cost barely more than that of one of his or- dinary days’ labor. That which once was prized and displayed as the treasure and inheritance of the wealthy, and which with sacred carefulness was handed down as of precious value, may now be found in the humblest dwellings, and is procured at a charge which makes the account of the former costliness of glass to partake almost of the character of the fabulous and visionary. That the art of glass manufacture is destined to greater progress and higher tri- umphs, cannot for a moment be doubted ; and the time will arrive when, from in- creased purity of materials and progressive chemical development, the present posi- tion of the art will fall comparatively into the shade. It is no undue stretch of the imagination to conceive that lenses shall be perfected, whose purity will enable the astronomer to penetrate the remotest region of space ; new worlds may perhaps be revealed, realizing all that the u moon hoax ” promised — “The spacious Armament on high, With all the blue, elberial sky And spangled heavens n be read as a book, and man perhaps recognize man in other worlds than his own. It may be that in its triumphs it is destined to concentrate the rays of the sunlight, and make the eye to pierce into the secrets and deep places of the sea, u Full many a fathom deep.” Man may be enabled to read the wonders and the hidden works of the Almighty ; — it may be, that the power of the traditional lens of Archimedes upon the fleet of Mar- cellus shall be realized, in the absorbing and igniting, and perhaps useful power of some feature of its progress ; and in its sphere, the art become fruitful in practical results, rivaling the highest attainments in the department of scientific progress. It is a visionary speculation to believe, that by the aid of machinery it may be readily rolled into sheets, as is iron or lead now in use. It will minister more and more to the necessities and comfort of mankind, and contribute largely to the maoy and vari- ous manufacturing purposes of the age. That its practical adaptations are not already known or exhausted, cannot be doubted ; and its applicability in some cheaper form for vessels of large size and certain shape, and (strange as it may seem) for tesselated and ordinary flooring and pavements, are among the results which we think yet to be demonstrated in its progress. An elegant writer in a late number of Harpers Magazine says “The importance of glass, and the infinite variety of objects to which it is applica- ble, cannot be exaggerated ; indeed, it would be extremely difficult to ennumerate its Digitized by v^oosle 385 Journal of Mining and Manufacture** properties, or estimate adequately its value. TTits, then, transparent substance, m tight and fragile, is one of the most essential ministers of science and philosophy, and enters so minutely into the concerns of life, that it has become iodispensible to the daily routine of our business, our wants, and our pleasures. It admits the sun and excludes the wind, answering the double purpose of transmitting light and preserving warmth ; it carries the eye of the astronomer to the remotest region or space through the lenses of the microscope it develops new worlds of vitality, which with- out its help must have been but imperfectly knowu ; it renews the sight of the old, and assists the curiosity of the young ; it empowers the mariner to descry distant ships, and trace far off snores— the watchman on the cliff to detect the operations of hostile fleets and midnight contrabandists, and the lounger in the opera to make the tour of the circles from his stall; it preserves the light of the beacon from the rush of the tempest, and softens the flame of the lamp upon our tables ; it supplies the revel with those charming vessels in whose bright depths we enjoy the color as well as flavor of our wine ; it protects the dial whose movements it reveals ; it enables the student to penetrate the wonders of nature, and the beauty to survey the marvels of her person ; it reflects, magnifies, and diminishes — as a medium of light and observa- tion its uses are without limit, and as an article of mere embellishment, there is no form into which it may not be molded, or no object of luxury to which it may not be adapted.” In contrast with the foregoing, we will make one more extract from an English writer of ancient date. Halinahed, in his M Chronicles,” published during the reign of Elizabeth, says; — M It is a world to see in these our days, wherein gold and silver aboundeth, that oar gentility, as loathing these metals, (because of the plenty,) do now generally choose rather the Venice Glasses, both for our wine and Geer, than any of these metals, or stone, wherein before time we have been accustomed to drink ; but such is the nature of man generally, that it most coveteth things difficult to be attained — and such is the estimation of this stuff that many become rich only with therein new trade into Mu- rana, (a town near to Venice,) from whence the very best are daily to be had, and such as for beauty do well near match the Crystal or the ancient Murrhina Va-e, whereof now no man has knowledge. And as this is seen in the gentility, so in the wealthy commonality the like desire of glasses is not neglected, whereby the gain gotten by their purchase is much more increased, to the benefit of the merchant The poorest endeavor to have glasses also if they may, but as the Venetian is somewhat too dear for them, they content themselves with such as are made at home of fern and burnt stone ; but in fine, all go one way, that is to the shades, at last” raopxETiKa or glass. Glass has properties peculiarly its own — one of which is that it is of no greater bulk when hot, or in the melted state, than when cold. Some writers state that it is (contrary to the analogy of all other metals) of greater bulk when cold than when hot. It is transparent in itself— but the materials of which it is composed are opaque. It is not malleable — but in ductility ranks next to gold. Its flexibility, also, is so great that when hot it can be drawn out like elastic thread miles in length in a moment, and to a minuteness equal to that of the silk worm. Brittle, also, to a proverb, it is so elastic that it can be blown to a gauze like thinness, so as easily to float upon the air. Its elasticity is also showmby the fact that a globe, hermetically sealed, if dropped upon a polished anvil, will recoil two-thirds the distance of its fall, and remain entire until the second or third rebound. (The force with which solid balls strike each other may be estimated at ten, and the reaction by reason of the elastic property at nine.) Vessels, called bursting glasses, are made of sufficient strength to be drawn about a floor ; a bullet may be dropped into one without fracture of the glass ; — even the stroke of a mallet sufficiently heavy to drive a nail, has failed to break such glasses. In a word, ordinary blows fail to produce an impression upon articles of this kind. If, however, a piece of flint, cornelian, diamond, or other hard stone, fall into one of these glasses, or be shaken therein a few moments, the vessel will fly into a myriad of pieces. Glass of the class called Prince Rupert drops, exhibits another striking property. Let the small point be broken, and the whole flies with a shock into powder. Wri- ters have endeavored to solve the philosophy of this phenomenon — some by attributing it to percussion putting in motion some subtile fluid with which the essential substance of glass is permeated, and thus the attraction of cohesion being overcome. Some de* vol. xxvii — no. hi. 25 Digitized by v^.ooQle 886 Journal of Mining and Manufactures. nominate the fluid electricity, and assert that it exists in glass in great quantities, and is capable of breaking glass when well annealed. These writers do not appear to have formed any conclusion satisfactory to themselves, and fail to afford any w ell- de- fined solution to the mystery. Another phenomenon in connection with glass tubes is recorded in the “ Philo. Transaction, No. 476 : — “ Place a tube, say two feet long, before a fire in a horizontal position, having the position properly supported, say by putting in a cork at each end supported by pine for an axis, — the rod will acquire a rotary motion round the axis, and also a progres- sive motion towards the fire even if the supporters are declined from the fire. Whin the progressive* motion of the tube towards the fire is stopped by any obstacle, the rotation is still continued. When the tubes are placed in nearly an upright position, leaning to the right hand, the motion will be from east to wrest ; but if they lean to the left hand, their motiou will be from west to east; and the nearer they are placed to an upright position the less will be their motion either way. If the tubes be placed on a sheet of glass, instead of moving towards the fire they will move from it — and about the axis in a contrary direction from what they did before — nav, tin y will ^ recede from the fire, and move a little upwards when the plane inclines towards the fire.” Glass is used for pendulums, a9 not being subject to affections from heat or cold. It is, os is well known, a non-conductor. No metallic condenser possesses an equal power with one of glass. In summer, when moisture fails to collect on a metallic surface, open glass will gather it on the exterior — the slightest breath of air evidently affect- ing the glass with moisture. Dew will affect the surface of glass while apparently uuinfiuentiul upon other surfaces. The properties of so called “ musical glasses” are strikingly singular. Glass bowls, partly tilled with water, in various quantity, will, as is well known, emit musical ^ souuds, varying with the thickness of their edges or lips. When rubbed, too, with a wet finger gently, the water in the glass is plainly seen to tremble and vibrate. Bells manufactured of glass have been found the clearest and most sonorous — the vibration of sound extending to a greater degree than in metallic bells. Glass resists the action of all acids, except the “ fluoric.” It loses nothing in weight by use or age. It is more capable than all other substances of receiving the highest degree of polish. If melted seven times over and properly cooled in the fur- nace, it will receive a polish rivaling almost the diamond in brilliancy. It is capable of receiving the richest colors procured from gold or other metallic coloring, and will retain its original brilliancy of hue for ages. Medals, too, imbedded in glass, can be m made to retain forever their original purity And appearance. Another singular property of glass is shown in tne fact that when the furnace, as the workmen term it, is settled, the metal is perfectly plain and clear — but if by ac- cident the metal becomes too cool to work, and the furnnee heat is required to be raised, the glass which had before remained in the pots perfectly calm and plain, immediately becomes agitated anti apparently boiling. The glass rises in a mass of spongy matter and bubbles, and is rendered worthless. A change is however im- mediately effected by throwing a tumbler of w ater upon the metal, when the agita- tion immediately ceases, and the gla«s resumes its original quiet and clearness. All writers upon the subject of glass manufacture fail to show anything decisive up- pon the precise period of its invention. Some suppose it to have been invented be- fore the flood. Nervi traces its antiquity to the yet problematical time cf Jobw It seems clear, however, that the art was known to the Egyptians thirty-five hun- dred years since; for records handed down to us in the form of paintings, hiero- glyphics, die., demonstrate its existence in the reign of the first Osirtasen, and existing relics in glass taken from the ruins of Thebes, with hieroglyphical data, clearly place its antiquity at a poiut fifteen centuries prior to the time of Christ. Mr. Rennet Loftus, “ the first European who has visited the ancient ruins of Warka — in Mesopotamia — writes thus : Warka is no doubt the Erech of Scripture, the second city of Nimrod, and it is the Orchoe of the Chaldees, the mounds within the walls affords subjects of high interest to the historian, they are filled, or I may say composed of coffins piled upon each other to the bight of forty-five feet “ The coffins are of baked clay, covered with green glaze, and embossed with figures of warriors, die., and within are ornaments of gold, silver, iron, copper and glass ” Other writers believe that glass was in more general use in the ancient, than in comparatively modern times, and affirm that among the Egyptians it was used even Digitized by Google Journal of Mining and Manufacture*. S87 as material for coffins. It is certainly true that bo well did the Egyptians understand the art. that they excelled in the imitation of precious stones, and were well acquainted with the metallic oxides used in coloring glass ; and the specimens of their skill, still preserved in the British Museum, and in private collections, prove the great skill and ingenuity of their workmen in mosaic similar in appearance to the modern paper weights. Among the specimens of Egyptian glass still existing, is a fragment repre- senting a lion in baa relief, well executed and anatomically correct. Other specimens are found inscribed with Arabic characters. All writers agree that the glass houses in Alexandria, in Egypt, were highly cele- brated for the ingenuity and skill of their workmen, and the extent of their manu- factures. Strabo relates that the Emperor Hadrian received from an Egyptian priest a num- ber of glass cups in mosaic, sparkling with every color, and deemed of such rare valns that they were used only on grand festivals. The Tombs at Thebes, the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the remains of the villa of the Emperor Tiberius, go not only incidentally to establish the antiquity of the art, but also to prove the exquisite taste and skill of the artists of their various periods. The first glass houses, well authenticated, were erected in the city of Tyre. Modem writers upon the subject generally refer to Pliny in establishing the fact that the Phe- nidans were the inventors of the art of glass making. The tradition is that the art was originally brought to light under the following circumstances : — A vessel being driven by a storm to take shelter at the mouth of the river Belns, the crew were obliged to remain there some length of time. In the process of cooking a fire wae made upon the ground, whereon was abundance of the herb ‘ kale/ That plant hom- ing to ashes, the saline properties became incorporated with the sand. This causing vitrification, the compound now called glass was the result. The fact becoming known, the inhabitants of Tyre and Sidon essayed the work and brought the new invention into practical use. This is the tradition — but modern scieoce demonstrates the false philosophy, if not the incorrectness, of Pliny’s account ; and modern manufacturers will readily detect the error, from the impossibility of melting silex and so by the beat necessary for the ordinary boiling purposes. It is a well authenticated fact, however, that there were whole streets in Tyre en- tirely occupied by glass works ; and history makes no mention of any works of this character at an earlier period than the time mentioned by Pliny. . That Tyre possessed peculiar advantages for the manufacture, is very clear from geographical and geological data, the sand upon the shore at the mouth of the river Belua being purs silica and well adapted to the manufacture. The extensive range of Tyrian Commerce, too, gave ample facilities for tbs exportation and sale of the staple ; and for some ages it must nave constituted Almost the only article, or at least ■the prominent article of trade. Doubtless the rich freights of u the ships of Tyre” mentioned in Scripture, may in part have been composed of a material now as com- mon and easily procured as any of its original elements. From Tyre and Sidon the art was transferred to Rome. Pliny states it flourished most extensively during the reign of Tiberius, entire streets of the city being then occupied by the glass manufactories. From the period of Tiberius the progress of the art seems mere definite and marked, both as relates to the quantity and mode of manufacture. It was during the reign of Nero, so far as we can discover, that the first perfectly •dear glass, resembling crystal, was manufactured. Pliny states that Nero, for two cups of ordinary size with two bandies, gave six thousand sestertia, equal in our cur- rency to about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; and that rich articles of glass were in such general use among the wealthy Romans as almost to supersede articles of gold and silver. The art, however, at that period, seems to have been entirely de- voted to articles of luxury, and from the great price paid, supported many establish- ments, all however evidently upon a comparatively small scale, and confined, as It would appear, to families. Up to this period no evidence appears to prove that any other than colored articles in glass were made. It is clear, too, that the furnaces ana melting pots then in use, were of very limited capacity, the latter being of crucible shape ; and it was not until the time of Nero that tne discovery was made that muffled crucibles or pots, as used at the present day, were required m order to make crystal glass. (Without them, it is well Known, crystal glass cannot be perfected.) It appears, further, that a Digitized by v^oosle 388 Journal of Mining and Manufacture*. street in the city of Borne was assigned to the manufacturers of this article, and that at the reign of Severus, they had attained such a position and accumulated wealth to such a degree, that a formal tax was levied upon them. Some writers take the ground that this assessment was the primary cause of the transfer of the manufacture to other places. That the peculiar property of the manufacture at this period was its clear and crystal appearance, is abundantly evident ; and this, and the great degree of perfec- tion to which the manufacture of white or crystal-like glass was carried, are by many writers thought to have been proved from classical sources — Horace and Virgil both referring to it, the one speaking of its beautiful luster and brilliancy, the other com- paring it to the clearness of the waters of the Fucine Lake. • D. J. STATISTICS OF NOTA SCOTIA MANUFACTURES. From an important document, recently published, we gather the subjoined statistics of the manufacturing industry of Nova Scotia in 1861 : — Value. Hands empM. Grist-milk 8 team-mills or factories.. ...... Tanneries Leather, manufactured Boots and shoes manufactured.. Foundries Value of castings.. Handlooms , Not fulled, manufactured Flannel manufactured. • . • Distilled liquor manufactured.. Agricultural implements manufactured. Chairs and cabinet ware manufactured . Carriages manufactured Other wooden ware manufactured Bricks made. , Grinding stones quarried.. . . Soap manufactured Candles manufactured Maple Sugar manufactured Tonnage... Boats built. No. 1,168 £89,869 1,786 ... 898 72,649 487 ... 10 • • • • p m 2*7 26,762 874 # # 62,626 ... . , 78,664 ... 9 12,900 188 tons 400 4,685 • • • • • • • 8,486 No. 81 11,690 119 m m 11,096 24,486 ,,,, yds. 119,698 • • s • ... 790,104 • • • • ♦ • • 219,862 .... No. 17 6,032 4S gals. 78,076 .... ... 11,900 .... No. 181 14,882 186 • • • • • • s 16,640 • • • • • • • • • • • 11,156 • • • • • • • 9,491 • • • • 19,288 rons 114,992 ...» .asks 28,608 4,483 .... No. 2,846,400 8,211 .... tons 79,796 10,498 .... • • • 6,657 .... #| # 28,277 • ■ • • • • • 21,210 .... lbs. 110,441 . • • • No. 486 .... • • • 67,776 • • • • ... 2,664 .... THE FIRST DISCOVERT OF GOLD IN AUSTRALIA. The Whitehaven Herald giveB the following information respecting the first discov- ery of gold in Australia: — « The first piece found was by a native. He was a bushman. The scale of intellect of the Australian is remarkable for its lowness. Seeing his master counting a lot of sovereigns he said he had found a piece of “ yellow stuff/ far bigger than all those to- gether, which he had hidden, and would bring it to his master, u he would give him a new suit of corduroy. The bargain was struck, after which the man went and pro- duced a lump of Golconda, weighing one hundred and six pounds, and valuea at £5,firr in at Digitized by v^oosle Journal of Mining and Manufacture*. 889 TEE CUMBERLAND COAL AID IEOI COMPANY. The Erst report of tbe directors of the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company is just published. This company was organised on the 3d of May last, and owns, in Alle- ghany County, Maryland, about 7,000 acres ef coal lands, with three opened working mines, with fifteen feet coal veins, and the necessary rail-tracks, houses, shops, coal- yards, Ac., all of which property formerly belonged to the u Washington,” ** Astor," * Preston," “ Buena Vista,” and a People’s " Mining Companies, and to some smaller associations. The cost of this real estate is set down at 18,064,800 The company is also proprietor of canal boats and barges, worth 85,884 And has on hand cash and bills receivable for $255,588 Prom which deduct debts to be paid by the company. 156,222 99,816 Capital stock not yet issued 1,800,000 Making its capital $5,000,000 Lowell Holbrook, of New York, is President, and the following gentlemen consti- tute the Board of Directors : — J. W. Tyson and C. M. Thurston, of Maryland; William Young, E. W. Dunham, H. B. Loomis, Charles Day, Henry Ooggill, D. Randolph Martin, William H. Appleton, Thomas W. Gale, and Charles B. White, of New York. Their report expresses a confident opinion of the great value and favorable pros- pects of the company’s property. Tbe expense of getting the article to market is not named in the report, but we learn that such reductions will soon be made in the items constituting its cost, as will allow of its delivery at New York at not far from $8 50 per ton. Say cost of mining and delivery at Cumberland. $0 60 Tolls on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 0 46 Freight from Cumberland to Alexandria 1 10 Freight from Alexandria to New York from $1 25 to 1 50 Total. $8 66 THE AUSTRALIAN GOLD DIGGINGS. Advices have arrived by the Stebonheath, from Port Philip direct, to the 22d April. It appears that the production at the mines was steadily increasing, and was now es- timated at £l00,000per week, or at the rate of more than £5,000,000 per annum for this colony alone. Tne present vessel has brought about 60,000 ounces, valued at £230,000; and the Vanguard, which sailed a few days previously, but which has not yet arrived, took 17,490 ounces, nearly £70,000 worth. The quotation was 60s. to 61s. per ounce. Great complaints continue to be made of the prevalence of crime, owing to the influx of convicts from Van Dieman’s Land, many of whom were amoDg the most successful people at the mines. Rain had begun to fall at Muunt Alexander, but not so as to increase the facilities for working, and in the other districts it was still delayed. The statement of the public revenue of the colony for the quarter had cre- ated both satisfaction and surprise, the increase being £95,592 ; a sum nearly equal to the whole public revenue of the corresponding quarter of last year. Much of this arose from the duties on spirits, tobacco, and foreign goods. In the territorial revenue, likewise, there was an extraordinary augmentation. For the corresponding quarter of 1851 the total of that revenue was £9,138, and now it was £156,827 ; the chief items of increase being the land sales, which amounted to £95,248 ; the gold licenses, which produced £48,597 ; and the gold escort, which produced £4,489. The rate for bills on England was about 8| to 10 per cent discount A letter from Melbourne says : — “ The total population at the diggings is estimated by the chief commissioner at about 85,000, but a considerable portion is migratory, Digitized by v^oosle 300 Journal of Mining and Meuw/kcture*. and not half that number of licenses are issued. The present weekly produce cannot be under 80,000 ounces, or about £100,000 in value, as the government escort alone now brings down about 20,000 ounces, independent of the large quantity conveyed privately. From the poet-office to the Kiver Loddon, a distance of six or seven miles, the bed and slopes of Forest Creek present the appearance of being covered with a aeries of gigantic molehills, interspersed with miserable small tents of every descrip* tioo, the occupants of which have a very equallid, unhealthy appearance, from expos* ure, privation, and dust, sore eyes being universally prevalent The roads are now very bad, the cost of carriage from Melbourne being £22 to £25 a ton ; but most peo- ple are of opinion that, when the rain falls, in about a month, they will be all but im- passable, and serious apprehensions are entertained of a scarcity of food during the winter months. The gold is found both in deposit and in the matrix, a quarts vein having been struck at about twenty or thirty feet below the surface, and traced for some distance, which is worked successfully with no other tools or machinery than pickax, hammer, and tin dish. It has also been found in deposit in various strata of alluvial earth, clay, and gravel, and even below the trap-rock, leaving little room to doubt that the supply is not likely to be soon exhausted ; while the Mitta-Mitta Fields, near the boundary of the colony, on the Murray, are still all but untried.” MANUFACTURE OF COMBS. The greatest comb manufactory in the world is in Aberdeen, Scotland ; it is (hat of Messrs. Stewart, Rowell <& Co. There are 86 furnaces for preparing horns and tor- tois- shell for the combs, and no less than 120 iron-screw presses are continually going in stamping them. Steam-power is employed to cut tne combs, and an engine of fifty horse- power is barely sufficient to do the work. The coarse combs are stamped or cut out-two being cut in one piece at a time, by a machine invented in England in 1828. The fine dressing oombs and all small-tooth combs, are cut by fine circular saws, some so fine as to cut 40 teeth in the space of one inch, and they revolve 6,000 times in a minute. There are 1928 varieties of combs made, and the aggregate num- ber produced, of all these different sorts of combs, average upwards of 1,200 gross weekly, or about 9,000,000 annually ; a quantity that, if laid together lengthways, would extend about 700 miles. The annual consumption of ox horns is about 780,000 ; (he annual consumption of hoofs amounts to 4,000,000 ; the consumption of tortoise- shell and buffalo born, although not so large, is correspondingly valuable ; even the waste composed of horn shavings and parings of hoof, which from its nitrogenixed composition, becomes a valuable material in the manufacture of prussiate of potash, amounts to 860 tons in the year ; the broken combs in the various stages of manufac- ture average 60 or 60 gross in a week ; the very paper for packing costs $8,000 a year. A hoof undergoes eleven distinct operations before it becomes a finished corah. In this great comb factory, there are 456 men and boys employed, and 164 women — in all 620 hands. This company commenced business twenty years ago on a very small scale, being much smaller than the smallest works in England. By that determined energy, perseverance, and shrewdness which is characteristic of that people, they have shot ahead of all competitors in Britain. There is a temperance society and a library connected with the works. MANUFACTURE OF LUMBER IN THE N0RTH-WB8T. The number of saws running in 1851, on the Wisconsin River and its tributaries, were, above — Winnebago, Portage county Fox River, including Wolf River .. . . . Mississippi, above mouth of SL Croix. St Croix River aewa River River 77, cutting. .. .feet 56 11 17 15 10 43,400,000 80,000,000 16,000,000 26,000,000 20,000,000 14,000,000 TotaL 186 148,400,000 Point au Barques to AJgonac, on Lake Huron. 93,000,000 Digitized by Google Mercantile Miscellanies. 391 MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. “AN OLD MERCHANT’S ADVICE.” F&sixan Hour, Esq., Editor Merchant a Magazine , etc. : — Sir: — Tour Magazine for July, 1862, has just been handed me by a young gentle- man in my employ, and my attention expressly directed to a letter, or rather a piece entitled m An Ola Merchant a Advice." With my young friend, (whose principles are too well established to be misled by such articles,) I agree that said piece should never have been admitted into your Magazine without a condemnatory notice from you as conductor of said publication. Your Magazine, as no doubt you are aware, is extensively used by the younger class, and after you have read over that piece again, you will surely agree with me that it will have a decidedly bad tendency, and cannot be without bad effect on the minds of many who need no additional aids to roguery. I trust you will excuse the liberty thus taken, and regard me as no doubt you are* a friend to good morals. Very truly yours, Baltimore, August 5, 1652. C. F. P. Proverbial wisdom has declared the “ counsel of a friend ” to be of the highest val- ue, and we are the last to deny the truth, “ he that hearkeneth unto counsel is wise.’' We therefore feel not only strengthened in the assurance of our wisdom, but confident that our correspondent in Baltimore will be assured that we regard as the act of a true friend the admonition he has sent us, touching a certain “jeu <£ esprit " with which we thought to enliven the “ Mercantile Miscellanies ” in the number of the Mer - chants' Magazine for July, 1852 (p. 186). Our explanation — our defence we have al- ready anticipated — the piece too* a jeu d? esprit. It purports to be “ An old Merchant's advice," and in an apparently serious vein of real irony, it gives hints as to the var.oui tricks of trade by which many men make haste to get rich, and which the experience of most who try it, proves the saddest example of “ more haste less speed.” Pretend- ing to tell the young merchant what be ought to do, it really tells him what he ought not to do, and in a tone of assumed seriousness, exposes practices which men will con- sent to follow, but hardly dare to confess to themselves, much less frame them into formal maxims of life. By throwing them into the form of grave maxims, their re- volting wickedness is made most strikingly apparent The same principles, taught in a more serious tone, will be found in the article on "Honesty in Mercantile Life,” in our June number (p. 776). Our frieod cannot mis- take its meaning, and he will please credit us with that meaning, as the one we would always be understood as inculcating. Our correspondent has heard of parodies. This little piece is a prose parody on the practices of dishonest traders. Perhaps the take-off would have been a little more effectual, had the irony been a little more plainly brought out ; but if he will read it over again, he can hardly fail to see the real drift of the piece, and confess that the current dishonesties of trade could hardly be more effectually shown up io their true colors than by such satire. At the same time we must needs admire the moral sensitiveness ot our friend, which is up in arms at the slightest assault which he thinks is designed upon the bulwarks of mercantile morality. No one, he may rest assured, feels a livelier anxiety for the preservation, not only from any stain, but from any suspicion, of that mercantile character which should be of tbe purity of Otesar’s wife, than the editor of the Merchants' Magazine, and we shall be gratified for the advice of all our friends in assisting ns in the promotion of this paramount ebject Digitized by v^oosle m Mercantile Miscellanies. THE MACKEREL FISHERIES. Bat few are aware of the great extent of the mackerel and other fisheries of this country. It has been estimated that during the summer months, or rather between June and November, more than twenty thousand vessels are constantly engaged in the different kinds of fisheries, employing no less than 260,000 men. By a treaty with Great Britain, American vessels are allowed the privilege of fishing within certain limits of the Gulf of St Lawrence, and the quantity of fish taken from this place alone, is truly astonishing. The coast of Newfoundland yields its codfish to the hardy Bailor from May until December, while the better class of mackerel are taken from August to October. Many mackerel, however, of a proper class, are taken along the southern shore of our own country prior to this, but as a general thing they are deemed worthy of little notice. The Bay of Chaleur, along the coAst of Prince Edward’s Island, the Magdalen Islands and Northumberland Straits, are considered the choicest tnackerel grounds. Here the fleet of vessels congregated at one time will often amount to two thousand sail, although, as a general thing, not more than from two to four hun- dred vessels sail in company. At night, when the fleet is safely anchored, the lanterns lighted on each vessel and swinging upon the shrouds, one may fancy himself looking upon some huge city lying in repose, with its lamps all trimmed ana burning. The bait alone, which is ground up and thrown to the fish to keep them about the vessel, is a very large item in the expense of carrying on the trade. This is either herriDgs, porgies, or clams, well salted and cleansed, put up expressly for the purpose. The average co6t of it is about tbree-and-a-half dollars per barrel, at least two bar- rels of which are thrown away per day in good fishing. Allowing at the time we were in the Gulf there were two thousand sail, you then have $16,000 per day, thrown away to the fishes, or say (100 per vessel for each trip; which is below the actual amount, and we thus have the enormous sum of (200,000. The method of taking the mackerel is very simple. The vessel is “hove to,” and men are arranged on the “ windward ” 6idc, as many as can conveniently stand from bow to stern. Each man is provided with four lines ; only two can be used in fast fishing. On each line i9 attached the hook, which is sunk into an oblong bit of lead, called a “jig.” A barrel is placed behind each man, into which the fish are “ snapped ” as caught, the jaw tearing out as easily as though made of paper. Owing to this ten- derness of the jaw, the fish must be hauled very carefully, though with great rapidity.. One man stands “amidships,” throwing the bait which has been carefully ground, to keep the fish about the vessel, while the hooks are baited with pork rind, a bit of liv- er, or a piece of the mackerel itself. When caught, they are split, gibbed, ecraped washed m three waters, and then salted — the whole being done with astonishing celerity. THE PROMPT MERCHANTS’ CLERK. A correspondent of the London YoutKe lnelrueior relates an anecdote, which we transfer to the pages of the Mn chant s’ Magazine for the especial benefit of young men entering mercantile life : — 44 1 once new a young man ” said an eminent preacher the other day, in a sermon to young men, “that was commencing life as a clerk. One day his employer said to him/ Now, to morrow, that car^o of cotton must be got out and weighed, and we must have a regular account of it’ “ He was a young man of energy. This was the first time he had been intrusted to superintend the execution of this work. He made his arrangements over night, spoke to the men about their carts and horses, and, resolved to begin very early in the morning, he instructed ihe laborers to be there at half- past four o’clock. His mas- ter comes in, and, seeing him sitting in the counting-house, looks very black, suppoeea that his commands bad not been executed. 44 4 1 thought,’ said the master, * you were requested to get out that cargo this morning.’ M 4 It is all done,’ said the young man, 4 and here is the account of it’ 44 He never looked behind him from that moment — never 1 His character was fixed, confidence was established. He was found to be the man to do the tiling with prompt- ness. He very soon came to be one that could Dot be spared ; he was as necessary to the firm as any of the partners. He was a religious man, and went through a life of Seat benevolence, and at his death was able to leave bis children an ample fortune, e was not smoke to the eye nor vinegar to the teeth, but just the contrary.” Digitized by v^oosle Mercantile Miscellanies. 393 COMMERCIAL GROWTH OP THE (JOTTED STATES. From the able and eloquent speech of the Hon. David Seymour, of New York, on the River and Harbor Bill, delivered in the House of Representatives, July 21, 1852, we extract the following brief but comprehensive picture of our commercial progress : 44 Let us briefly survey the present position of our Republic, and see what it de- mands of us as wise and patriotic legislators. Our country is rapidly advancing in her career of greatness. Compare its situation in 1838, when the last general appro- priations for the rivers and harbors were made, with its present condition, and we are astonished at the progress we have made. No other nation has achieved so much in the same period. We have peaceably annexed one empire, settled the boundaries of another, and conquered a third. Our Commerce, which, fourteen years ago, was found in three grand divisions — that of the western rivers, the northwestern lakes, and the Atlantic coast — has crossed the isthmus, and now covers the shores of the western ocean. To our two maritime fronts, the Atlantic and the Gulf, we have added the Pacific. And there from a coast of sixteen hundred miles in extent, we look out upon the primeval habitations of our race — the seats of ancient empire — and the most inviting field ever opened to the moral or physical energies of man. Nor is the dominion thus gained a barren scepter. On the contrary, the precious metals found in abundunce in California have placed in the hands of this Republic a monetary pow- er w hich, ere long, will transfer commercial ascendancy from Europe to America, and will adjust iu our great commercial emporium the balance-sheet of the world. And can such a nation be longer held in the swaddling bands of its infancy or the leading- strings of its childhood ( The enterprise of our country, always bold nnd restless, is already, by the liberal aids of an improved science and the vast accessions of capital, driven onward almost with maddening speed. Nothing can arrest the progress of in- dividual effort in all the avenues of Commerce. You may excite the apprehensions of the timid, the doubts of the wavering, or the opposition of the enemies of progress, but all will be in vain. The mighty current of events, as they arc ordainect, will, in spite of our resistance, bear us onward and still onward to our destiny. It is, then, the part of wisdom, of exalted patriotism, to grasp the helm of the ship of State, and, with a strong and bold hand, guide it on its course by the chart of the Consti- tution. COMMISSION MERCHANTS. The Pittsburgh Daily Despatch , puts a question, and makes a statement in the following paragraph, which we are assured is supported by the most incontestable evidence. 44 How is This ?” — Can a Commission Merchant in 44 good and regular standing” in a Christian Church, go to a steamboat officer and bargain for the shipment of say 400 bbla of flour at forty cents per barrel, provided the steamboat officer will agree to fill up the bill at fifty cents per bbL — so as to enable the merchant to make $40 over his legitimate commission, off the confiding consigner or owner, who pays this forty dollars more than he need pay, if the whole transaction were straight for- ward and bona fide ? Is this a 44 fair business transaction !” Is it honorable or even honest ! Is it not a mean fraud f We think so — yet it is done here, not occasionally, but constantly — by people affecting honor and even piety. A man who confides in them is made to suffer to the tune of five or ten cents per hundred on the freight which he entrusts to them for shipment, and steamboatmen must become parties to the fraud, or iu case of refusal, give place to those who will. We may be told this is none of our business, but it is — all that demoralizes or depraves public sentiment, concern a every wise citizen — and it is our duty to see that neither steamboatmen nor other men are tempted or compelled to do what they feel and acknowledge to be wrong, by those who profess to be moral Christian men. We have a host of witnesses to support our statements, if anybody doubts. ABSORPTION IN BUSINESS. Some men devote themselves so exclusively to their business, as to almost entirely neglect their domestic and social relations. A gentleman of this class having failed, was asked what he intended to do. 44 1 am going home to get acquainted with my wife at d children,” said he. Digitized by ^ooq le 304 Mercantile MUceUaniee. THOMAS TARBELL, A BOSTON MERCHANT. Feebmax Hunt, Esq., Editor of the Merchant i Magazine : — Dear Sir: — The public journals of Boston have recently announced the death of an old merchant, and a good man — Mr. Thomas Tarbell. He was the poor man's friend, and for years was ever ready to dispense the bounty of our public charities, and to aid the poor and friendless by his purse and couosel One provision of his will deserves a record in your valuable Magazine. He has provided for the ultimate payment of the balance remaining unpaid on old debts which he was owing in 18*20, when misfortunes in business caused him to make an as- signment of his property. Such instances are rare, and should be noticed. His friends, and the community among which he lived, will share the feelings of pride ana pleasure he would have eqjoyed, had his measure of success while he livea enabled him then to have carried into effect this cherished purpose of his heart. “ The good that men do lives after them.” Respectfully, you obedient servant, * # THE FRENCH ROSE TRADE. The Commerce in roses is an entirely French business. As early as 1779, France exported rose bushes, and for the last twenty years enormous quantities are sent from France to England, Russia, Germany, and the United States. The department of the Seine alone, it is said, produces every year roses to the amount of a million of francs. A hundred thousand stalks (pieds) are sold in the flower-market, they (francs de pied )> amount to a hundred and fifty thousand more ; finally, the grafts which are exportea are valued at eight hundred thousand. Four millions francs value of flowers are sold in the Paris market alone, independently of what are furnished for public and private festivals. Paris consumes five millions franca worth of strawberries ; five hundred hectares (a hectare is a little over two acres) of the department of the Seine is devoted to this interesting culture. Epiny, near St. Denis, sends great quantities of asparagus to England every day. Meaaen sends as large an amount of plums, while Honfleur and its suburbs dispatch to London a million francs worth of melons. Kitchen-garden culture may then be called a peculiarly French branch of industry, for its productions figure in all the European markets, and even in Senegal and North America. THE ROMANCE OF TRADE. Lundy Foot, the celebrated snuff manufacturer of Dublin, originally kept a small tobacconist's shop at Limerick, Ireland. One night his house, which was uninsured, was burnt to the ground. As he contemplated the smoking ruins on the following morning, in a state bordering on despair, some of the poor neighbors, groping among the embers for what they could find, stumbled upon several canisters of unconsumed but half-baked snuff, which they tried, and found so grateful to their noses, that they loaded their waistcoat pockets with the spoil. Lundv Foot, roused from bis stupor, at length imitated their example, and took a pinch of his own property, when he was instantly struck by the superior pungency and flavor it had acquired from the great heat to which it had been exposed. Treas- uring up this valuable hint, he took another house, in a place called M Black Yard,1* and preparing a large oven for the purpose, set diligently about the manufacture of that nign- dried commodity, which soon became known as “ Black Yard Snuff" — a term subsequently corrupted into the more familiar word “ Blackguard." Lundy Foot, making his customers pay liberally through the nose for one of the most M distinguished ” kinds of snuff in the world, soon raised the price of his pro- duction, took a larger house in the city of Dublin, and was often heard to say — “ I made a very handsome fortune by being, as I supposed, utterly ruined !" When he was rich enough to own and use a carriage, he applied to Lord Norbury for an appropriate motto for its panels. The wily Judge suggested the Latin phrase, " Quid ride*? Digitized by v^oosle Mercantile MUctUaniu. 30* EXPEDIENTS OF SMUGGLED A gentleman from Paris writes the following : — I saw through one of the window of the Mayor’s office, in the twelfth arondisement, the body of a negro hanging by the neck. At the first glance, and even at the second, I took it for a human being, whom disappointed love, or perhaps an expeditious judge, had disposed of so suddenly ; but I sooo ascertained that the ebony gentleman in question was only a large doll, as large as life. What to think of this I did not know, so I asked the door keeper the meaning of it 14 This is the Contraband Museum," was the answer ; and on my showing a curiosity to examine it he n as kind eoough to act as my cicerone. In a huge dirty room are scattpred ever the floor, along the walls and on the ceiling, all the inventions of roguery which had been confiscated from time to time by those guardians of the law, the revenue officers. It is a complete arsenal of the weapons of smuggling, all, unfortunately, in complete confusion. Look before you ; there is a hogshead dressed up for a nurse, with a child that holds two quarts and a half. On the other side are logs hollow as the Trojan horse, and filled with armies of cigars. On the floor lies a huge boa constrictor, gorged with China silks; and just beyond it, a pile of coal curiously perforated with spools of cotton. The colored gentlemen who excited my sympathy at first, met with his fate under the following circumstances : — He was built of tin, painted black, and stood like a heyduck, or Ethiopean chasseur, on the foot-board of a carriage, fastened by his feet and hands. He bad frequently passed through the gates, and was well known by sight to the soldiers, who noticed he was always showing his teeth, which they sup* posed to be the custom of his country. One day the carriage he belonged to was stopped by a crowd at the gate. There was, as usual, a grand chorus of yells and oaths, the vocal part being performed by the drivers and cartmen, and the instrumental by tbs whips. The negro, however, never spoke a single word. His good behaviour delighted the soldiers, who held him up as an example to the crowd. “ Look at that black fellow," they cried, <( see how well he behaves 1 Bravo, nigger, bravo !" He showed a perfect indifference to their applause. “My friend ” said a clerk at a barrier, jumping op on the foot-board, and slapping our same friend on the shoulder, “ we are very much obliged to you.” Oh, surprise I the shoulder rattled. The officer was bewildered, he sounded the footman aU over, and found he was made of metal, and as full as his skin could hold of the very best contraband liquor drawn out of bis foot. The juicy mortal was seised at once, and carried off in triumph. The first night the revenue people drank up one of bis shoulders, and he was soon bled to death. It is now six years since he lost all the moisture of his system, and was reduced to a dry skeleton. CHRONICLES OF TH£ COMMERCE OF CHARLESTON. A correspondent of the Charleston Courier has culled from the pages of “ The Po- litical Magazine and Parliamentary, Naval , Military and Literary Journal ," pub- lished in London in 17 SO, with a view to ascertain facts in relation to that city, and in- cidentally to Carolina. We give a few of his extracts, as follows : — “In 1686 the Spaniards invaded Carolina. In April, 1698, the labors of Locke were abrogated on the requisition of the Oarolinas themselves. It was not until twen- ty-seven years after that this province acquired the appellation of North and South Carolina. About this time rice was introduced by a brigantine from Madagascar, touching at Sullivan’s Island in her way to Britain. About the beginning of this cen- tury Sir Nathaniel Johnson introduced the culture of silk. After a long and violent opposition, the Church of England was established by law. “ In 1715 Charleston consisted of five or six hundred houses. In 1740 a great fire, in the space of six hours, destroyed three hundred of the best bouses. “ In 1744 two hundred and thirty vessels loaded at Charleston ; fifteen hundred sea- men, at least, employed. “ In 1745 indigo was discovered to be a spontaneous plant in the province. Many of the planters doubled their capital every three or four yean by planting indigo. Digitized by v^oosle 806 Mercantile Miscellanies. “ In 1724 British goods valued at near £60,000, imported. Eighteen thousand bar- mis of rice, 62,000 barrels of pitch, tar, and turpentine, with deer-skins, furs, and raw silk were exported to England * In 1761 rice 40s. a barrel, indigo 2a a pound ; yet as the quantity increased the price rose, for in 1771 rice sold at £8 10s. a barrel, and indigo at 8a a pound. At the peace of 1762. and for three years after, on an average the export was £395,666 18a 4d., but in 1771 the export had risen to the amaxing value of £756,000 sterling. toIn 1773, 507 vessels cleared at Charleston. Iu December, 1799, the militia mus- ter roll in Charleston 1,400 men; inhabitants 14,000. Province militia muster roll 18,000. Total white inhabitants 66.000. The whole number of negroes and mulattoes in the province upward of 100,000." POLITENESS IN DUNNING. An old gentleman had owed a firm for years ; at last, after everybody’s patience and temper were exhausted, a clerk named Frank undertook to get the money. Frank called upon the gentleman, and met with a polite reception, and the usual answer, with the addition, “ You need not trouble yourself young man, about the mat- ter ; I will make it all right" “ 0, no," replied Frank, “ I could not think for a moment of compelling you to call at the stcre for a few dollars. It will not be the slightest inconvenience for me to stop in, as I pass your place of business six times a day, to and from my meals, and I can call every time I go by." M Here," said the old fellow to his bookkeeper, alarmed at the prospect of being dunned six times a day for the next six montlis, “ pay this impertinent rascal. He can beat me in politeness, and, if he wants a situation, 1 will give him two thousand dol- lars a year.” SMUGGLING IN CHINA. A correspondent of the London Spectator , whose letter is published in the Chinese Repository , says: — Smuggling is no new thing in China. Nothing in all the land seems better regulat- ed, or to be conducted more systematically than this branch of business. How far its tariff of duties has been reduced to writing no one can tell ; indeed, every tariff in China is merely nominal, as different from the reality as can well be imagined. One of these new features, the only one I will allude to, seems to have resulted from the sto- lidity of the functionaries connected with the native custom-house department Be- cause a foreign vessel happened to be furnished with a certain kind of machinery, her owners must be subjected to any amouot of annoyaoce the custom-house people might see fit to impose. The managers of the steamer were not to be wronged in this way, nor were those who wished to ship cargo by her; and accordingly they arranged their own business. The amount of duties lost on the one side, and saved oo the other, by this measure, must, some persons say, be reckoned by thousands of dollars ! STUDY AND BUSINESS. In learning, concentrate the energy of mind principally on the study ; the attention divided among several studies it weakened by the division ; besides, it is not given to man to excel tn many things. But while one study claims your main attention, make occasional excursions into the fields of literature and science, and collect materials for the improvement of your favorite pursuit The union of contemplative habits constructs the most useful and perfect character; contemplation gives relief to action; action gives relief to contemplation. A man unaccustomed to speculation is confined to a narrow routine of action; a man of more speculation constructs visionary theories, which have no practical utility. Excellence in a profession, and success in business, are to be obtained only by perse- vering industry. None who thinks himself above his vocation can succeed in it, for we cannot give our attention to what our self-importance despises. None can be emi- nent in his vocation who devotes his mental energy to a pursuit foreign to it, for suc- cess in what we love is failure in what we neglect. Digitized by foozle The Book Trade. 897 THE BOOK TRADE. 1. — The Napoleon Dynasty ; or, the History of the Bonaparte Family . An entirely new work. By the Berkzlxt Men. With twenty authentic portraits. 8vo.t pp. 621. New York: Cornish A Lamport. This may truly be called a new work on the Life and Family of Napoleon. It is summary and rapid as a historical outline, and presents rather a dramatic life of the gjeat emperor. But the scenes are drawn in such striking colors, and with such dis- tinctness of thought, that the minds of all readers will be engrossed by the narrative. Its style is suited to make as strong an impression upon the popular mind as uaa ar- ray with banners.” And, in truth, it possesses much of the glitter and the clang of arms, with a corresponding force and strength in the thought. It is a work that all will be pleased to dip into, and be moved by many striking views which it presents in the life of this great man ; but it is not a volume of calm and patient thought, over whose pages the scholar or the historical reader would delight to linger as a fountain of clear and refreshing intelligence. Striking as are many of its pages, to Buch a mind they are not satisfactory, and one looks over them as he would gaze at the bril- liant and wonderful play of an aurora, whose impressions afterwards fade away. We have here the Bonaparte Dynasty brought together in a group. Seventeen distinct biographies are arranged around the principal figure of the picture. The portions de- voted to the sisters of Bonaparte are quite interesting ; and truly the entire volume will be found to contain new material of much extent. It is issued in a very fine style by the publisher-*, with the exception of the portraits, which are too poor for a book of such pretensions. 2. — Life and Public Services of* Henry Clay. Down to 1848. By Epes Sargeant. Edited to bis death by JEL Greeley. 12mo., pp. 491. Auburn : Derby A Miller. The life of Clay is a subject of interest to every American citizen. The lead which he took in public affairs, the influence upon the prominent measures of the country, which he exerted for so long a period, render a familiarity with his career indispensa- ble to every one who would understand the true spirit of his times. In these pages we are presented with all that is important in the life of Mr. Clay, brief, condensed, and yet with sufficient fullness to be satisfactory to the general reader. The work is written in an animated and popular style, such as will meet with the approbation of the most extensive class of readers. 8. — The Casars. By Thomas De Quincy, author of the w Confessions of an English Opium Eater.’* 12ma, pp. 296. Boston : Ticknor, Reed A Fields. New York : D. Appleton A Co. This is the fourth volume of the series of De Quincy’s writings, and in our opinion the best of them. No one who possesses a taste for the charms of literature can read its pages without delight. The characters of the Roman Caesars are delineated with a correctness of perception, a delicate and masterly appreciation, and, withal, a mod- esty and gracefulness of language, that holds the reader’s attention fixed upon the poushed periods that flow beneath his eyes. The series is not yet complete. It is to be followed by the autobiography that appeared in Tait’s Magazine, and by the “ Sketches of Literary Men,” when it will form one of the choicest series that has been lately published. 4. — Meyer's Uniter sum. Part 8. New York : Hermann J. Meyer. The subjects of the plates in this part are “The Walballa,” in Bavaria; “The Tem- ple of the Sun at Balbec and “ Street Scenery in Constantinople.” The plates are very finely executed. The text which explains them is performed with much fullness of historical incident by Mr. C. Dana, and is exceedingly interesting and valuable. 5. — Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. With a Sequel. 12mo., pp. 288. Cincinnati: A. J. A U. P. James. This is a new edition of an able and important work, already well known to the public, for the peculiar views which it presents. It is issued in a cheap and service- able style. Digitized by Google 308 Tke Book Trade . t.—The History of the United Statee of America, from the Adoption of the Federal Constitution to the End of the Sixteenth Congress. By Richard Hildreth. YoL 8. Madison and Monroe. 8m, pp. 739. New York : Harper A Brothers. This volume resumes the narrative with the extra session of Congress in October, 1807, and closes with the session of Congress in March, 1821. It completes the work according to the plan of the author in six volumes, of which the first tnree are chiefly taken up with the narrative of this country previous to the adoption of the Constitu- tion, and the last three with its national history. In many respects this is a model history. It occupies a field somewhat distinct from Bancroft’s, so that neither one de- tracts from the value of the other. It is a severe narrative of facte, possessing very little of that rich and glowing eloquence of Bancroft, but chaste, calm, Bevere, and truthful to the extremest details. Its statements of facts are such as to obtain for it the rank of high authority, and its inferences, its general views, and its suggestions re- specting national principles, are such as coincide with the views of those who hold the power, and wield the most intelligent influence In the country. We do not view it as a work in which the democratic element is supreme as in Bancroft’s ; neither can it be regarded as always truly expressing the sentiment of the people as such, in distinc- tion and opposition to the other powerful influences in our social system. It is, how- ever, an invaluable, indispensable work to every one who desires to comprehend our national history. 7. — The, Mother at Home ; or , the Principles of Maternal Duty familiarly illustrat- ed. By John S. C. Abbott. Improved and Enlarged, with Numerous Engravings. 12 mo, pp. 801. 8. — The Child at Home ; or , the Principles of Filial Duty familiarly illustrated. By Johh S. C. Abbott. Greatly Improved and Enlarged, with Numerous Engrav- ings. 12ma, pp. 818. New York: Harper A Brothers. These two volumes, each of which is the counterpart of the other, aim to afford to mothers, in the common walks of life, plain and simple instruction relative to the right discharge of their mutual duties, and to aid them in leading the minds of their child- ren to proper views of their obligations to God, to their parents, and to one another. Each is intended for perusal both by parent and child. They are admirable works for the object in view. The first edition of them has been translated into various lan- guages, and circulated extensively throughout the Christian world. 9. — Lotus Bating; A Summer Book. By George William Curtis. Illustrated by Kenuet 12ma, pp. 206. New York: Harper A Brothers. The Hudson, Catskill, Trenton, Niagara, Saratoga, Lake George, Nahant, and New- port, are the places of which pictures are presented in this volume. The style of each is uniform, as the work of one hand. They are pleasant, entertaining, and agreeable, and far more meritorious than many works of the kind. But we must confess there are not manifest to us those surprising attractions which many have found in this vol- ume. To us there is none of that clearness of thought or expression which ia the true index of all superior intellectual or literary talent 10. — Marco PauTs Voyage and Travels . Erie Canal. By Jacob Abbott. 18mon pp. 208. 11. — Marco Paul in New York. By Jacob Abbott. 18mo^ pp. 192. 12. — Marco Paul in Maine. By Jacob Abbott. 18mo., pp. 190. 18. — Marco Paulin Vermont. By Jacob Abbott. 18mo., pp. 808, New York: Harper A Brothers. It is the aim of these volumes both to entertain the youthful reader with narratives of juvenile adventures, and to communicate, in connection with them, as extensive and varied information rb possible, respecting the geography, the scenery, the customs, and the institutions of the country as they present themselves to the observation of the little traveler under the guidance of an intellegent and well informed companion, suited to assist him in the acquisition of knowledge and the formation of character. Perhaps there is no one among the popular writers of the day so capable as the author of these volumes to accomplish such a task. The various works are unexceptionable in sentiment, extremely entertaining in their contents, and are among the best books which can be put into the hands of youth. Digitized by ^ooq le The Book Trade . 809 14. — The Holy Bible , Translated from the Latin Vulgate ; diligently Compared with the Hebrew , Greek, and other Editions in divers Languages. With useful Note*% Critical , Historical , Controversial , antf Explanatory , selected from the most Eminent Commentators. By Rev. George Haydock. 4ton Nos. 1 aod 2. New York : Har- per pp. 327. New York : D. Appleton & Co. Few readers will be prepared to anticipate, from the title of this volume, the genu- ine entertainment which its pages will afford. It describes no great events, or distin- guished and blazing characters; but it takes the reader up into a quiet nook among the hills, and spreads before him such a variety of incidents and events, so full of real character and true feeling, in quiet life, that the gratification is far more intense than is afforded by subjects of much greater pretensions. It is written in a smooth and polished style, admirably adapted to its character, and is quite an original and racy work in these days, when the number of books is legion. 16. — Book of Snobs. By W. M. Thackeray. 12 mo., pp. 272. New York : D. Ap- pleton e entertained with his truthful delineations. It forms one of the series of Apple- toos’ admirable popular Library, and is entitled to a place among the choicest of tips* volumes. 17. — The Laws of Life; with Special Reference to Physical Education. By Eliza- beth Blocrwell, M. D. 12mo., pp. 179. New York: G. P. Putnam. This volume consists of a series of lectures delivered to a class of ladies during the spring. It is devoted to physical education, the conditions of health, and the correc- tion of vicious habits. It is unexceptionable in the manner in which it treats these important subjects, and indicates a thorough and scientific education, rare practical seuse and great extent of observation, on the part of the writer. It cannot fail of producing an important influence upon the health and physical condition of woman. 18. — Scenes and Thoughts in Europe. By Geo. H. Calvert. Second series. 12mo., pp. 186. New York : G. P. Putnam. The scenes described in this volume occured in parts of Germany, Switzerland, and France. They are of an instructive character. The author is thoughtful at all times, and his reflections contain more or less of interest to all readers. It is in some re- spects a volume of a higher order than such works generally are. 19. — Arctic Journal ; or , Eighteen Months in the Polar Regions. By Lieut. Osborn. 12ma, pp. 216. New York : G. P. Putnam. The author of this volume commanded one of the vessels of the Royal Naval Ex- pedition which sailed foom Woolwich, England, in 1860. to search for Sir John Frank- lin. The vessel under bis command was a steamer. The expedition was directed to explore Barrow's Straits south-westerly to Cape Walker, and westerly toward Mel- ville Island, and north-westerly up Wellington Channel. The voyage was a perilous one, and its incidents are described with much spirit, and present us with many new ideas respecting that inhospitable portion of the globe. 20. — The Art Journal for August. New York : George Virtue. The first embellishment of this number consists of an engraving of a statue of “ Highland Mary," by B. E. Sperm. The engraving is very finely done, but some parts of the design are clumsy. The next is the “ Raffle for the Watch," from a picture in the Vernon Gallery ; and the last is a rather fine engraving of a “Persian Warrior.'' There are, in addition, many lesser engravings and cuts with the usual amount of reading on artistic subjects. It is beyond question the best work of its class. 21. — Eoline : Magnolia Vale. A Novel. By Caroline Lee Hentz. 12 mo., pp. 261. Philadelphia: A. Hart Digitized by Google 400 The Book Trade. 22. — Pencil Sketches; or. Outlines of Character and Manners. By Miss Leslie. Including Washington Potts, with other stories. 2 vols. 12mo., pp. 216 and 215. Philadelphia : A Hart Many of our readers may, perhaps, remember this tale, which was first published some years since, and very favorably received. The characters and customs of former days invest it with all the attractiveness of novelty, it is entertaining, written in a commendable manner, and well worthy of perusal. 23 — The American Flower-Garden Companion. Revised and Enlarged. By Edward Saoebs. Fourth edition. 12mo., pp. 207. Cincinnati : J. A. A U. P. James. It is the design of this work to aid those who are desirous of becoming acquainted with the culture of flowers, aud it presents a large amount of useful matter within the compass of a convenient manual of reference. Directions are given for laying out flower gardens, ami descriptive lists are added of the various flowers and shrubs best adapted to the American flower gardea 24. — Lydia : a Woman's Book. By Mrs. Newton Crosland, author of “Partners for Life.” 12mo.t pp. 287. Boston: Ticknor, Reed A Fields. This is a picture of woman’s mind and heart, drawn by a woman’s pen, or rather it is a picture of certain phases of life u from a woman’s point of view.” It contains scenes of much interest and power. It delineates the struggle between truth and falsehood with unusual ability, and in a style that will be appreciated by cultivated readers. 25. < — Single Blessedness ; or Single Ladies and Gentlemen against the Slanders of the Pulpit , the Press , and the Lecture- Room, addressed to those who are really wise , and those who fancy themselves so. 12mo., pp. 297. New York: C. S. Francis. This is an effort to show that the unmarried state is a blessed one. It contains many thoughts which will be entertaining to those whose experience is limited in that state, and shows how well the case can be argued. At any rate, let the Bachelors have a hearing. 28. — Thoughts on the Original Unity of the Human Race. Second Edition , with Ad- ditions and Improvements. By Charles Caldwell, M. D. 12mo., pp. 165. Cin- cinnati : J. A. A U. P. James. In this volume the author aims to disprove the opinion of the original unity of the human race. He entertains the belief that he possesses some peculiar qualifications for this task, arising from his singular independence of mind. However this may be, the reader will find the case well stated in these pages, and enforced by many strong arguments. 27. — Monterey Conquered; a Fragment from La Gran Ouivera , or Rome Unmasked. A poem. 12mo., pp. 148. New York : C. Shepard A Co. The beautiful and romantic region of the South-West was before the author, as the scene in which the events of this poem are conceived. Nor was the beautiful poem of Campbell, entitled 44 Wyoming,” absent from his mind. He has written in a flow- ing verse, many passages of which possess merit The poem will be found attractive and entertaining. 28. — Scenes from Christian History. 12mo., pp. 272. Boston: Crosby A Nichols. New York : C. S. Francis. Some of those striking scenes which have taken place in the progress of Christian- ity are here briefly and clearly related. They serve to unfold the operations of Chris- tian principles, and are so presented as to stimulate the youthful reader to prosecute an investigation into more extended and learned works on the subject 29. — Tallis' Scripture Natural History for Youth. Part 14. New York: J. Tallis A Company. A very elegant work, which presents the natural history of all the animals and birds mentioned in Scripture. The plates are executed with great taste and neatness. 30. — The Illustrated Atlas and Modem History of the World. By R. M. Martin, Parts 48 and 49. New York: J. Tallis A Co These parts contain very finished engravings of the cities of Exeter and Btistol. England, with some further pages of the index of the work. Digitized by v^oosle ■ LIFE INSURANCE. STABILITY, SECURITY. PERPETUITY. THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OFNEW YORK, NO. 35 WALL STREET. ,NET ACCUMULATED CASH FUND, $1,600,000. Securely invested in Bonds and Mortgages on real estate, chiefly in this city or Brooklyn, (the real estate, in each and every case, being worth double the amount loaned thereon,) and in Stocks of the City of New York and of the United States. ALL THE PROFITS ARE DIVIDED AMONG THE INSURED, and, on Policies for the whole of life, will be made available in part payment of premiums, after the dividend of 1853, to those who wish it. Annuities granted on favorable terms. Losses settled promptly. TRUSTEES. Abraham Bininger, R. H. McCurdy, Joseph Blunt, John P. Yelverton, William Moore, John H. Swift, David A. Comstock, Gouver’nr M. Wilkins, Joseph Tuckerman, Charles Ely, John M. Stuart, Alfred Pell, JOSEPH B. COLLINS, President ISAAC ABBATT Secretary. CHARLES GILL, Actuary. JOSEPH BLUNT, Counsellor. MINTU RN POST, M. D., Medical Examiner, who attends at the office daily, from 11 to 12A o'clock. Jos. B. Collins, Alfred Edwards, Frederick S. Winston, Isaac G. Pearson, Theo. Sedgwick, George R. Clarke, John Wadsworth, Robert Schuyler. John V. L. Pruyn, Moses H. Grumell, John C. Cruger, Francis S. Lathrop, William Betts, 0. W. Faber, Henry Wells, Stacey B. Collins, Jonathan Miller, Samuel M. Cornell, James Chambers, Win. J. Bunker, Nathaniel Hayden, Samuel E. Sproulls, Lewis F. Battelle, ROCHESTER SCALE WORKS, DURYEE, FORSYTH & CO., NO. 15 WATER-STREET, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Manufacturers and Dealers in all kinds of Weighing Machinery, sucK’ as Railroad, Wheat, Hay, Coal, Platform, and Counter Scales, Manifest Copying Presses, Warehouse Trucks, Sugar Crushers, and Excavating Road Scrapers. Agents : Duryee, Forsyth A Co., 166 Pearl-street, New York, and corner of Oliver and Court, streets, St Louis, Mo. ; B. W. Raymond, Chicago, III. ; W. A. Otis A Co* Cleveland, Ohio ; John Hulme A Go., Louisville, Ky. ; Eddy A Morely, Toledo, Ohio ; Parker A Brother, Detroit, Mich. ; Chambers A Harries, Dayton, Ohio ; Steinraetz A Justice, Phila.; Way, Brothers A Co., Hartford, Ct. ; S. Hoyt A Co., and Charles H. Caraptield, Savannah, Ga. ; S. D. Flagg, Buffalo, N. T. ; Emery A Co., Albany, N. Y. ; fi. S. Kellogg, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Hill A Orbison, Fort Wayne, Ind.; H. J. Nazro A Co* Milwaukie, Wis.; W. T. Mumford, La Fayette, Ind. FIRE INSURANCE. The Providence Washington Insurance Co,, AT PROVIDENCE, R. !. Chartered, 1787. Capital, §200,000, all paid in (in cash) and securely invested. Take risks against Fire on application at their office in Providence ; and on Mercnaa- dise and Buildings in the city of New York, on application at the office of ASA BIGELOW, Jr., 46 Pi iic-strcct, corner of William. Providence, R, /., April 1, 1847. SULLIVAN DORR, President . Digitized by Google Presid biwv x I V S ® 1 fl MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. Established July, 1830* BY FREEMAN HUNT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. PUBLISHED MONTHLY. it 141 Folton-street, New York— At Five Dollars per Annum. The MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW is devoted to TRADE. COMMERCE, and NAVIGATION— BANKING, CUR- RENCY, and FINANCE— MERCANTILE and MARITIME LAW— FIRE MARINE, and LIFE INSURANCE— OCEAN and INLAND NAVI- GATION-NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE— INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS— including CANALS, RAILWAYS, and PLANK ROADS— RIVERS and HARBORS, and in general all subjects involving the great Commercial and Indub- trlal Interests of the Country and the World. It has been ever the constant aim, and untiring effort of the Editor and Pro- prietor to make the Work, at once, a journal of the latest Commercial Intelligence, and a standard Library of Reference on all topics of Trade, not less indispeusable to the Statesman, Political Economist, Jurist, Financier, Banker, Broker, Ship Mas- ter, Ship Builder, Mechanic, and Manufacturer, than to the Merchant and Business Man ; and from the necessarily comprehensive range of its discussions and its Statis- tics, taking in, as it does, every subject in the wide field of Commerce, the pages of the Magazine will always be found to embody a vast fund of Knowlege for the Farmer, also — for the Cotton Planter of the South, and the Grain Grower of the North. The Editor and Proprietor has endeavored to infuse into his Magazine a national spirit and character, by securing the aid of able correspondents in all parts of our wide- spread Republic, and by exhibiting the resources of every State and Territory of the Union. On mooted points in political economy, banking, and the principles of trade, he has freely admitted articles advocating antagonistic doctrines and opinions ; and, while it is his great aim to exhibit facts, and embody the scientific and practical opera- tions of Commerce, the Magazine will be ever open to the free and fair discussion of eveiy subject legitimately falling within its general scope and its original design. The number, for June, 1 862, completed the twenty-sixth semi annual volume of the Merchants' Magazine. The work has been enlarged more than one-third since its commencement in July, 1839, and each volume now contains nearly Sight Hundred octavo pages. A few complete sets of the Magazine may be obtained at the publish- er’s office, 142 Fulton-street, New York, neatly and substantially bound, for Two Dol- lars and a Half per volume. Chamdxr of Comhxrcx or Paris, Paris, 26 December, 1850. Mr. Frxkmam Hrirr. Sir The Chamber of Commerce of Paris, having bad occasion to consult tho Magazine which you have published lor so many years past, could not but fully appreciate its great merit. It has re- marked the sustained zeal and care with which you have brought together in its pa^es, statistical matter of the highest interest, ns well as disquisitions of the utmost importance nnd utility ; and the Chamber knows of no better way of testifying its Appreciation of your work, than by subscribing tor the Magazine for its Library. The Treasurer has been directed to charge one of our correspondents in New York with this duty, and also to forward to you this letter, which we conclude Sir, by ofleriug you the assurances of our highest consideration. 11 or acx 8 ay, Secretary. LEGENTIL, President of the Chamber. At a stated meeting of the Philadelphia Board of Trade, held on Monday evening, April 21st, 1851. the following resolutions were adopted, without a dissenting voice: — Rttalveds That the Board of Trade viewing the importance of a publication, which condenses in an attractive and enduring form, general information and statistics relating to the commercial and indus- trial pursuits of our country, venture to recommend “ Hunt's Merchants' Magazine and Omoaercinl Review” ns possessing these requisites in an eminent degree, and trust their fellow-citizen* may b« induced to encourage Frkxman Hurt, Esq., in bU arduous labors by becoming subscribers to his periodical. Resolved , That a copy of tho foregoing Resolution bo furnished Mr. Hurt, by the Secretory of the Board. THOS. P. COPE, President. C. C. Childs, Secretary. Cincinnati Chambxr of Commxrcx, February 4ih, 1P51. At a meeting of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, February 4lb, 1851, the following resolu- tions were unanimously adopted: — Resolved, Thai Hunt’s Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review, Is a work of grunt interest and utility, and is signally adapted to Inform the merchants upon the numerous facts relative lo the foreign and internal unde of the country, its manufactures and agricultural statistics ; and that Ui» thanks of the mercantile community arc due to its editor, Frkkm an Hunt, Esq., for the Industry and ability with which he has conducted It for so many years. Resolved . That we recommend its moro general circulation, and that a ropy of these Resolutions be forwarded to Mr. Hunt. BOSTON : FfiTRlDOfe & CoM REDDING Sc CO* o ml i KOSHY Sc NIC HOE?. Merchants' Magazine Advertiser . BOOTH & FOSTER, LATE I. C. SOOTH Jl CO. AND OUTFITTING ESTABLISHMENT, (27 CourtIaii(it-s(., a few doors below the Western Hotel.) Wholesale & Retail. The subscribers would call the attention of Country Merchants and others visiting the City to their large and fashionables stock of Clothing, to which they have recently made larger accessions to meet the increasing patronage of their establishment. Tho manufactured department is conducted by men of long experience and acknowledged taste, which, added to their facilities for purchasing, renders their stock the most at- tractive and cheapest of any to be found in the City. The custom department is at all times 6 lied with the latest ami most desirable styles of goods, and is increased from time to time with the latest importations. Gentlemen requiring an outfit cau be furnished at once from the shelves with a fash- ionable suit, equal in style and quality to the best that can be found in the United States, and full 50 per cent less than the usual custom price. A full assortment of Shirts, Collars, Under-shirts and Drawers, Cravats, Stocks, Hosiery — in short, every- thing belonging to the gentlemans wardrobe. Full suits furnished to order at a few hours’ notice, and sent to any part of the United States. J. C. BOOTH. ' H. L. FOSTER. SPRING, BRADLEY, & BUFFUM, & DOMESTIC COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 22 BROAD AND 20 NEW-STREET, NEW YORK. Agents for the sale (exclusively on commission) of — • Grawteville Co. (South Carolina,) Heavy Cottons. Kempton’s, Pantaloon Stuffs, Denims, Shirting Stripes, &c. Slaters’ Shirting Stripes, Ticks, Plain Cottons, &c. Brown and Bleached Cottons, from the Lockwood, Harris, Ballou, Lip- pitt, Warwick. Warren, Holyoke, Powlmttan, Lanes ville, Masonville, Adams, and variou^HH^^tablishments. Also, a great variety of WOOLENS, Consisting of Ciotns, Cassiraeres, (Plain and Fancy,) Sheeps Greys, Tweeds, Satinets, Kentucky Jeans, Plaid Linseys, Kerseys, Cloakings, Flannels, &c. Also, a large assortment of PRINTING CLOTHS ^nd Brown Cottons, adapted to Bleaching nnd Dyeing. Cotton and Wool purchased on Commission, with funds in hand, or ad vanced lu Manufacturers on Consicrnmonts of Goods. A full assortment of Knit Shirts and Drawers of best makes. \ Digitized Sized by Google' V H UNT’8 MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE. Eitabliilied Jill y, 1839) BY FREEMAN HUNT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. VOLUME XXVIL OCTOBER, 1 862. NUMBER IV. CONTENTS OF NO. IV., VOL. XXVII. ARTICLES. Art. faoe. I. COMMERCE AND RESOURCES OP CHILI 404 II. COMMERCIAL CITIE8 AND TOWNS OP TIIE UNITED 8TATES.— No. xxxm.— THE C1TV OP NEW YORK. Part. hi. By E. Hal*, Jr., of New York 412 HI. TRADE AND COMMERCE OF NEW ORLEANS IN 1851-52 420 IV. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BUSlN E89 — MONEY GETTING 433 V. THE TWO RAILROAD ROUTES, AND THE TWO LAKE PORTS. By J. W. Scott, Esq., of Ohio 438 VI. GOLD MINING OPERATIONS IN CALIFORNIA 445 VII. PIERS AND DOCKS IN THE NORTH RIVER, NEW YORK. By A. J. Scott, Ship- Muster of Now York 450 VHL THE FIRE ANNIHILATOR. By Professor Robket Hare, M. D„ of Pennsylvania.. . . 454 JOURNAL OP MERCANTILE LAW. Action of assumpsit on a policy of Insurance 456 Value of receipts— Action upon a bill of lading 450 Landlord and tenant— Partnership liability 460 Liability of insurance companies— Statute of Frauds 461 Action to recover against the alleged acceptance of a draft 463 Act of Maine Imposing obligations and penalties on owners of Telegraph Lines, fee 464 Action on a promissory note— Usury 464 COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW: BMBEAGING A FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, ETO, ILLUSTEA- TED WITH TABLES, ETO., AS FOLLOWS : General review of the financial condition of the country— Influence of the disoovery of Callfor- nil upon the relative value of the precious metals, the nominal value of property, and the comparative supply of capital— Increased demand of coin In general circulation, and on de- posit—Table of deposits of specie at New York at various dates since 1848— Increase in supply of coin above the exports— Comparative statements of the amount of the cotton crop, with the foreign exports, home consumption, and average prices— Deposits and coinage aft the Phil- adelphia and New Orleans Mints for August— Imports of foreign merchandise at New York for A ugustr— Reason ot comparative increase— Imports from January 1st — Imports of dry goods for August— Classification of Imports for eight month* — Receipts for dutie* at New York— Exports from New York for August, and for eight month*— Exports of leading articles of produce— Prospects of the trade In breadstuflb for the future 405-473 VOL. XXVII. — NO. IV. 25 Digitized by Google 402 CONTENTS OF NO. IV., VOL. XXVII. JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCT, AND FINANCE. rioi. Estimates of the entire product of California gold 473 Shipment and estimated product of California gold from January 1 to June 30, 1859 474 Production of gold and silver In the world in 1646 and 1850 475 Stock fluctuations in the Boston market for six years 479 Receipts of the United States government from 1789 to 1851 480 Production of gold at Sydney and Melbourne, Australia 481 Condition of the banks of New Orleans in August, 1659 482 New tax law of Ohio— rules for valuing property 489 Of reductions made from moneys and credits in Ohio. 482 Of valuing the property of merchants and manufacturers, bankers, exchange brokers, 4cc^ In Ohio 484 Banks and banking companies and other corporations in Ohio.. 485 Property and taxes of the city of Worcester, Massachusetts 486 Condition of the banks of Maine 487 United States Treasury Notes outstanding, September 1, 1852 487 Progressive advance In price of bank stocks in Boston .* 488 Damages on bills ef exchange in New York 488 COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. Statistics of the Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1851-52. 489 Receipts of principal articles from the interior at New Orleans in 1851-52 489 Exports of cotton from New Orleans In 1851-52 490 Exports of tobacco from New Orleans in 1851-52. 491 Exports of sugar from New Orleans in 1850-51 and 1851-52 491 Exports of molasses trom New Orleans in 1850-51 and J851-52. 491 Arrivals, exports, and stocks of cotton and tobacco at New Orleans for ten years 493 Ships, barks, *c^ arrived at New Orleans in 1850-51 and 1851-59 493 Arrivals and clearances of vessels at San Francisco in 1852. 493 Prices of merchandise In San Francisco In 165J-52 494 Production and consumption of coflee 494 American Commerce with Cadiz, Spain 495 COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. Of Imports In original packages exported to Mexico— an act of Congress. 496 Treasury circular explanatory of an act of Congress In relation to exports to Mexico. 497 The postage act of 1652, and postal regulations 498 Anchorage dues of Brazil reduced 5(H) New commercial law of the Emperor of Hayli 501 Concerning the stowage of mixed cargoes 509 Important decision on the revenue law 503 NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE. Lights carried by sea-going vessels 504 Alterations in the beacons at the mouths of the Texet 504 Coral bank in the channel off the Roads of Batavia 505 Vessels bound or touching at Montevideo 505 Currents of the Amazon and Missouri 505 RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS. Rates of Toll on the canals of New York in 1852 506 Progress of plank-roads in New York and Canada 508 Appropriations for the United States Mail Ocean Steamers— an act of Congress 509 Fatality or inland routes -steamboat propellers 510 Expulsion from cars.— Mail from New Orleans to Vera Cruz 510 JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES. The Manufacture of glass— No. n. By Deminq Jarvis, Esq., of Massachusetts 511 Table of freights on Lackawanna coal from 1844 to 1851 514 Coal for sea steamers. By Jamks B. Stevenson, Esq., of New York 515 Fees uoder the British Patent Act 517 STATISTICS OF POPULATION. 8ources of the population of the United States 517 Population of the Canadas.— Progress of population in San Francisco. 518 MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. An important commercial suggestion. 519 Ormsby’s method of constructing bank notes to prevent forgery 520 Polka nuts: a new article or Commerce 531 M Naval Dry Docks of the United Slates.” 523 The economical hardware merchant— Payment of debts by bankrupts 593 Maiileieri’tt invention for blasting rocks.— Adulteration of pale ale. — Value of Money 594 THE BOOK TRADE. Notices of 96 new Books, or new Editions. 525- 538 Digitized by ^ooq le HUNT’S MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. • OCTOBEE, 1852. Art. I. — COMMERCE AND RESOURCES OF CHILL Chili extends along the Pacific from about 25° to 41° 50' south latitude ; the island of Chiloe is separated from the continent by the straits of Cha- cao, and extends to 43° 30' Bouth latitude. Chili lies between 69° and 72° west longitude ; from south to north its length is about 1,170 miles, its breadth varies from 100 to 200 miles. On the north Chili is separated from Bolivia by a desert, the boundary- line on the coast of the Pacific is near the village of Paposo. The Andes, the highest part of which constitutes the eastern boundary- line of Chili, together with the high mountain masses which form the west- ern declivity of the Andes, occupy a great part of the area of Chili ; north of the Cuesta de Chacabuco, there are valleys between lofty ridges similar to the valleys of Peru ; south of that there are extensive plains, and few ridges of hills except along the coast, where the highlands are almost continuous. The western declivity of the Andes is abrupt and intersected by ravines, through which the rivers descend with impetuosity. The parts nt for cul- tivation are limited to where these ravines change into vales or plains. Southward the lower declivities are covered with fruit, northward they are generally bare and rocky.* There are silver mines, but few of. them are • In the narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, Captain Wllkea observes 2~« On approaching the coast of Chili, every one is anxious to get a tight of toe Cordilleras. There are only two periods during the day in which they can be seen to advantage ; namely, In the morning before Sunrise, and in the evening at sunset. The first is the most striking view. The outline is at that time of a golden hue, and may be easily traced. In a long line running north and south. This gradu- ally brightens, and is lost the moment the sun Is seen. The evening view gives rise to disappoint- ment. The mountains are seen at a great distance, (eighty miles in a bird’s flight,) reflecting the Setting son, and, in consequence, appear much lower than Is anticipated.” Digitized by v^oosle 404 Commerce and Resources of Chili . worked. The hilly country is, in many parts, sandy or rocky, without any vegetation excepting some patches of cactus and coarse grass. The crops of maize in the mountain districts are said not to be. sufficient for the inhabi- tants, who derive their chief means of subsistence from the labor in, and produce o£ the silver and copper mines, and partly also from the fruits of the upper valleys. The plains, in most parts, afford Lood pastures. Some districts are fit for agriculture, and the remaining portions are sandy fiats. The arable districts of Chili supply the countries of South America on the Pacific with grain, and the pastures with jerked beef and hides. The undu- lated country between the plains and the sea is, in many parts, covered with stunted trees ; but grapes, and other delicious fruits, are also grown in the hilly countries. Kiybrs. The rivers of Chili, north of the Maypu, bring down little wa- ter ; none are navigable ; they serve, however, the important purpose of ir- rigating the lands. South of the Maypu, in 34°, the rain falls in sufficient quantities, and the rivers, though deeper, are not used for irrigation. The River Maule is navigable for vessels drawing about seven feet of water ; it is navigable for river barges for about twenty miles. The Biobio, the largest of the rivers of Chili, flows a course of nearly 200 miles ; at its mouth it is two miles wide, but too shallow for large vessels to enter. It is navigable for river craft to Nacimiento, about 100 miles from its mouth. The River Callacalla is deep enough for large vessels to enter its mouth. There are no lakes of any importance in the valleys and plains. In the Andes there are some lakes, but, as far as known, the largest is not more than fifteen miles in length. Climate. Extending from north to south for sixteen degrees, with a very irregular surface, the temperature of the climate of Chili is consequently va- riable. In the valleys, especially in that of Copiabo, years pass over with- out rain falling. Further south showers occur only during three or four years, after whioli a rainy season drenches these southern valleys. In Acon- cagua, still further south, the number of rainy days do not generally exceed fourteen to twenty-one. South of the River Maypu rain falls sufficient for the cultivation of grain. At and near the River Biobio, rain falls regularly in winter, otherwise the sky is cloudless during six or seven months of the year; south of that river the rains are irregular, and fall heavily. The re- gions where rain falls are covered with forests ; many of the trees afford ex- cellent timber. In the arid regions, a few shrubs, stunted trees, and cactus, are the chief natural products. The vegetable productions cultivated are similar to those of Southern Eu- rope. Maize is cultivated in the northern parts of Chili ; wheat and barley are generally grown in the southern plains ; and wheat and flour are ex- ported to Peru and other places. Grapes, fruits, and such vegetables as are common in Southern Europe, are produced abundantly in the valleys as far south as the River Biobio. The wines, of tolerable quality, are made for home use. Timber is exported from Chili and other parts. The pastures of the southern provinces feed large herds of cattle ; jerked beef, tallow, hides, and live stock are exported. Guanacoes and llamas abound in the northern provinces. Minerals. Gold is found in the sands of the rivers. It was formerly, but not at present, collected. Silver mines exist in the Andes, south of 33° ; north of that parallel they are numerous in the ridges between the valleys* In the arid and sterile desert between the valleys of Copiabo and Huasco, Digitized by v^oosle Commerce and Resources of Chili, 40$ they are worked to a considerable extent Copper ore abounds in the, same region, and is imported into England, chiefly into Swansea, to be smelted. Lead and iron exist, but they are not worked. In the country on the north- ern banks of the River Biobio there are extensive coal-fields partially worked. Salt is made from the water of a salt lake ; it is also imported, partly from Peru, by sea, and from the native tribes of Patagonia, who make it from the salt lakes of that country. • Population. The population of Chili consists of the descendants of the Spaniards, and aboriginal tribes. All the inhabitants, north of the River Biobio, are of European race, with scarcely any mixture of Indian blood. The aboriginals occupy almost exclusively the country south of the River Biobio. South of the Biobio the inhabitants known under the name of Araucanians, have preserved their independence in defiance of the Spaniards. They derive their subsistence chiefly from cultivating maize, potatoes, beans, and vegetables ; and they rear large herds of cattle and horses. During the war of independence they made destructive inroads upon the country north of the Biobio ; a successful war was afterwards carried on against them, which ended in a peaceful agreement. As no census, that we know of, has been ever taken of the population, we can only state that, by an estimate made some years ago, the population was stated at 1,200,000 souls. The present population is considered to ex- ceed 1,300,000 souls, exclusive of the Araucanians. Chili is divided into eight provinces, the area of which is estimated in square miles as follows; — Coquimbo sq uare miles 4 8,000 Aconcagua.... 14,000 Santiago.. 12,000 Oolchagua. 16,000 Maule 12,000 Concepcion square miles 18,000 Valdivia. 40,000 Chiloe. 11,000 Total area 170,000 Towns. Copiabo, in the valley of the same name, about forty-five miles from the sea, has nearly 3,000 inhabitants. Its port on the coast is bad, as the surf rolls in heavily, and the landing is very difficult ; copper, copper ore, and silver are laden at this port, which has a village with about 1,100 inhabitants. Ballenar, in the valley of the River Huasco, about foity-five miles from the sea, owes its rise to some silver mines in the neighborhood. It contains about 7,000 inhabitants, and takes its name from Ballenagh, in Ireland, the birth-place of the family of O’Higgins. La Serena, or Coquim- bo, the capital of the province of the same name, is situated in the valley of the same name, about seven miles from the sea ; it contains nearly 8,000 inhabitants, and exports silver and copper ore ; the harbor, which is at the mouth of the river, is one of the best on this coast. Illapel, with about 1,500 inhabitants, is situated in the neighborhood of copper mines. Concepcion, about two miles from the bank of the Biobio, and six miles from its mouth, was once the capital of Chili. It has been repeatedly de- stroyed by earthquakes, and devastated by the invasion of the Araucanians. Since its destruction by the great earthquake of 1835, it is nearly all in ruins. Timber and cattle are exported. Valdivia, the capita,) of the prov- ince of the same name, has an excellent harbor, well fortified, and contains about 2,000 inhabitants. The Island of Chiloe is about 100 miles long, and, on an average, forty miles wide. The western shores of the island are rocky masses rising abrupt- ly from the ocean to the hight of 1,500 to 3,000 feet The eastern shores Digitized by v^oosle 406 Commerce and Resources cf Chili. are of moderate elevation, and in their natural state, covered with forests, among which are magnificent timber- trees. Rocky islands are scattered over the Gulf of Anud, most of which are inhabited ; Quinchao and Lemuy are populous. The inhabitants of the settlements of Calubco and Carelma- pii are chiefly Indians, few in number, and occupied chiefly in cultivating timber. The majority of the inhabitants of Chiloe and of the adjacent isl- ands are aborigines. The whole population of the province of Chiloe in 1832 amounted to 43,000. They export timber, wheat, hams, 0 bales, the greater part classing good middling to middling fair, though there have been some lots of middling received, and also a few parcels of good and fine; thus presenting a considerably higher average of quality than the early receipts of last year. The season closes with a stock on hand, including all on shipboard, of 9,758 bales, of which^about 3,500 bales are on sale. The following paragraph made a part of our last year’s annual report, and as the evil therein discussed has continued to be a source of much annoyance and loss during the past season, we republish it by request of both factors and pur- chasers. Mixed Cotton. — We have, on former occasions, called the attention of plant- ers to the existence of an evil which loudly calls for remedy. We refer to the culpable negligence of many whose duty it is to attend to the packing of cotton, as shown by the frequent discovery of mixed bales, viz. : bales that are found to contain two, three, or more qualities and colors. This negligence often leads to vexatious reclamations, and sometimes to expensive lawsuits, as it generally happens that the discovery is not made until the cotton has reached the hands of the manufacturer, at a distant market Then, if any portion of the bale is found to be inferior in quality to the sample by which it was purchased, the whole bale is reduced to the value of the lowest grade found, and the difference reclaimed. Nor is this all, for reclamations are sometimes insisted on, even when the pur- chase has been made by a sample of the lowest grade, on the ground that mixed bales are unmerchantable. Thus the planter not only loses the difference in price between the lower and higher qualities, which careless packing has mingled in the same bale, but is called upon to pay that difference again. And besides all this, when the irregular packing is once discovered, as it necessarily must bo somewhere and at some time, it throws discredit upon the planter’s crop gene- rally, and thus operates to his disadvantage. It sometimes happens that the dis- covery is made here, before sale, by drawing samples from different parts of a bale. When this is the case, the factor can seldom obtain more than the market value of the lowest sample. The evil which we have here depicted, and which is not only attended with direct loss to the planter, but is also productive of many vexatious controversies, is venal in its character, and only reprehensible for the confusion it introduces into a most important branch of trade, and one that can only be conducted with facility and economy upon the basis of good faith in the honesty and integrity of the planter. These virtues being accorded to him, he owes it to himself, to his factor, and to his purchaser, to exercise more care and vigilance over those who have his interest in charge. The following tables, which have explanatory captions, we have compiled from our records, under the impression that they would probably be found interesting to parties engaged in the cotton trade: — Digitized by Google Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1851-52. 425 Dateof Receipts receipt of of new crop first bale. to let Sept. 1842, July 25 1,734 1843, August 17 292 1844, July 28 5,720 1845, July 80 5,84ft 184ft, August 7 140 1847, August 9 1,089 1848, August 5 2,854 1849, August 7.. 477 1860, August 11 57 1851, July 26 3,155 1842-3 Total receipt* at New Orleans. . . 1,076,894 Total crop of U. States. 2,378,875 1848-4 . . 850,842 2,080,409 1844-5 . . 954,286 2,894,808 1845-6 1,041,893 2,100,587 1846-1 107,8*4 1,778,651 1847-8 .. 1,188,188 2,847,684 1848-9 . . 1,090,197 2,728,696 1849-50 . . 191,881 2,096,706 1850-1 . . 980,220 2,856,267 1851-2 .. 1,429,188 *8,000,000 Recel pts at A v. price Benson. New Orleans, per Dale. Total Tains. 1841- 2 740,156 $88 00 $24,425,115 1842- 3 1,069,542 27 00 29,420,884 1843- 4 910,864 82 00 29,147,828 1844- 6 979,288 24 00 23,501,712 1846-5 1,068,683 82 00 33,715,255 1846- 7 740,669 44 00 82,689,436 1847- 8 1,213,805 29 00 86,200,345 1848- 9 1,142,382 27 00 30,844,314 1849- 60 837,723 50 00 41,886.150 1850- 1 995,086 49 00 48,750,764 1851- 2 1,429,183 84 00 48,692,222 Total, ten years,... 11,132,320 $878,079,976 It will be seen by the above table that the cotton alone sold in this market within the past ten years has yielded a gross product of $378,079,976. Sugar. The crop of 1851 proved, accordirfg to the very valuable statement of Mr. P. A. Champomier, to do 236,547 hhds., estimated at 257,138,000 lbs. Of this quantity there were 203,922 hhds. brown sugar made by the old process, and 32,625 hhds. refined, clarified, etc., including cistern bottoms. This was the produce of 1,474 plantations, of which 914 arc worked by steam, and 660 by horse power, and the result shows only a moderate yield, as the cane generally was not well matured, besides which the loss by crevasses is estimated to have have been about 10,000 hhds. The crop also presented a low average in quality, as besides the immature condition of the cane, it was somewhat injured by frost, and we noticed several sales on the levee as low as 11, If, and 2 cents per lb. The following table, which shows the highest and lowest points in each month for fair sugar on the levee, will indicate the general course of the mar- ket:— September. October.. . November December January . . February . Cents per pound. 1 Highest. Lowest. 64 a 6f 5$ a 64 March Cents per pound. Highest. Lowest. 4 a 41 3f a4f 6} 8* 41 6 April .. *i 4f 4f 4* 6* 4* 4 J May 6 8J 4* 4* * 31 4 June .. .. 6 6i 8 6* 8J 4f 31 4 July 6 5f 6 5* 8i 4* 8+ 4 August .. 8* 6* 6 6* These figures present a considerably lower average than was obtained for frie crop of last year, the increase in quantity and the deficiency in quality having both tended to this result The reported sales on plantation have been at the following rates, for crops — 3f, 31, 3f, 3f, 4, 41, 5f, 41, 4f, and 5 cents per lb., the lowest being in December, for a mixed crop, and the highest in April, for a prime one. The prevailing rates of the season have been 4 a 4f cents per lb. for prime crops. Digitized by v^oosle 426 Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1851-62. The estimated stock on hand at the close of last season was 2,200 hhds., and this amount added to the crop of 236,547 hhds., would make a supply of 238,747 hhds. The distribution of this supply, as nearly as can be ascertained, has been as follows : — Shipments out of the State hhds. 53,000 Consumption of the city and neighborhood 18,000 Taken for refining in the city ana State, including cistern bottoms 15,000 Stock now on hand in the State, estimated. 3,000 Leaving as the quantity taken for the West 149,647 The quantity shipped to Atlantic ports is 42,000 hhds., against 45,000 hhds. last year, and 90,000 the year previous. Besides the Louisiana crop there have been imported into the port of New Orleans from Cuba 1,781 hhds., 25,673 bones, from Brazil 1,591 cases and boxes, 80 barrels, and 7,689 bags, and from Manilla 14,224 bags. The whole of the imports from Brazil and Manilla, and a great portion of those from Cuba, were for a St Louis refinery. The crop of Texas last year, we have ascertained from good authority, was not far from 5,000 hhds., and there were about 2,000 hhds. produced in Florida, the greater part of which came to this market With respect to the growing crop, we have to remark that the accounts from the interior generally concur in representing the prospects of the “plant cane ” as very flattering, and in some sections the “ rattoons ” are said to give good promise, though as a general thing the latter are said to be, to a great extent, a failure, owing to the remarkably severe frosts of the winter. What the extent of the crop may be, however, can hardly be conjectured for some months to come, as many contingencies may arise, to its advantage or disadvantage. The annexed table gives the crop of each year for the last twenty-two years, and a reference to it will show great fluctuations in the product. 1851 Hhds. 286,547 1840 Hhds. 87,000 1860 211,203 1839 116,000 1849 247*923 1838 70,000 1848 220*000 1837 65,000 1847 240*000 1836 70,000 1846 140,000 1885 80,000 1846 186,650 1834 100,000 1844 200,000 1833 75,000 1843 100,000 1832 70,000 1842 140,000 1829 48,000 1841 1828 The . crop of Texas is said to give highly favorable promise, and the yield is expected to be more than double that of last year. In an elaborate statement made up at New- York, the consumption of the Uni- ted States, for the year 1851, is put down at 321,736 tons. This is exclusive of about 40,000 lbs. of maple sugar, and of a large quantity of sugar made of for- eign molasses which we have no data for estimating. Molasses. The product of molasses from the last cane crop, was, according to the statement of Mr. P. A. Champomier, unusually large, in proportion to the yield of sugar; it being estimated at seventy gallons per 1,000 lbs., against fifty gallons the season previous. Thus the whole product is set down at 18,300,000 gallons against 10,500,000 gallons the season previous. The increased yield is attributed to the immature condition of the cane, the ripening of which was re- tarded by late rains. Notwithstanding this very material addition to the supply, however, prices generally have been very well maintained, as will be seen on reference to the annexed table, which exhibits the highest and lowest points in each month for sales on the levee in barrels. Digitized by v^oosle Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1 851-52, 427 September.. . . Cents per niton. Highest. Lowest. .. 25 a 80 23 a 30 October .. 23 80 20 28 November . . . .. 26 27 224 284 December. . . . .. 224 244 17 21 January ..... .. 17 21 15 204 February .... .. 20 25 15 21 Cent* per gallon. Highest. Lowest. March ... re 26 14 25 ApriL ... 18 27 15 26 May ... 24 284 20 28 June ... 28 28 20 28 July ... 18 28 15 28 August ... 18 28 18 28 The sales on plantation generally, ranged from 19 a 20 centa per gallon in the cisterns, though the latter was the prevailing rate for prime crops, most of which were taken for western account by prior contract There have again been im- portations from Cuba for refining purposes, and up to this date the quantity reaches about 800,000 gallons, against 1,200,000 gallons to the same date last year. Of our own crop of 18,300,000 gallons, there have been shipped to At- lantic ports 2,700,000 gallons, against 2,000,000 gallons last year; leaving 15,600,000 gallons as the quantity taken for the consumption of the West ana South, which would indicate a remarkable increase over any previous year. Tobacco. At the commencement of the commercial year which has just clo- sed, the stock of tobacco in this port (including all on shipboard not cleared) was 23,871 hhds., of which about 10,000 hhds. were in the hands of factors, the remainder being composed of strips and lugs for forwarding, and of parcels which had changed hands, and were awaiting opportunity for shipment. The quotations given in our last annual statement, were ; — For Frosted. cents per lb. Lugs, factory Planters’ da Leaf, inferior to common • Fair to fine Choice and selections 24a 8 none. 8f a 5 54 6 •4 7 74 9 From the 1st September to the close of December, the demand was moder- ately fair ; the arrivals during that time being about 5,000 hhds., while the sales exceeded 10,000 hhds. In prices there was a downward tendency from the mid- dle of October, and on the 31st December our quotations were : — For Frosted Lugs, factory Planters' da Leaf, inferior to common Fair to fine Choice and selections. . . cents per lb. 2 a 21 node. 8 a 4 44 5 54 6 6* 7 The first hogshead of the new crop reached here on the 18th October, and in Januarv some few parcels of new came to market, and found buyers at rates 4 to 4 cent below the closing figures of Dec., but it was not until the middle of March that any considerable arrivals took place. From that time until the end of April he receipts were upon a pretty liberal scale, and the demand at the same time was fair, and was freely met by factors generally. In this period buyers gradu- ally obtained some further advantage in prices, and on the 1st May we quoted ; — For Lugs, factory .cents per lb. Planters' do Leaf, inferior to common Fair to fine.. Choice and selections 2 a 24 8 84 31 44 44 5 54 6 Early in May a number of buyers who had previously held aloof, entered the market, and an active demand sprang up which continued unabated for some sixty days, the sales in that time reaching nearly 30,000 hhds. The consequences of these exceedingly heavy transactions were, that the stock on the market (not- withstanding the unusual extent of the receipts) was reduced to a very moderate Digitized by v^oosle 426 Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1851-52. quantity, and that prices gradually improved, until at the commencement of July our figures were advanced to the following range For Lugs, factory cents per lb. Planters’ . Leaf, inferior to common Fair to fine. Choice and selections *4 a Si 44 5 6 34 4 H 1 At about these rates some 6,000 hhds. changed hands during July, the de- mand being fair, though not animated, and the stock on sale being too limited to admit of any very extensive operations. During the past month the inquiry has been more brisk, and the sales reported embrace some 6,500 hhds., including some parcels which had previously changed hands, and were resold. Under the influence of this improved demand, prices have again taken a start upwards within the past three weeks, and we now quote, for — Lugs, factory cents per lb. Planters, ditto Leaf, inferior to common Fair to fine Choice and selections 5 aS£ 34 H 44 54 54 6 64 74 We close our tables with a stock in port of 18,831 hhds., though the quan- tity immediately on sale is estimated not to exeeed 4,000 hhds. It may be proper to remark, however, that in addition to this amount there are probably 6,000 to 8,000 hhds. held in second hand, which may, in certain contingencies, be again placed upon the market The total receipts at this port since 1st Sep- tember, as shown by our tables, are 89,675 hhds., which amount includes 11,740 hhds. strips and 2,118 hhds. stems. The quantity inspected since 1st Septem- ber is 64,645 hhds., of which 5,615 hhds. were Mason County. Early in the season it was very generally known that the crop would certainly be a large one, and in view of the experience of previous years as to the effect of a heavy accumulation of stock upon our market, a majority, both of shippers in the country and of factors here, were in favor of speedy sales. This course has been generally pursued, and its advantages have been fully made manifest. The extent of our receipts (which would have been several thousand hogsheads greater but for the low stage of water in the rivers above for several weeks past) shows that the estimates of the crop were about correct Its quality, however, was probably over-estimated, as the reports received from the interior last fall led to the expectation of something unusually fine, whereas the receipts from most sections have been decidedly below the average quality of former years. And here we take the liberty again to call the attention of planters to the neces- sity. if they would protect their own interest, and the interest of the trade gen- erally, of bestowing more care upon the handling , sorting , and prizing of their crops. Their negligence in these particulars has been a matter of serious com- plaint for some years past With regard to the growing crop, we have briefly to remark, that the accounts received thus far have been of a decidedly discouraging character. Complaints of scarcity of plants, of wont of proper seasons for planting, and of long con- tinued drought since the planting was made, have been very general, and we hear of no section of the tobacco-growing region (unless it may be Missouri) in which anything like an average crop is expected. It is quite too early, how- ever, to determine what the extent of the crop is likely to be, and at a later pe- riod we may take occasion again to advert to its prospects. Western Produce. — In this department of our trade there is embraced a vast variety of products, which contribute largely to the value of our Commerce with the interior, but our limited space will only permit us to renew briefly the course of the market in a few of the most prominent articles. There has been some increase in the supply of breadstuff*, as compared with the last year, and the average of prices has been lower. The receipts of flour are 927,212 bbls., Digitized by v^oosle Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1851-62. 429 against 941,106 last year, and of Indian corn they are equal to 8,750,000 bush- ale, against 3,300,000 bushels last year. Of wheat the supply has been light, and the receipts, which have been mostly to go forward to Alabama, Georgut etc., have only reached 130,000 bushels, against 180,000 bushels last year. The few sales that have taken place have been at the extreme range of 65 a 85 cents, though mostly at about 70 cents per bushel. Of corn meal there has been re- ceived only 2Jff4 barrels, against 3,662 barrels last year. The total exports of flour, since 1st September, amount to 544,711 barrels, against 583,418 barrels to same date last year. Of this quantity, 138,569 barrels were shipped to Great Britain, 70,445 to West Indies, etc., and the remainder to coastwise ports. Of Indian corn the total exports have been equal to 2,182,000 bushels, against 1,300,000 bushels last year. Of this quantity 382,000 bushels were shipped to Great Britain and Ireland, 122,000 to the West Indies, etc., and the remainder to coastwise ports. The following tables will indicate the course of prices for flour and corn, as they present the highest and lowest points of the market in each month, the range Deing according to quality. PRICES 09 FLOUR. PRICES OF CORN IN SACKS. Per barrel. Cents per bushels. Highest. Lowest. Highest. Lowest. September $8 87} a 4 76 85 a 66 82 a 65 October 5 00 8 40 4 50 40 58 83 42 November 4 76 3 40 4 50 48 62 83 42 December 4 76 8 66 4 87} 60 56 41 46 January- 5 50 3 60 6 87} 54 67 44 47 February- 5 12} 4 00 4 50 51 54 46 60 March 4 50 8 76 4 26 50 64 42 46 April 4 12} 8 80 8 90 48 50 42 46 May 3 80 8 25 3 76 47 63 40 47 June 4 87} 3 45 4 12} 48 53 45 52 July 4 25 3 50 8 87} 50 62 48 52 August 8 75 5 00 8 60 8 87} 52 60 48 61 The annexed table shows the exports of breadstuff's from the United States to Great Britain and Ireland since 1st September, compared with the same period last year : — * 4 FA 4HFA W • 1851-61 1860-61. Flour barrels 6,869,882 1,879,643 Corn meal. 1,750 6,553 Wheat bushels 1,520,307 1,286,630 Corn 1,647,383 2,197,263 With respect to the supply of breadstuff’s for the coming year, it is likely to be most ample; for it is understood that the yield throughout the country has been more generally abundant than in any previous year, at least for a long pe- riod. Even in the Southern States, where the grain crops have been almost a total failure for two years in succession, the harvest is ample, and large sections of country, which have depended upon the West for supplies, are likely to have a surplus to send to market The crops of Europe, also, are generally repre- sented as giving favorable promise, and the probabilities would seem to indicate a lower range of prices than the American farmer has realized for some years past The article of pork has presented unusual interest the past season. It was declared that there was a further deficiency in the supply of hogs, as compared with the previous year, while it was evident that the consumption was rapidly on the increase, as the increase of population was large ana constant, besides which the failure of the corn crops at the South had involved at the same time the failure of the usual home supply of pork, and on these considerations the market for hogs opened in the West at what appeared, to some at least, to be high prices. The sequel, however, has sustained the views of the purchasers, though we doubt whether any one anticipated so high a range of prices as the market has at- Digitized by v^oosle 430 Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1861-52. tained within the past two months, a range that has scarcely been approached since 1838. In beef there has been some increase of supply, but prices, nevertheless, have ranged considerably higher than lost year. The following tables show the highest and lowest points of the market, in each month : — pricks or PORK. mess. rana. Highest Lowest Highest Lowest. Septemper.perbbL $16 60 a 17 00 $16 00 a 16 50 $15 00 a 16 00 $15 00 a 15 50 October 15 25 16 00 14 00 14 50 14 50 13 00 November 14 75 15 00 13 50 14 25 18 50 13 00 December 14 50 15 00 12 50 13 50 12 00 12 75 10 75 11 50 January 15 00 15 50 12 75 13 75 18 50 12 00 12 75 February 15 50 15 75 14 87* 15 25 13 50 18 25 March 16 50 17 00 15 00 15 60 14 00 .... 13 25 April 17 75 18 00 16 50 16 75 15 00 18 50 18 76 May 17 25 17 02* 16 75 17 00 15 00 15 50 14 60 June. 20 00 21 00 17 00 17 50 18 50 15 00 15 50 July 20 00 21 00 19 75 20 50 18 00 18 00 August 21 50 22 50 21 00 22 00 18 25 18 25 prices or BRsr. MESS. PRIME. Highest Lowest Highest Lowest. September. per bbL $14 50 a 15 00 $14 50 a 16 00 $11 50 a 12 50 $10 60 a 11 00 October 14 50 15 00 14 00 15 00 11 60 12 50 11 60 12 50 November- 14 50 15 00 14 00 14 50 11 00 12 00 11 00 12 00 December 12 00 13 00 11 00 12 00 9 50 10 00 7 00 7 75 January 11 00 12 00 11 00 11 50 7 50 8 00 7 50 7 75 February 11 00 12 00 11 00 12 00 7 50 8 00 7 60 7 75 March- 13 00 13 50 12 00 9 00 9 26 7 60 8 00 April 18 00 13 50 13 00 18 50 9 60 9 76 9 00 9 25 May 18 25 14 00 18 00 13 50 10 00 11 00 9 60 9 76 June 1* 00 14 50 18 25 14 00 13 00 13 75 10 00 11 00 July 14 50 16 00 14 00 14 60 13 00 18 75 13 00 18 50 August 14 50 15 00 14 50 15 00 13 00 18 50 13 00 13 50 The receipts of lard have rather exceeded those of last year, but the average of prices has been about the same. The total exports since 1st September, [all packages being reduced to kegs] are equal to 792,543 kegs, against 738,956 tegs last year. Of this quantity 222,224 kegs were exported to foreign ports, against 188,353 kegs last year, Great Britain taking 61,923 kegs, against 41,663 last year. The course of the market will be observed by reference to the annexed table, which shows the highest and lowest points in each month, the lowest figures being for inferior, in barrels, and the highest for prime, in kegs : — TRICES OF LARD. Cents per pound. i Cents per pound. Highest. Lowest. March. Highest. Lowest. September .... 8} a 12* 8* a 12 7 a 9| 6 a n October 8* 12 8 10* April 7 11 6* H November .... 8 10* 9 May .. 8* 11 6* 11 December «} «} 8 June .. 8 10} 7 10} January «* n 6 8* July 8 11} 8 8} February ..... < H 5 9* August .. 10 1* 10 IS Lead. — The discovery of gold in California has greatly interfered with the production of this article, ana our receipts the past year have fallen to 267,564 pigs, which is the lowest amount since 1837. Our largest receipts were 785,000 pigs in 1846-47. The great bulk of the receipts has been forwarded to Northern cities, the sales in this market scarcely reaching 20,000 pigs for the entire season. The extreme range of prices has been $3 75 per 100 lbs. in October, and $4 70 Digitized by v^oosle Trade and Commerce of New Orleans in 1851-52. 431 in Jane, when it was shipped freight free. The total exports since 1st Septem- ber are 256,939 pigs, against 320,608 pigs last year. Hemp. — There has been a further reduction in the supply of this article, the receipts since 1st September being 17,149 bales, against 25,116 bales last year. As in the case of lead, nearly all that is received is sent forward, only occasional parcels being offered for safe in this market, and those generally of an inferior quality. Under these circumstances very few sales have taken place here during the post season, and those mostly of limited parcels, at an extreme range of $85 a $95 per ton for dew-rotted. The exports since 1st September are 15,728 bales, all to Northern ports. Coffee. — This article has rapidly risen in importance in our market, and may now be said to take the lead among our foreign imports. The first direct cargo from Rio was in 1835, and up to 1840 the imports only amounted to 44,000 bags, while in the same year we received from Cuba, etc., 91,000 bags. The following table, which shows the direct imports from Rio de Janeiro, in each year for ten years, will exhibit the rapid increase in this branch of our foreign trade, and will also establish the interesting fact that this is now the largest mar- ket in the world (out of Brazil) for Rio coffee : — IMPOST AT NEW ORLEANS. Bag*. 1842 126,210 1843 85,438 1844 161,082 1845 167,869 1846 215,031 1847 205,111 Bag*. 1848 239,371 1849 299,129 1850 225,018 1851 274,690 1852 853,616 The market during the past season has been characterized by more steadiness than we have had occasion to notice for some years previous, but the increased supply has reduced the average of prices, which have fluctuated between 7 cents in December and January, and 9f cents in April, as tho highest and lowest points. The following table, which we take from the annual circular of Mr. H. T. Lonsdale, coffee broker, shows the monthly sales and average prices for the year ended July 1st, 1862. By this it will be seen that the average price of the season, for Rio Coffee, has been 8 60-100 cents per lb., while the year previ- ous it was 10 18-100 cents: — Bag*. Price. 1851— July 8 65-100 August 8 94-100 September. 8 29-100 October 8 89-100 November 8 24-100 December-. 8 20-100 1852 — January- 7 87-100 February... 8 60-100 March. 48,837 9 12-100 April 9 31-100 May 9 22-100 Juue 8 78-100 Total 8 60-100 The above sales include the transactions from importers’ and speculators’ hands, and exceed the quantity taken for consumption by about 30,000 bags. The following table shows the imports, stock, etc.: — Digitized by v^oosle 432 Trade and Commerce of New Orleans m 1851-52. Estimated stock out of grocers’ bands on 1st Sept, 1851, of all kinds., .bags Imports direct from Rio de Janeiro 858,616 Cuba, Laguira, Ac 12,525 Received coastwise for sale, (estimated) 4,000 866,141 55,000 Making a supply of 426,141 Total supply last year. 858,757 Increase 71,384 In the direct imports from Rio de Janeiro there is an increase, as compared with last year, of 78,926 bars. There is also an increase of 2,158 bags in the imports from Cuba, etc., and of 1,800 in the receipts coastwise for sale. The present stock of all kinds, out of grocers’ hands, is estimated at 35,000 bags, which would leave 390,141 bags as the quantity taken for the consumption of the West and South, against 349,757 bags last year ; or an increase of 40,384 bags. The quantity of Rio coffee taken for consumption in the whole United States, during the past year, is estimated at 845,000 bags, of which nearly one- half was furnished through this market, where the aggregate of sales for the year has been over six millions of dollars. In a statement published in the Balti- more American, said to be from reliable authority, the total produce of all coun- tries, for 1852, is put down at 548,000,000 pounds, while the consumption of Europe and the United States, at the present ratio, is estimated at 640,000,000 lbs., which would be equal to 4,000,000 bags, Brazil. The stock on the 1st of July was estimated at 125,000,000 lbs. for Europe, and 25,000,000 lbs. for the United States. Our advices from Rio are to the 3d of July. The circulars of 30th June (the close of the crop year) state the total exports to be 1,881,559 bags, against 1,869,967 bags the year previous. Of this quantity, our own country has taken 952,498 bags, distributed as follows : — New Orleans Bags. New York Baltimore 207,792 Philadelphia. Charleston Boston Bags. Mobile Savannah California The few samples of new crop which had been received proved of very fine quality, and the opinion is expressed that the crop will be fully an average one in quantity. Exchange. — The exchange market has maintained a good degree of steadiness during the past season, as will be seen by reference to the annexed table, which exhibits the highest and lowest quotations in each month, for sterling, and for bills at sixty days sight on New York. These figures are intended to represent the prevailing range of the market, though there have probably been, at most periods, some transactions at rates both above and below them : — STEELING. NEW YORK 60 DATS. September Per cent premium. Highest. Lowest. .. 10 all 10 all September. Per cent discount. Highest, lowest 14a2 14 a 24 October .. 10 11 64 8* October 2 24 8 Sf November ... 9 10 64 84 November .... 14 24 24 «t December .. 9 10* 8* 9* December .... 14 24 2 2* January .. 8* 94 8 9 January 2 24 24 3 February .. 8* 94 8 9 February 2 2* 24 3 March ... 84 8* 9* March .... 1* If 2 2* April ... 8i 9* 8* 8* April 1 u i* 1* May .. 84 #* 8 8* May .... 1* 14 1* * June. .. 9| 10* » 10 Juue 1 H 1* 1* July .. n 10* #* 10* July .... * 1 1 1* August .. 10 10* 9* 10* August .... * 1 * 1* Digitized by v^oosle A Practiced Treatise cm Buxine**. 48* Freight. — The freight market has presented considerable fluctuations during the past season, though it has generally been characterized by rather more steadi- ness than we hare had occasion to notice for several years past, the extreme range for cotton to Liverpool being £d. to £& per lb. The following table, which shows the highest and lowest rates in each month, for cotton to Liverpool, will sufficiently indicate the coarse of the market:— Pence. September' Highest. , . . 8*8 Lowest 88 October 5-8 7-16 November- 1-2 7-16 December .. 3-8 15-82 January 8-8 7-16 February 6-16 18-82 The total number of arrivals from namely : — March.. Pence. Highest Lowest 6-16 9-16 April.. \ 9-16 6-8 May 1-4 9-16 June 1-4 3-8 July 1-4 8-8 August 5-16 8-8 sea since 1st' September, 1851, is 2, Ml, Ships- 807 Steamships 218 Barks 871 Brigs 287 Schooners. 678 The entries at the Custom-house for the year ended 30th June, 1851, were as follows Whole number of vessels 2,266 Tonnage 910,865 The increaso, compared with last year, is 212 vessels and 142,827 tons. In- cluded in the arrivals are 412 foreign vessels, from foreign ports, with a total measurement of 185,386 tons. This is an increase on last year of 80 vessels and 48,388 tons. Art. IF.— 1 PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BUSINESS * MONET GETTING. Money — to get money — let us frankly admit at the outset, is the aim, the paramount end of business, of retail and wholesale, of business on a large scale, of business on a small scale, of the peddler, of the merchant-prince, of him who trades under the open sky, at the corner of the street, of him who sends ships to the ends of the earth, whose calculations take in the for- tunes of nations, and whose operations may determine peace and war, the happiness or misery of millions. Money ! with what an intonation of con- tempt the word is sometimes uttered. The 44 accursed hunger for gold” is the standard subject of classical and philosophical anathema. Yet with what a secret charm the word falls on the mental ear ! The theory of get- ting money is the theory of business, and is the topic of the interesting book whose title we give below. Mr. Freedley’s book is written with much liveliness of style, is full of anecdotes aud illustrations, and abounds in practical suggestions, based upon • A Practical Treatise on Boslnea: or, Bow to Get, Save, Spend, Give, Lend, and Bequeath Money, with an Inquiry into the Chances of Success and Causes o t Failure in Business. By Edwijt T. Fessdls*. Philadelphia: Lippincoti, Grambo k. Oo. VOL. XXVII. — NO. IV. 28 Digitized by v^oosle 484 A Practical Treatise an Business, the present business prospects and relations of the country. It may be read with profit not only by those who are entering upon business life, but by those also who would compare their own experience with that of others, and whose minds are open to new suggestions. We must needs like the book, yet find it difficult to quote from it — and for one and the same reason. Not only have the ideas been again and again inculcated in our pages, but Mr. Freedley has had the good taste to avail himself of our labon by liberal ex- tracts. The merit of the work is, that it presents, in a compendious and convenient shape, the opinions of many experienced business men, and many hints and suggestions, either original or derived from reliable sources, relative to business management, the choice of business, habits of business, “ getting money by farming,” “ getting money by merchandising,” “ how to get customers,” “ the true man of business,” “how to get rich by specula- tion, banking, patent inventions,” “ how to become millionares,” and “ the chances of success.” So much has been said in our pages on all these top- ics, that by quoting we run the risk of repetition. Getting money (we repeat the confession) is the chief end of business. But what is money ? Money is bread. Money is raiment. Money is shel- ter. Money is education, refinement, books, pictures, music. Money is the society of the learned and accomplished. Is it less true, than in Solomon's time, that “ wealth maketh many friends ; but the poor is separated from his neighbor ?” Money is science, invention, discovery, enterprise. Money is the canal, the railroad, the telegraph, the steamship. In short, in mod- ern society, under modern governments of law, the essence of which seems to consist in rigidly maintaining the distinction of meum and tuum , money takes the place of that arbitrary rule of the king, the baron, the aristocrat, which in old times commanded by power, what is now only to be obtained by wealth. “ Commerce is king,” it is said ; say rather money, which is the end of Commerce. And here lies the danger. The danger is that a new power, more cruel, more heartless, than kingly or feudal power, shall, in the form of capital and monopoly, rise to crush the mass of men. For money is hardening to the heart. Money is selfish. Money is rivalry, competition, deceit. Money sends “ the weak to the wall,” and says, “ Eveiy man for himself.” That mixture of good and evil, which we find everywhere in the yjorld, has its acme and highest point in that greatest of merely earthly good, that “ root of all earthly evil” — money. Not to be “taken from the world, but to be delivered from the evil that is in the world,” must be the motto and the prayer of every true merchant. Let him feel that while he is laboring for the increase and distribution of wealth, he is working for the elevation and civilization of the masses. Let him feel that in pursuing trade for the purpose of acquiring wealth, the first object, the main object, he is never “delivered from temptation.” Franklin was the first, we think, to bring together in a somewhat formal way the maxims of business, and thus do something to establish a theory of business life. By his essays, his biography, and the collection of sayings in “ Poor Richard,” he did more than any man before him, more than any man since, perhaps, to shape the business mind of America, to say nothing of the influence of his works in Europe. Some carp at the mercenary spirit, the low aims, which they are pleased to discover in Franklin’s economical teachings. But to require of a writer, who is to teach us how to better our material condition, exalted views of our moral or intellectual nature or aims in life, is simply to wander from the question. There are, doubtless, things Digitized by v^oosle A Practical Treatise on Basinets. 435 infinitely higher in life than money or physical well-being, but bread \sprior, if other things are higher. To live is the previous question, which has to be settled before men can determine how they shall live, morally or sensu- ally, wisely or foolishly. The idea of Mr. Freedley’s book appears to be to exhibit, in a formal treatise, the theory of business, developing thus Franklin’s idea, and adapt- ing it to the present state of business, and present physical, commercial, and industrial development of the country. We are not aware that this has ever been attempted before. And his execution of the plan is, in many respects, highly satisfactory. We say, theory of business. Why should it not have its theory as well as law or medicine ! Every practice has its theory. There is a good way, there is a bad way of doing everything. The good way is the true, the bad way is the false theory of that thing, whatever it is, whether 44 playing on the stops ” of a pipe or of the world, practicing a pro- fession or “ doing business.”* There are rules and maxims of mercantile life, the observance of which is, as a general thing, as necessaiy to success as that of the rules of geometry to the engineer, or of the rules of war to the soldier. It is true some business men are less systematically and conscious - ly governed by formal rules than others, but, we repeat, no man can act, without acting upon some rule, good or bad, the suggestion of the moment, or the result of previous thought. This practical treatise contains a chapter of opinions of rich men as to the how, the mode of getting rich. 44 John Jacob Astor,” says the author, 44 1 am informed by his son, W. B. Astor, is not known to have had any funda- mental rule or favorite maxim ” of business life. Yet there can be no doubt that in this instance of colossal fortune, Mr. Astor’s positive genius for money- making was aided by a sort of instinctive observance of the rules and habits suggested by the best mercantile experience. The readers of the Merchants' Magazine will bear us witness that we have at all times endeavored to inculcate sound rules, a true theory of busi- ness. It has been a standing topic in these pages, which would but poorly exhibit the literature of Commerce if it neglected the theory of business. Our mercantile biography has furnished excellent illustrations of the best rules for the conduct of business life. Many of the maxims of most direct and practical bearing, are stated with much force, and illustrated by exam- ple in the biography of John Grigg, the eminent bookseller of Philadelphia, which we ^ave in the number for July, 1851. That sketch ha» been so widely copied, and so often quoted, that we are encouraged to hope that the rules and maxims it contains, drawn from and illustrated by the rich and varied experience of that excellent man, will be of use to the young merchants of America. All men may not possess his business genius, but the business virtues of industry, punctuality, and honor, are within the reach of all. If the man of highest business capacity cannot dispense with these, how can others do without them ? The chapter of opinions, to which we have referred, contains rules for ac- quiring wealth, or, a9 Mr. Freedley expresses it, 44 how to become million- aires,” attributed to Rothschild, David Ricardo, Girard, and others ; — • Tbe Idea. In short, la that of Bacon, respecting the true mode of phlloeopical Inquiry, enlarged and applied to all the pursuits of life — u Nihil venial in yracticam cvji non JU etian doctrina aliqun et Lkooria S* Digitized by v^oosle 486 . A Practical Treatise an Business. HOW TO BECOME MILLIONAIRES — OPINIONS OF MILLIONAIRES. Many of those who hare risen to elevated positions by unlocking the golden gates of wealth, have favored the world with very valuable opinions which they regarded as the key to their success, and a recapitulatiou of them in a connected form, which was never done before, will afford us entertainment, and perhaps instruction. Rothschild’s Opinion. The founder of this world-renowned house, whose immense transactions we may subsequently notice, is said to have ascribed his early success to the following rules: — 1. *( I combined three profits; I made the manufacturer my customer, and the one I bought of my customer; that is, I supplied the manufacturer with raw materials and dyes ; on each of which I made a profit, and took his manufac- tured goods, which i sold at a profit ; and thus combined three profits. 2. 44 Make a bargain at once. Be ap off-hand man. 3. “ Never have anything to do with an unlucky man or place . I have seen,” said he, u many clever men who had not shoes to their feet. I never act with them ; their advice sounds very well, but fate is against them ; they cannot get on themselves ; how can they do good to me 1 4. “Be cautious and bold. It requires a great deal of boldness and a great deal of caution to make a great fortune ; ana when you have got it, it requires ten times as much wit to keep it.” The continued prosperity of the eminent banking-house of the Rothschilds is ascribed, in the following biographical extract, to two principles : — “ He who does not delay for casualties, and has knowledge enough to perceive that in all great affairs the success not only depends on the choice and use of the favor- able moment, but especially on the pursuit of an acknowledged fundamental maxim , will soon perceive that particularly two principles were never neglected by this banking-house ; to which, besides to a prudent performance of its business and to advantageous conjunctures, it owes the greatest part of its present wealth and respectability. 44 The first of these principles was that which caused the five brothers to car- 2 on their business in a perpetual and uninterrupted communion. This was e golden rule bequeathed to them by their dying father. Since bis death, every proposition, let it come from whom it may, is the object of their common deliberations. Every important undertaking was carried on by a combined ef- fort, after a plan agreed upon, and all had an equal share in the result. Though for several years their customary residences were very remote, this circumstance could never interrupt their harmony ; it rather gave them this advantage, that they were always perfectly well instructed of the condition of things in the dif- ferent capitals — that each of them, on his part, could the better prepare and in- itiate the ofiuirs to be undertaken by the firm. The second principle in perpet- ual view of this house is, net to seek an excessive profit in any undertaking ; to assign certain limits to every enterprise ; and, as much as human caution and prudence can do, to make themselves independent of the play of accidents.” David Ricardo, the celebrated political economist, was bom in London, of a Jewish family, in 1772. His character for probity, industry, and talent, early procured for him the means of support ; and becoming a member of the Stock Exchange, he accumulated an immense property. He is author of many works on finance ; and in 1819 was elected to parliament. Died, 1823. He had what he called his own three golden rules ; the observance of which he used to press on his private friends. These were : — M Never to refuse an option when you can get it. 44 Cut short your losses. 44 Let your profits run on.” By catting short one’s losses, Mr. Ricardo meant that, when a member had made a purchase of stock, and prices were falling, he ought to resell immediate- ly. And by letting one’s profits run on, he meant that, when a member pos- sessed stock, and the prices were rising, he ought not to sell until prices had Digitized by v^oosle A Practical Treatise on Business. 437 reached their highest, and were beginning again to fall. These are indeed gold- en rales, and may be applied with advantage to innumerable transactions other than those connected with the Stock Exchange. John Jacob Astor, I am informed by his son, W. B. Astor, is not known to have had any fundamental rule or favorite maxim, and the general outline of his career is too well known to need rehearsal. Nicholas Longworth, the millionaire of Cincinnati, was bom in Newark, N. J., January 16th, 1783. Formerly a cobbler, as I have been informed, he re- moved to Cincinnati in 1804, studied law, and practiced for some fifteen years. His earnings and savings he invested in lots around Cincinnati, the rise of which was the foundation of his fortune. He then turned his attention entirely to land and lot speculations, which, in a rising market, as that has always been, is a business in which all is gain, and nothing loss. As an example of the facility with which small amounts, comparatively, secured what has since become of im- mense value, Mr. Cist, in his memoir of him, states that Mr. Longworth once received as a legal fee from a fellow who was accused of horse-stealing, and who had nothing else to give, two second-hand copper stills. The gentleman who had them in possession refused to give them up, but proposed to Mr. Long- worth to give him a lot of thirty-three acres on Western Row, in lieu of them — a proposal which the latter, whose opinions of the value of such property were ahead of his time, gladly accepted. This transaction alone, taking into view the prodigious increase of real estate in that city, would have formed the basis for an immense fortune, the naked ground being now worth two millions of dollars. What Mr. Longworth is worth is not known. The estimates vary greatly, and it is probable that after his death there will be considerable litigation. A gentleman recently has recovered land from him to the value of $500,000. In 1850, his taxes amounted to upwards of $17,(HK), whieh is the largest sum paid by any individual in the United States, William B. Astor excepted, whose taxes for the same year were $23,116. It must be remembered, however, that the taxes in Cincinnati are no trifle on any amount of property. Mr. Longworth’s opinion probably is that speculating in real estate, in a con- stantly rising market, is a very good business. I am informed, by a friend in that city, that he holds it to be an indispensable requisite, that a man who de- sires to get rieh, should be from Jersey, where he himself hails from. 1 regard this as metaphorical language, meaning, probably, that he must have a sandy head and a stony heart John Frbedley’s never-varying motto was — self-dependence, self-reliance. “ It is a mistaken notion,” he writes, “ that capital alone is necessary to suc- cess in business. If a man has head and hands suited to his business, it will soon procure him eapital. My observations through life satisfy me that at least nine- tenths of those most successful in business start in life without any reliance ex- cept upon their own head and hands — hoe their own row from the jump. All professions and occupations alike give the field for talent, perseverance, and in- dustry; and these qualities, whether in the East, West, or South, sooner or later, will crown the aspirant with success. But to enable any new beginner to succeed, he must not be allured from his course by attractive appearances, nor be driven from it by trifling adverse gales. He must fit himself for the calling he adopts, and then pursue his course with a steady eye. The first and £reat object in business is to make yourself independent — to have the means of liveli- hood without being under obligations to any person ; whatever more is acquired increases the power of doing good and extends influence.” Mr. Freedley’s opinion of the value of our own labors .is almost too flat- tering to quote, but his business reasons for subscribing for the Merchants * Magazine are so ingen’ous and excellent that we cannot resist giving our- selves the benefit of his commendation : — I cannot omit this opportunity, as an act of jnstice to Mr. Hunt, who has done as much as any man in America to raise the reputation of American books in Digitized by v^oosle 438 The Two Railroad Routes , and the Two Lake Porte . England, and in justice to all who may favor this book with a perusal, to com- mend Mr. Hunt’s Magazine to their especial attention and patronage, as one of the most certainly profitable investments they can make. Every business man should as certainty subscribe for it as he should insure his property. In the case of insurance, if his property does not burn down, he loses his money, but in the case of subscription to that Magazine he will not lose his money in any event, and may reap an advantage as great as the restoration of property destroyed. In the first place, he will increase his stock of useful and practical ideas, which in itself is worth more than the cost ; secondly, he will possess the most com- prehensive work of the age for present and future reference ; and thirdly, he will take the best possible means to put himself in the way of meeting with sugges- tions and ideas that may happen to just suit his circumstances, and which he may turn to his advantage to the tune of hundreds or thousands of dollars. Let every one be watchful, for he knows not the day nor the hour when the good idea may come. By way of pendant to Mr. Freedley’s flattering opinion of the Merchant sy Magazine, we feel bound to give the opinion, freely and warmly expressed to us by an old and eminent merchant, whose experience is the best of com- mentaries on the practical rules of business given in this work, and whoso well-known name, were we allowed to publish it, would add weight with every reader to the recommendation that “ every father of a family should read it carefully, and then each of his sons. The book is calculated to do much good in this country, and should be widely circulated.” Art. T.— THE TW0 KAILEOAB EOUTES, ANB THE TW0 LAKE PORTS. It does not appear difficult to determine, with a degree of certainty, the two most important railroad routes of the United States. If the most favorable topography and the line of densest population are found to coin- cide; and great sections with diverse products can be best united on that line, it would seem undeniable that such is the route. These characteristics seem to be possessed by two routes only. One nearly follows, in its gene- ral course, a line of latitude uniting the commercial and manufacturing East with the food-and-raw- material-producing West. The other unites the States of the Gulf with the States of the Lakes, in a nearly longitudinal course. Both are well worthy of characteristic names. If the public were as strongly impressed with their preeminence as the writer is, they might be named the “Latitudinal” and “Longitudinal” railroads. It is scarcely to be hoped that these names would be adopted. For convenience, then, the one might he called the “Mississippi, Lake and Hudson ” Railroad, and the other the “ Gulf and Lake ” Railroad. Commencing on the bend of the Mississippi, where it approaches nearest the head of Lake Michigan, passing around the head of that lake, and thence east to the head of Lake Erie ; thence eastward on both sides of the lake, to Buffalo ; and thence, by the best route, to the navigable waters of the Hudson, at Albany. The topo- graphy of this line was sufficiently set forth in the article on Western rail- roads, in the July number of this Magazine. Its merits, as the northern- most latitudinal line practicable, as the necessary trunk-line for many lateral canals and railroads, and as affording the best means of reciprocating with lake navigation the business appropriate to each, were also there sufficiently set forth. Digitized by Google The Two Railroad Routes , and the Two Lake Ports . 439 An important consideration was not then urged. It is on the tine cf densest population . No other latitudinal road, connecting the Mississippi with the navigable waters of the Atlantic, can be made, approaching this in cheapness of construction and of running cost, where the population, throughout its line, is so great and rapidly increasing. It passes through or near a large number of commercial towns and cities. Albany, Troy, Sche- nectady, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, Lockport, Buffalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Cleve- land, Sandusky, Toledo, Hamilton, Detroit, and Chicago, are nearly all places of commercial note. The villages between these are numerous and thriving — some of them soon to grow into cities of note. If there be any other latitudinal railroad route to connect the East with the West, at all comparable with this thousand-mile line — in its connections with a lateral water and land Commerce — in the level character of the country through which it passes — in the density of the population on and near its line — and in the number and importance of the commercial marts which it links together, it has entirely escaped a most careful scrutiny of the various would-be competing routes. The second great route is that which is to connect the Gulf of Mexico with the lakes. Here there is show of competition. The Cairo line now makes most noise in the speculating world. The Cincinnati line, it seems to us will be the line, at least up to the close of the present century. Can it be otherwise ? Look at the commercial towns on the two routes. Their population, including dependant suburbs, will be estimated for 1855, when the lines will be finished : — Dayton, 22,000 ; Cincinnati, 200,000 ; Louis- ville, 65,000 ; New Albany, 18,000; Nashville, 12,000. The towns not named will equal, in population, all the commercial points on the Cairo line, except Memphis, which may be put down at 15,000. The intermedi- ate towns above named, on tne Cincinnati line, will number 317,000, againt 15,000 on the Cairo line. The population of the counties through which the two lines pass would not exhibit so great a disparity; but still will show a great difference in favor of the Cincinnati route. Their termini, on the Gulf, New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola would be common to the two. Chicago, the lake terminus of the Cairo road, will number 05,000; while Toledo, the most important lake terminus of Cincinnati road, will number some 10,000. Cleveland, the other chief terminus, will number, with its suburbs, 40,000. Detroit will contain nearly as many as Cleveland. In lateral auxiliary railroads, the Cincinnati line will receive those from North Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina, and all west of the mountains, in Tennessee, and Kentucky, which seek business with Cincinnati, the Lakes and Gulf. The important Atlantic ports, Charleston and Savannah will have their best western trade by this line. The Cairo line will have, as special auxiliaries, the roads leading east- wardly from the various Mississippi towns, Natchez, Vicksburg, Memphis, St. Louis, Alton, Quincy, Rock Island, Galena, sits, from the most remote periods, we may safely assume that it bears an infinitely small proportion to what yet remains irnirisoned within the rocks, at no greater distance from the surface than has already been reached by the industrious miner in other researches. The small amount of space occupied by the ravines and valleys of excavation in metalliferous re- gions, compared with that remaining below and between them, clearly proves the correctness of this opinion. In our remarks upon gold raining in this article, we shall confine our at- tention strictly to that branch of the subject which has begun to attract attention already in California. We mean the method of obtaining the metal from the rock, or quartz raining as it is called. The particulars which we shall present as facts, have been obtained from the most reliable sources, and the evidence of their correctness is most ex- tensive and varied. We have, however, presented them as the best inform- ation within our reach. Digitized by ^ooq le 446 Chid Mining Operations in California. The extent of the quartz region, in which gold exist*, in California, has been estimated by one of the latest and most intelligent explorers, Professor Blake, as of vast extent. His words are these : — u There can be no doubt but that the quartz veins of California are capa- ble of furnishing a supply of gold, which it will probably take centuries to exhaust ; and the amount of which is far beyond the limits of calculation, a t least with our present data. Scattered over a belt of land teu miles broad and running the whole length of the country, north and south, these veins are evidently the deposits of immense riches. Setting aside the extraordi- nary yields, where some hundreds of thousands of dollars have been obtain- ed from holes of a few feet square, we still have hundreds of miles of veins from which ore can be obtained yielding from two to six cents to the pound, and from which a powerful machine can extract from one to two thousand dollars a day. When these veins are exhausted, there will remain many others which will bo profitably worked when labor shall become cheaper. There can be no doubt but that quartz mining is destined to be the most permanent source of gold in this country ; and it will not be many years before it will attract that attention, which as an investment of capital it evi- dently deserves.” Professor Spickur, another scientific explorer, who has extensively exam- ined those regions, has published some account of them, from which we make the following extract : — w The California gold-mining region proper, that is to say, where active operations are being carried on, extends at present from the Mariposa River on the south to the Klamath River, the boundary line of Oregon on the north, running in a south-east and north-west course a distance of nearly five hundred miles, and consists of the spurs and foot range of mountains of the Sierra Nevada.” The number of veins has never been estimated. In the locality of Car- son Creek some of the richest has been found, and the yield of gold to indi- viduals working with hand mortars only, has been large. This is within the Sonora District. In Grass Valley as extensive mining operations have been carried on as in any other locality. The rock in this district is very uuiform in its rich- ness, and the yield has been very uniform and extremely profitable. The mills in this district have been invariably successful. At Quartzburg and its vicinity, extending to the Mariposa in the south, the veins are unusually rich. The same is true of Bounville and its vicinity, in the north. These are only a few of the numerous rich localities. The title to real estate in California, especially mining tracts, is of such a kind as the circumstances alone have created, but its validity in consequence of a general Act of the State Legislature, is as good as in any State of the Union against all persons or powers, except the government of the United States. Nor could the United States, after having suffered their rights to remain dormant for such a length of time, now set up any claim to the mi- ning lands, or attempt to enforce it, which would easily be acquiesced in. The right to dig in any spot is called a claim ; but by a regulation among the miners themselves, no person can set up an original claim to more than one hui dred feet in length of a quartz vein. If therefore any person dis- covers a quartz vein, aud commences working it, the miners who near of the discovery immediately come on the ground and stake out, each man for Digitized by Google 4 47 Gold Mining Operations in California. himself, a hundred feet, and begin work. The original discoverer is allowed an extra hundred feet, in consideration of his discovery. After the several claims are staked out, one of the number of persons is elected a recorder ; and a record is made of the claims as of the deeds in a county clerk’s office. To this record an Act of the Legislature has given the same validity as that which is possessed by the records in the other States. ' A paper, which is a copy of the record, is also affixed to some tree on the spot After these steps have been taken, any individual can sell his claim to any purchaser, and the sale passes a title which is good against all the world — the United States only excepted. Such is the title derived from occupation and settlement It obtains en- tire confidence ; for the opinion prevails in all parts of the State, as we are informed, that the government of the United States will manifest the same liberality, and extend the same protection to the pioneers and settlers in California, as to the emigrants to other new States. There is also a class of titles derived from Mexican grants, each embracing tracts of several leagues. There are only a few of these, and but little respect has hitherto been paid to them by miners. Claims, such as we have been speaking of, are often sold for many thou- sand dollars. The price of a vein is governed by the richness of the ore, and the facility with which wood and water can be obtained. These are in- dispensable requisites for mining in the rock. Richer veins without wood and water at hand, command a much lower price from this scarcity. In Grass Valley the veins have uniformly commanded a higli price, in consequence of their richness and the abundant supply of wood and water. By the most recent estimates, there are, at this moment, about fifty com- panies in actual operation in quartz mining. Very few of them are hupplied with the most suitable machinery for successful work. The entire number of companies, embracing those forming as well as already formed, for this branch of mining, is estimated at two hundred. They are almost entirely privato companies, and are settled in all parts of the rock region.-. Many of them have valuable claims, but are not able to obtain the machinery ne- cessary to work them with, and therefore use only the Mexican Raster . A few of them are stock companies, and in some instances their stcck can be purchased. But this branch of mining has been entered upon with much spirit and enterprise. The latest reports represent the foundries of San Francisco, of Sacramento, and of Stockton, to the number of six, as working night and day to cast the machinery for these mills, at prices ranging from four een to twenty cents per pound. This is in addition to all the machinery sent out from the Atlantic States, during the last six months. Those who are most active in these operations, and who are investing large amou - ts of capital in the mills and mines, are citizens of California, who have had the best oppor- tunities to explore the mineral resources of the State, and are most familiar with the system of mining which is practicable. There are two important points in the labor of gold mining, wherever it is carried on. The first, is to crush the rock in which the gold is found ; and the second, is to extract all the gold from the powder after it is crushed. To be successful in obtaining the gold, the rock should first be crushed or ground as fine as flour ; for the smallest grits may contain particles of the metal. The best machinery in existence for this purpose, when the rock mi- ning was commenced in California, was the Chilian mill ; so called from its Digitized by Google 448 Gold Mining Operations in California. extensive use in parts of South America. In July, 1851, the first mill of this kind was erected on the big Mariposa vein. This was the first machi- nery used in gold mining in California, unless we except the iron pestle and mortar used by hand. It crushed about five hundred pounds of rock in twelve hours, and yielded from two to four hundred dollars in three or four days. The expense of running this kind of mill is considerable, and they are therefore unprofitable in consequence of their inefficiency. To be suc- cessful in California, where wages are so high, a large amount of work must be done in a short time. Georgia stamps were next introduced. But these were made to weigh only about one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds. These would crush from a ton and a half to five tons in twelve hours. But they did not crush the rock as fine as the Chilian mill, and therefore, pound for pound, would not produce so much gold as the latter. This light and imperfect machinery was set up under the anticipation that the rock would yield from two to three dollars of gold per pound. The standard yield at present established, and below which mining is not at- tempted, is two cents of gold to the pound of rock, or forty dollars to the ton. The next step in the progress of crushing the rock, was to introduce hea- vy machinery. For it was proved that machinery which would work to a profit under the low wages in the Southern States, would bring ruin upon its proprietors in California. The mill belonging to the Grass Valley Quartz Mining Company was the first to introduce heavy stamps. These weighed seven hundred pounds and upwards, and worked with such success as to obtain at once for the mill the designation of the “ Model Mill.” It is esti- mated as crushing from thirty to forty tons of rock per day, none of which yields less than two cents, although the average is much higher. It has thus been a source of immense profit to its owners. But even with this mill, the rock is not crushed sufficiently fine, to render it practicable to obtain any more than half the gold it contains, with the present amalgamators for separating the gold. It is a trait of American character never to be satisfied with imperfectly doing a thing, where gold is at stake. Several machines have therefore been invented, which, judging by the success of experiments with models, promise to crush to a fine pow- der at least fifty tons of rock daily. These have been constructed in New York and taken out to California at great expense, by men who belong there, and who have been engaged in rock mining for some yeare past, and who are the only class who are actually acquainted with the mining resources of California. The amalgamation process, which consists in intermingling the crushed rock with quicksilver, is very imperfectly performed, chiefly in consequence of the coarseness of the crushed rock. It is estimated that at least one- half of the gold is lost in the present mining operations. The expense of working a mine has been variously estimated at different periods, according to the rate of wages. The following estimate is furnish- ed by an experienced miner, and it is based, as he informs us upon the act- ual operations of a mining company: — u Suppose an establishment working an engine of forty-horse power, and driving thirty stampers, will cost 870,000, an exaggerated value. Suppose the thirty stampers crushed, in twenty-four hours, twelve tons, an amount much underrated. Digitized by A^OOQle Gold Mining Operations in California. 449 The number of hands necessary for the above work is twenty, at $5 per day. . $100 One engineer at 1$ One assistant engineer 8 One blacksmith 5 One carpenter 5 Six laborers, at various work, at $4 per day 24 Director 18 His assistant 10 Total expenses per diem $178 Suppose the ore yields only two cents to the pound, or $40 per ton, fifteen tons will give $600. At this rate, the product per month (twenty-six work- ing days) would give $16,000 Expenses for labor per month (thirty days) 6,840 Balance in favor of the mine $10,260 Being abundantly sufficient to allow for wear and tear, particularly when we consider, that an engine properly managed, may last six years, and the stampers six months. “ Now let us see the figures when the mine yields five cents to the pound — a yield, which can be, with justice, considered an average product of the California mines. 44 Without changing the amount of expenses above presented, we will have as a result of the same mining operations, at the rata of $100 per ton or five cents per pound, per diem, $1,660 ; or, per month, $30,000. The original monthly expenses as above shown, $5,340, leave us a net balance of $33,660.” Some idea of the results of mining may be obtained from the work of some of the mills. In Grass Valley, where the gold in the rock is very uni- form, the mills have probably been more successful than in any other see* tion. Tbe amount of gold obtained, notwithstanding the imperfect machi- nery for crushing the rock and defective amalgamators, averages from fifty to one hundred dollars per ton ; and occasionally, the rich portion of a vein is struck, and the yield for the time is immense. In some instances, as in the case of the mill of the Grass Valley Quartz Mining Company, $3,800 has been obtained in a day. Many other instances might be enumerated. As the improvement in machinery and the capacity for work has increa- sed, the success has steadily improved. Still more perfect machinery in skillful hands may quadruple it. The first great embarassment which has happened to mining in Califor- nia, arose from the high wages of labor, and consequently the enormous expense attending the employment of numerous laborers. No enterprises demanding a large outlay of human force, can be undertaken, unless there are most lucrative returns. Hence it has been unprofitable and ruinous to work many of the mines, previous to the present reduction in the price of labor. But the imperfection of the machinery greatly augmented this embarass- ment. Machines which would work to such advantage as to yield rich returns in the gold mines of the Southern States, where labor can be obtain- ed for the lowest wages, were comparatively worthless amid the high wages of California. The process of amalgamation is necessarily performed, in California, on a most extensive scale ; and to an equal degree it is imper- fectly done. That is, nearly one-half the gold is lost. Thus it has been VOL. XXVII. — no. iv. 29 Digitized by v^oosle 460 Piers and Docks m the North Diver, New York . necessary to remodel the entire system of work adopted in other countries, to obtain success in California. There are many other embarassments, such as miners meet everywhere. These it is unnecessary to enumerate. The business has also to a great extent been commenced by men without experience, and often with a limited capital. In the largest number of such instances, a speedy failure has been the consequence. The Legislature of California has exercised a degree of intelligence and liberality somewhat unusual in new States. The most favorable laws have been enacted for the organization of companies, to engage either in mining, manufacturing, or other purposes. And while they are liberal on the one hand, on the other, they are sufficiently stringent to protect the rights of every stockholder, and preserve him from unlimited liabilities. Art. VIL — PIERS AND DOCKS IN TUB NORTH BITER, NEW TORI. The necessity of doing something for the accommodation of the rapidly increasing Commerce of the port of New York, becomes every day more urgent It is allowed, on all hands, that the present piers are altogether in- sufficient, and that they cannot be extended or improved in the ratio of our wants to come. The proposition brought forward by Mayor Clark, in 1835, to build a pier and basins in the North River, similar to the Liverpool and London docks, is the only plan ever suggested which seems to meet the demand. It is simple and feasible. Nor has any reasonable objection ever been made to it As to economy, it can be demonstrated that the lots created by it would be worth considerably more than the cost of the whole work, besides •Hording a handsome income to the city, not only by well-founded estimates, but by the experience of other similar undertakings, Buch as Central Wharf in Boston. The North River is deep and wide. It has not so strong a tidal current as the East River, and has a more direct access to and from sea. But, as a harbor, it is not so safe or comfortable, especially in winter. It is therefore in the North River that we have the demand for improve- ment, as well as ample field to carry it out. London from the Tower to Blackwall, a distance of four miles, is nearly all docks. St. Katherine’s, London, East, and West India, on the north side ef the Thames, without reckoning minor ones, occupy an extent of four hundred and fifty acres, can accommodate twelve hundred ships, and have warehouse room for 600,000 tons of goods. The Surrey, Commercial, East County, and other docks on the south side cover nearly as much ground. St. KatheVine’s is one of the smallest, containing twenty-three acres, but taking advantage of the experience of others, all of its arrangements are of the most perfect kind. “It was undertaken by leading merchants in Lon- don, to meet the necessity of giving additional accommodation to the great in- crease of business in the port ; to secure a reduction in the rates and charges, which were considered exorbitant at the London docks ; no others conven- i< ntly situated affording the means of competition ; and to bring the port of London more on a level, in point of expense, with the other ports of the Digitized by Google Pier* and Docks in the North River \ Nets York. 451 empire ; bat more particularly with the principal ports of the continent.” It was commenced in May, 1827, and opened October, 1828. More than 1,200 houses, in the most central part of the city were taken down, to make room for it. The extent of wharf frontage is 6,004 feet, the warehouses are seven stories high, and ninetv-six feet deep. They are erected within a few feet of the margin of the wharves, so that ships can discharge directly into them, and iron-roofed sheds are built upon the jutting piers, affordiug room for 200,000 tons of merchandise, always housed and under cover. ft cost over two million pounds sterling, and, although the charges have been very much reduced, it now pays six to eight per cent interest on its capital. London docks cover 100 acres, and cost about four million pounds, ou which they pay four per cent All the docks are walled in : are proof against thieving and smuggling ; have an organized system of labor • a • ... ... ... new 101 109 Eagle 102 98 102 106 104 1084 Exchange 96 93 101 106 104 111$ FaneuilHaU ... ... . . * . . • . . • new 1074 Freeman’s 102 102 105 107 110 114 Globe .... 106 101 105 110 111 114 Granite 99 97 100 103 110 108$ Grocers* ... ... new 94 99 110 108$ Hamilton ; 102 . • . 100 104 106 114 Market ... 79 75 81 84 85 67$ Massachusetts ... 245 285 245 250 265 260 Mechanics’ .... 102 90 100 103 105 110 Merchants’ 104 100 107 111 111 114$ New England 104 101 107 110 111 114 North ... 96 90 97 101 101 107 North Ameria. • • • • • • • • • ... new 102 109 8hawmut ... 96 90 99 106 107 110$ Shoe and Leather Dealers’ 109 109 112 115 110 113 State ... 60 54 61 64 63 66 Suffolk ... 125 120 128 135 140 130 Traders’ 99 92 99 105 106 111 Tremont ... 99 93 102 105 106 113$ Union 103 100 103 105 110 114 Washington 96 91 95 99 102 106 DAMAGES ON BILLS OF EXCHANGE. By a Revised Law of the State of New York, the following damages on bills drawn or negotiated in this State, and protested for non-payment, are allowed, vix : — Bills drawn on the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Delaware, Maryland, Vir- ginia, or District of Columbia, 3 per cent North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, or Tennessee, 6 per cent. Any other State or Territory of the United States, or any other place on or adja- cent to this continent, and north of the Equator, and any other Britisn or foreign pos- sessions in the West Indies, or elsewhere on the Western Atlantic Ocean, or any port or place in Europe, 10 per cent Seo. 19. Such damages shall be in lieu of interest charges of protest and all other charges incurred previous to, and at the time of giving notice of non payment but the holder of such bill shall be entitled to demand and recover lawful interest upon the aggregate amount of the principal sum specified in such bill, and of the damages thereon, from the time at which notice of protest for non-payment shall have been given, and payment of such principal sum shall have been demanded. Sec, 20. If the contents of such bill be expressed in the money of acoount of the United States, the amount due thereon, and of the damages herein allowed for th Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Statistics. 460 non-payment thereof, shall be ascertained and determined without any reference to the rate of exchange existing between this State and the place on which Buch bill shall have been drawn, at the time of the demand of payment, or of notice of non- payment. Sec. 21. If the contents of such bill be expressed in the money of account or cur- rency of any foreign country, then the amount due, exclusive of the damages payable thereof, shall be ascertained and determined by the rate of exchange or the value of such foreign currency at the time of the demand of payment COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. STATISTICS OF THE TRADE A5D COMMERCE OF HEW ORLEANS. In preceding pages of the present number of this Magazine, we have given the annual statement of the Trade and Commerce of New Orleans for the twelve months ending August 31st, 1852, as originally prepared for the New Orleans Price Current. The subjoined statistics of imports, exports, arrivals and clearances of shipping, prices of produce and merchandise, at : SEW ORLEANS, FOR TEN YEARS, FROM 18T SEPTEMBER EACH YEAR. Years. Arrivals. Cotton, bales. Exports. Stocks. Arrivals. Tobacco, hhds. Exports. Stocks. 1851-52 1,429,188 1,435,815 9,758 89,675 93,715 18,881 1850-61.... 995,036 997,458 16,390 64,080 54.601 23,871 1849-50.... 837,728 888,591 16,612 60,304 67,955 14,842 1848-49.... 1,142,882 1,167,803 16,480 52,385 62,896 18,298 1847-48.... 1,213,805 1,201,897 87,401 66,882 60,864 14,851 1846-47.... 740,669 724,508 28,498 . 55,588 60,376 22,886 1845-46 1,058,633 1,054,857 6,832 72,896 62,045 17,924 1844-45 979,238 984,616 7,556 71,493 68,679 7,678 1848-44.... 910,854 895,875 12,934 82,435 84,249 4,859 1842-48 1,089,642 1,088,870 4,700 92,509 89,891 4,878 Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Statistics . 493 MONTHLY ARRIVALS OF SHIPS, BARKS, BRIGS, SCHOONERS, AND STEAMBOATS AT NEW ORLEANS FOR TWO TEARS, FROM 1ST SEPTEMBER TO 8l8T AUGUST. MONTHS. -1851-8. ? * g p September . 81 21 12 43 14 121 140 81 22 12 54 17 136 175 October... . . 74 82 26 51 18 201 186 49 17 18 82 15 181 152 November.. 107 26 19 44 14 210 194 77 34 40 66 13 230 259 December. . 105 66 41 77 14 803 293 61 89 43 64 12 219 408 January . . . 69 89 29 55 13 205 297 68 48 29 67 15 227 336 February.. . 95 38 80 70 18 246 285 42 34 88 71 13 198 811 March. 74 29 80 64 20 217 865 88 82 34 90 17 261 826 April 59 27 24 76 24 210 290 54 21 27 79 17 198 272 May 92 32 26 60 17 227 242 50 29 31 58 24 187 243 June 59 80 21 55 24 189 288 48 21 16 50 18 148 159 July 20 21 17 41 19 118 127 84 13 17 47 17 128 152 August.... 22 15 12 37 18 104 121 18 10 10 31 12 71 125 TotaL 807 371 287 678 213 2,851 2,778 615 820 315 704 190 2,144 2,918 COMMERCE OF SAN FRANCISCO. ARRIVALS AND CLEARANCES OF VESSELS AND TONNAGE AT SAN FRANC1SOO FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDING 80TH JUNE, 1852. ARRIVALS From Steamers. Ships. Barks. Brigs. Sch’rs. Sloops. Total Atlantic ports, United States . . 88 6 5 1 49 Europe . . 16 18 9 1 44 China 24 19 • 5 1 49 English colonies. Valparaiso. , , 1 5 6 2 14 . , 17 22 8 2 49 Other Pacific ports and islands .... 1 2 6 24 40 78 Mexican and central American ports 1 1 8 32 10 47 Panama and San Juan 89 7 1 8 3 58 Coastwise 27 2 20 88 16 40 188 Batavia • . . . 1 . . . . • . 1 — . ■ — . — — . ... Total 68 108 CLEARANCES. 101 180 75 40 622 For Steamers. Ships. Barks. Brigs. Sch’ra. Sloops. Total. Atlantic ports, United States 4 12 1 . . 17 Europe 1 1 . . . . o China 84 17 5 # . 56 English colonies Valparaiso. 4 11 7 7 29 9 20 6 3 38 Other Pacific ports and islands Mexican and Central American ports 3 16 82 80 81 5 19 22 10 56 Panama and San Juan 83 9 3 4 8 52 Coastwise- 48 1 21 49 174 76 364 Manilla. , . 8 3 , , . . 11 Singapore. . . 4 1 . . . . 5 Calcutta , , . . 4 1 . . 5 Batavia . . 6 4 1 , . 11 Callao. 1 5 9 1 1 17 Whaling voyages 1 1 1 3 — — - 1 ' — — — — Total 77 94 141 180 229 76 747 Digitized by v^oosle 494 Commercial Statistics . TONNAGE ARRIVED DURING SIX MONTHS ENDING JUNE SO, 1862. American, coastwise American, from foreign poi Foreign, “ u Total Total. Steamers. Ships. Bark?, Brigs. Sloops 4c setrrs. Total vessels. Tonnage. 26 42 26 40 66 190 78,315 42 18 17 86 81 144 65,592 ... 48 68 54 28 188 62,666 — — —— — ■ 68 108 •American 101 180 115 522 201,478 880,487 116,200 446,687 Foreign CLEARED DURING SIX MONTHS ENDING JUNE 80, 1862 Total vessels. American coastwise 408 American, for foreign ports 168 Foreign, for foreign ports. 176 Total. 747 Tonnage. 80,988 98,700 88,117 222,806 Tonnage cleared, 1861 — American 417,600 Foreign*. 142,400 Total. 660,000 PRICES FOR MERCHANDISE IN SAN FRANCISCO. We are indebted to Messrs Hussey, Bond A Hale, of San Francisco, for a statement of the average, highest, and lowest price of certain articles of merchandise, as follows : — AVERAGE, HIGHE8T, AND L0WE8T PRICE OBTAINED FOR SUNDRY ARTICLES, FROM JANUARY 1st, 1851, to June 80th, 1662. Articles. Flour perbbL Pork, clear. Barley per lb. Tea, green Coffee Coal, average qualities p’rt’n Corn per lb. Drills, brown per yd. Oats per lb. Sugar, China No. 1 Sugar, refined Hams Butter. Lard Cheese Mackerel per bbl Molasses per gal Rice, Carolina. per lb* White Pine, av. quali’s.per M. AvePe price for 18 Highest price. Lowest price. months. June, 1852. $20 00 April, 1852.. $8 00 $11 60 Jane, 1852. 40 00 Jam, 1852.. 12 00 20 00 M’ch, 1862. 11 June, 1852.. H 6 Jam, 1851. 1 25 June, 1851.. 80 53 Jan., 1851. 15 Jam, 1852.. 9 124 June, 1852. 88 00 July, 1851.. 9 00 22 60 Feb, 1852. 74 June, 1852.. 2 4 June, 1852. 17 Jan, 1851.. 8 12 Fetx, 1852. 8 June, 1852.. 24 4f May, 1852. 11 Jam, 1862. . 5 8 June, 1862. 14 Jam, 1852.. 9 12 June, 1852. 84 Jam, 1851.. 184 18 May, 1862. 75 Jam, 1852.. 80 47 June, 1852. 45 Feb., 1851.. 124 22 Jam, 1851. 20 Dec., 1861.. 10 13 Jam, 1851. 15 00 Jam, 1852.. 11 00 13 00 Jam, 1851. 55 Nov, 1851.. 15 29 Jan„ 1851 j June, 1852 1 \ 11 Jam, 1852. . 44 7* Feb, 1862 1 M’cb, 1852 j t 70 00 M’ch, 1851 ) April, 1851 ) 80 00 66 50 PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COFFEE. The Baltimore American has been furnished with the annexed estimate of the pro- duction and consumption of Coffee throughout the world, compiled by several gentle- Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Statistic*, 49 5 men from various sources, to which we invite the attention of all who are interested. The production of coffee at sundry times is estimated by various authorities to be as follows : — Brasil ......... .million pounds 1841. 160 1841. 174 1848. 270 1851. 800 1852. 800 Java 112 125 140 100 120 St Domingo Cuba and Porto Rico 25 88 85 40 80 56 50 50 80 25 British West Indies 12 10 12 7 6 French A Dutch West Indies . . . 6 7 5 2 2 Sumatra. 12 15 10 10 8 Mocha, Ac 10 8 6 5 8 Ceylon 10 15 25 25 80 Laguyra, Ac. 25 80 80 25 20 Costa Rica 2 8 5 5 5 Total 480 471 587 569 548 The consumption of coffee in Europe by the average of various authorities in 1848, was 400,000,000 lbs.; the consumption of the United States and British America in 1848, was estimated to be 150,000,000 lbs. ; total consumption in 1848, 550,000,000 lbs. 'Hie increase of consumption in Europe is estimated to be 24 per cent per annum, which would give for 1852, 440,000,000 lbs. ; the increase in the United States is es- timated to be 74 per cent per annum, which would give for 1852, 200,000,000 lbs. ; total consumption 1852, 640,000,000 lbs. The stock of coffee in Europe in first hands on July 1st, was 125,000,000 lbs., or about 84 months’ supply. The stock of coffee in the United States in first hands, on July 1st, was 25,000,000 lbs^ or about 14 months’ supply. AMERICAN TRADE WITH CADIZ, SPAIN. We are indebted to Alexander Burton, United States Consul, for the following statement of American vessels arriving at the port of Cadis, for the six months end- ing June 80th, 1852 : — Da te of Arrival. January 15 u 19 « 25 February 5 u 19 « 19 March 18 M 14 *4 24 U 26 M 26 April May 7 4 M 4 U 18 U 18 u 18 June 2 a 5 a 16 u 16 « 21 Name. Bark Columbia. Ship Berlin Ship Robert Ship H. H. Boody Ship Euphrasia Ship Ohs. Humberaton-. . . Brig Itasca. Bark Commodore B’g, Sch. Helen F. Ryder-. Brig Smyrna Ship Squantum B’g. Sch. Prairie Ship Ashburton. Ship Ascutna Ship Brutus. Ship Essex-. Bark Hesper Brig Hollander. Bark Tyringham Ship Chasca. Ship Robert Hooper Brig Athens. Crtw. Where from. Tons— 95ths. Am. For. Charleston 288.82 9 8 New Orleans. . . . 618.02 14 6 Havre 777.66 16 4 Alicant 664.86 18 6 Havre 486.76 11 8 Havre 1,099.74 16 7 Wilmington-. . • . 242.80 8 8 New York 199.12 6 2 Wilmington-. . . . 196.86 8 0 New York 196.28 7 1 New Orleans. . . . 646.74 15 6 Wilmington-. .. . New Orleans. . . . 190.07 449.28 7 11 2 8 Boston. 428.82 12 1 New Orleans.... 649.50 11 5 Genoa. 698.80 16 8 London- 891.75 11 2 New York 267.87 9 1 Liverpool- 608.45 18 4 Havre 658.88 16 4 London 756.81 15 2 Havre 299.60 12 0 Total, 22 vessels, of which number, 10,710.42 256 67 Digitized by v^oosle 496 Vea’la. Tons. Men. 10 6,448 174 12 4,267 149 22 10,710 823 Commercial Regulations. Entered from European ports in ballast. u “ the United States with cargo com poped of — Staves 208 long thousand. Ice«. ....... 200 tons. Tobacco 8,080 hhds. 1 For account Rosin 420 barrels, vof the Spanish Ship Timber... 6 cargoes. ) Go. contract’s. THE CLEARANCES WERE A8 F0LL0W8I — For the United States with cargo. European ports in ballast. . . . Vessels. Tons. Men • 17 9,588 275 5 1,122 47 22 10,710 822 THE EXPORTS BY AMERICAN VESSELS WERE I — To the United States, Salt “ M Wine “ “ Liquorice Paste " “ Cork and Corkwood. . . . M " Lead 527 lasts, or 87,944 bushels equal 810 pipes. thereto. 886 cases. 297 bales. 50 tons. During the last six months 15 foreign vessels have arrived at Cadiz from the United States (8 English, 4 Swede, 2 Sicilian, and one Russian,) with cargoes consisting of 343,000 staves, six cargoes of ship timber, and 118 barrels of rosin, the rosin and tim- ber for account of government contractors. Within the same period 12 vessels (11 English and 1 Swede,) have touched at Cadiz for the Atlantic ports of the United States, with salt 608 lasts, or 48.416 bushels, 824 pipes wine, 855 cases liquorice. 786 bales cork and corkwood, and 1,752 pigs lead ; and for California, two cargoes of Eng- lish, French, and Spanish merchandise. J ft 1 COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. OF IMPORTS in ORIGINAL PACKAGES EXPORTED TO MEXICO. AN ACT AUTHORISING IMPORTED GOODS, WARES, AND MERCHANDISE, ENTERED AND BONDED FOR WAREHOUSING IN PURSUANCE OF LAW, TO BE EXPORTED BY CERTAIN ROUTES TO FORTS OR PLACE8 IN MEXICO. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That any imported goods in the original packages, which shall have been duly entered and bonded, in pursuance of die warehousing act, of sixth August, eighteen hundred and forty-six, may be withdrawn from warehouse at any time within two years from the original importation for immediate exportation without payment of duties, under the provisions of the act aforesaid, to Chihuahua in Mexico, by the routes designated in the first section of the act of third March, eight- een hundred and forty-five, or by such other routes as may be designated by the Sec- retary of the Treasury ; and likewise, that any imported merchandise duly entered and bonded at Point Isabel, in the collection district of Brazos de Santiago, or import- ed and bonded at any other port of the United States, and transported thence in bond and duly re-warehoused at Point Isabel, in pursuance of the warehousing law of Au- gust sixth, eighteen hundred and forty-six, may be withdrawn from warehouse at any time within two years from the date of original importation into the United States for immediate exportation, without payment of duties under the provisions of the warehousing act aforesaid, to ports and places in Mexico, by land or water, or partly by land and partly by water, or by such routes as may be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That any imported merchandise duly entered and bonded at any port of the United States, may be withdrawn from warehouse at any time within two years from the date of importation, without payment of duties, in pursuance of the provisions of the warehousing law of sixth August, eighteen hun- dred and forty-six, for immediate exportation to San Fernando, Paso del Norte, and Digitized by LiOOQle Commercial Regulation*, 497 Chihuahua, in Mexico, through the port of La Yaca, in the collection district of Salu- ria in the State of Texas, ami be transhipped inland thence to San Antonio in said State, and frotn the latter place to the destinations in Mexico aforesaid, either by way of Eagle Pass, the Presidio del Norte, and San Elizario, all on the Rio Orande ; and the Secretary of the Treasury shall be, and is hereby authorized, to prescribe such regulation*, not inconsistent with law, as he may deem proper and necessary, respect- ing the packing, marking, inspection, proof of due delivery at their foreign destina- tions, of the imports authorized by this and the foregoing sections of this act, to be exported from warehouse to ports and places in Mexico, and for the due protection in other respects of the public revenue. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of the Treasury shall appoint inspectors of the customs to reside at San Antonio, Eagle Pass, the Presidio del Norte, ana San Elizario, or at such other points on the route as he may designate, not exceed- ing four in number, who shall each receive an annual salary of two hundred and fifty dollars, and who shall make a report semi annually to the Secretary of the Treasury, of all the trade that passes under inspection, stating the number of packages, the de- scription of goods, their value, and the names of the exporters. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That no goods, wares, or merchandise, exported out of the limits of the United States, according to the provisions of this act, shall be volun- tarily landed or brought into the United States ; and on being so landed or brought into the united States, they shall be forfeited, and the same proceedings shall be had for their condemnation, and the distribution of the proceeds of their sales, as in other cases of forfeiture of goods illegally imported ; and every person concerned in the voluntary landing or bringing such goods into the United States, shall be liable to a penalty of four hundred dollars. Seo. 5. And be it further enacted. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of the foregoing act, be, and the same are, hereby repealed. Approved August 80, 1852. Since the passage of the foregoing act, the following circular from the Treasury De- partment, has been forwarded to the collectors and other officers of customs, explana- tory Ac. of the provisions of said act: — CIRCULAR INSTRUCTIONS TO COLLECTORS AND OTHER OFFICERS OF THE CUSTOMS. Treasury Department, September 13th, 1853. The attention of the collectors and other officers of the customs, is called to the fol- lowing instructions, to be pursued in carrying into effect the provisions of the annexed Act of Congress, approved 30th August, 18 *2, entitled 44 An Act authorizing imported goods, wares, and merchandise, entered and bonded for warehousing in pursuance of law, to be exported by certain routes, to ports and places in Mexico.’” 1st. Directly by water to ports or places in Mexico lying on the sea coast or Rio Orande. 2d. By land or water from Point Isabel to Brownsville, or Loredo ; thence by water to places in Mexico lying on the Rio Orande. No goods, under transportation, to be allowed warehousing privileges at either Brownsville or Loredo. The first section of the before-mentioned act, modifies so much of the act allowing drawback on goods exported to Chihuahua, • . 4 60 4 00 26. 4 60 4 60 4 65 4 00 26. 4 55 4 66 4 50 4 00 27. 4 50 4 60 4 65 4 00 29. 4 60 4 60 4 66 4 00 Dec. 1 . 4 60 4 60 4 55 8 95 2. 4 60 4 55 4 65* 8 88 8. 4 60 4 65 4 62* 8 75 4. 4 60 4 55 4 62* 8 75 6. 4 60 4 65 4 52* 8 85 6. 4 55 . , . • . 4 56 3 80 8. 4 55 4 60 4 65 3 90 9. 4 60 4 60 4 55 4 00 10. 4 50 4 60 4 65 4 07 11. 4 50 4 60 4 56 4 10 12. 4 65 4 60 4 55 4 10 18. 4 60 4 65 4 62* 4 10 15. 4 60 4 70 4 65* 4 10 16. 4 60 4 75 4 67* 4 10 1 Dale. 1841-41. 18*0-41. Extreme rale. Average. Average. Dec. 17. 14 65 i &4 75 $4 70 $4 08 18. 4 66 4 75 4 70 4 10 19. 4 70 4 80 4 75 4 10 20. 4 75 4 85 4 79 4 05 22. 4 80 4 85 4 82 4 10 28. 4 85 4 96 4 90 4 05 24. 4 85 4 96 4 90 4 10 26. 4 85 4 90 4 87* 4 05 27. 4 80 4 90 4 86 4 10 29. 4 82 4 90 4 87 4 05 80. 4 86 , , , , . 4 85 4 16 81. 4 85 4 90 4 86 4 16 Jan. 2. 4 85 4 90 4 85 4 20 8. 4 80 4 90 4 85 4 20 4. 4 90 6 00 4 95 4 20 6. 4 90 6 00 4 96 4 20 6. 4 90 5 00 4 95 4 25 7. 4 90 5 00 4 87 4 26 8. 4 85 4 90 4 90 4 20 9. 5 85 4 96 4 90 4 20 WKIX1T AVERAGE. Week ending 1851-41 1850-41. 1849-40. November 15 .... .... |2 65 November 21 .... $8 62 2 70 November 28 $4 62 4 00 2 70 December 6 4 68 8 89 2 72* December 12 4 65 8 93 2 66 Digitized by foozle Trade and Commerce of Cincinnati in 1852. 563 Week ending 1851-5!. 1850-51. 1849-50. December 19 4 69 4 10 2 84 December 27 4 85 4 08 2 94 January 5 4 87 4 09 4 07 January 11 4 92 4 22 8 82 January 17 — 4 21 8 80 Season's average $4 70 $4 00 $2 91 The number of hogs packed in the West, according to the statement pub- lished in the Price Current at the close of the season was deficient as compared with the preceding year 182,021 head. In weight however the deficiency was equal to only about 77,000 head. The hogs the past season were better fatted than those of 1850-51, and the increase in weight ranged, as nearly as could be ascertained, from 5 to 10 per cent, and in this wav the decrease in number was, in part, made up. Although reliable statistics oi the pork trade are obtained with great difficulty, yet the movements of products show our statement to have been sufficiently correct for all practical purposes. The supply of beef cattle throughout the year has been comparatively light, and prices have ruled considerably above the average currency of ordinary years. The range of prices for the season has been wide, say $3 60 to $6 00. During the packing season $4 to $5 per 100 lbs., net, were the leading rates, but since the close of the winter the retail market has been sparingly supplied, and city butchers were seldom able to purchase below $5, while for prime cattle $5 75 a $6 per 100 lbs. net was paid. The closing rates for the year are $4 75 a 5 75, embracing ordinary and choice. As remarked in another place, the supply in the West is unusually light, and this, with the high price of hog products, will continue to sustain prices above the average of last year's currency, and it is not likely that packers will get any good cattle the ensuing season for leas than $5 to $5 50 per 100 lbs. net. Provisions. At the close of the last commercial year prices of hog products ruled high, as the stocks throughout the country were unusually light and rates then current were pretty well maintained up to the commencement of the new season, when figures receded to a point corresponding with the price at which the hog market opened. Throughout the past season the tone of the market has been generally very firm, ana a comparative statement of the average prices for hogs and their products for three years past shows that during the year just closed large advances were realized upon the first cost of the several manu- factured articles, and the season upon the whole has proved by far the most profitable that has been experienced for many years. The high prices which prevailed for hogs at the commencement of the season induced packers generally to move cautiously, and there were few operators in the market who were not agreeably disappointed by the result of the business. The healthy tone which the market maintained throughout, and the high prices at which the old Btocks are likely to be closed oif are attributable fully as much to the deficiency in supplies at the commencement of the year as to the falling off in the number of hogs. As we have remarked in another place, the stocks for three years past have been steadily diminishing, and last fall the surplus was smaller than at any time in several previous seasons, and had the number of hogs proved as large as in 1850-51, the product* would have been disposed of at very fair profits. The high prices undoubtedly caused a very material falling off in the consumption, as they did also in the foreign demand ; but the supplies were no more than ade- quate to the requirements of home consumers, and the year closes again with very small stocks, and the aggregate in the whole country on the 1st of November next will be no greater, if so large, than at the corresponding date in 1851. The course of the market for the ensuing year must, therefore, be directed almost entirely by the supply of hogs, and with a crop of fourteen hundred thousand, (at the leading points,) against twelve hundred thousand last year, prices must con- tinue to rule comparatively high. The following statement of the weekly aver- age prices shows the course of the market during the year : — Digitized by foozle 564 Trade and Commerce of Cincinnati in 1852. Plain Bacon. Bacon. Week ending Mess Pork. Keg Lard. Hama. Side*. Sbouldera. September 11 $16 26 10i 9 HI 8$ u 18 15 50 10* 9 Hi 81 n 25 15 50 10 9 10 81 October 2 14 87 10 9 . . 8 u 9 . • A . . • • . • . • a 16 14 00 9 8* 8 M 28 18 50 9 »1 81 (i 80 18 00 81 8 «1 November 6 12 50 8 . . 7 18 11 50 7 8 8J «1 u 20 12 00 71 M 27 15 00 71 . . December 4 12 00 71 . . (4 11 12 00 71 . . II 18 12 00 71 7 January 1 12 50 71 7J 6* « 8 12 60 71 7* M 15 12 70 7* 7i U 22 12 76 71 7* l< 80 12 76 71 7J 61 February 6 18 60 8 8* 7* «i M 18...*.... 14 00 81 9 71 6* U 20 14 00 81 9 7* 61 it 27 18 87 81 9 7* «* March 6 14 00 81 9 71 7 M 18 14 50 81 81 8 7 M 20 14 00 9 81 8 7* M 27 15 50 91 81 81 7* April 8 15 50 H 81 9 7* *4 10 15 50 9f 9 9 n M 17... 16 00 9* 81 91 7* M 24 17 50 9* 91 91 71 May 1 17 00 10 91 91 71 M 8 16 50 10 91 91 71 M 15 16 87 101 91 91 71 U 22 16 37 10* 91 91 71 M 29 16 00 10* .91 91 71 June 5 16 50 101 91 91 71 « 12 17 00 101 91 91 71 u 19 18 00 101 91 91 71 « 26 19 00 101 91 91 71 July 8 19 62 10 91 91 71 «« 10 20 00 10 91 91 71 « 17 20 00 10 91 91 71 « 24 20 00 10 91 *1 8 u 81 19 60 101 91 91 8 August 1 19 50 11 91 91 8 u 8 19 50 111 91 91 8 M 15 19 60 111 91 91 71 M 22 19 25 11 91 91 8 M 81 19 00 11 91 91 8 For the receipts and exports at this port for a series of years, as well as the comparative average monthly prices, we refer to the tabular tables annexed. A considerable increase will be noticed in the imports and exports, compared with the number of hogs packed in the West. This is accounted for by the heavy purchases at Louisville, St. Louis, Madison, on the Wabash, and at other points, a large portion of which was brought here, and also to receipts for reshipment via canals and railroads to eastern markets. Breadstuffs. The market for flour during the past year has been almost entirely free from excitement, and, excepting a few weeks early in the fall, when a demand sprung up on European account, the operations were mostly of Digitized by foozle 505 Trade and Commerce of Cincinnati in 1852. a legitimate character. So steady has been the course of the market that it is not necessary to give a statement of the weekly average prices, or to refer par- ticularly to the slight variations which occurred, or causes thereof. The ex- treme prices of the year were $2 90 and $3 45, and in the tables annexed will be found a statement of the monthly average, which figures also indicate with sufficient accuracy the daily and weekly currency. Supplies have been regulated throughout pretty much by prices, and consequently, although the stocks of wheat in the country are known to have been larger than ever before, we find but a slight increase in the receipts at this port, and this remark applies equally well to New York and other Eastern markets. Should anything occur during the ensuing year whereby flour may be enhanced, the receipts at all the leading ports would be greatly increased over those of the year just closed. Wheat him ranged during the year from 59 to 63 cents. As the value of this article is regulated entirely by that of flour, our remarks relative to the latter are applica- ble to the former. The receipts show a slight falling off as compared with last season, being 377,037 bushels, against 388,660. Although the number of mills has been reduced by the conversions of two of the Miami Canal Mills into paper manufactories, the receipts of wheat indicate but a slight falling off in the aggregate business of the city mills. For corn prices have ruled, until within the last month, considerably lower than during the season of 1850-51. During September, October, and November prices ranged from 30 to 34 cents, but from December 1st, until July 1st, prices varied from 31 down to 25 cents. The severe drought experienced in July, affecting very seriously the prospects of the growing crops, caused an advance, and in several instances 45 cents was paid by distillers, but since the crops have been improved by recent rains, the market has given way, and 40 a 42 cents are the closing rates. The value of this arti- cle, owing to the high price of hogs, is relatively higher than that of wheat, and the probability is that the market will retain this feature during the greater por- tion of the ensuing season. The receipts this season were 653,788 bushels, against 489,195 last year. Owing to the heavy consumption of corn in this State, by distillers, prices here are generally maintained above a shipping point, and surplus stocks above Dayton, and along the line of the ^abash and Erie Canal are taken through the Northern channels to the Eastern seaboard. The exports during the year comprise 51,231 sacks against 20,137 sacks same time last year. Cheese. The trade in this article, which is a staple product of our State, has continued to increase, and the receipts of the past year exceed those of 1850-51, by about 40,000 boxes. It has become very evident that as the population in the Southern and South-western States increases, the cheese trade of this city must advance, this being the only distributing point for those sections of coun- try. We are now in connection by railroad with the cheese-producing counties of this State, and very soon there will be railroad connection with the cheese-con- suming States of the South, and this will greatly facilitate the trade in this, as well as in all other perishable articles. The range of prices indicates but a very slight variation from last year’s currency, and the season’s business has, upon the whole, resulted favorably to manufacturers. Increased attention seems to have been given to the quality of cheese, and although there is still room for improvement in this respect, rapid advances have been made within a few years. As the quality affects the consumption of this article, as well as the price, it is impor- tant to the producers that all tastes should be suited. In our last 'annual report we intimated that too much attention had been given to the production of fancy qualities. We have now to notice a great falling off in this branch of business, and we may add that the interests of manufacturers have been advanced by the change. The great mass of consumers prefer choice Western Reserve Cheese to any fancy brand that can be produced, especially at the extra price always de- manded for the latter. For the monthly average prices, and the receipts and ex- ports, we refer to the tables which will be found under “ Commercial Statistics ” in the present number of the Merchants' Magazine. Groceries. The trade in two of the leading staples comprised in this branch of business, namely, sugar and molasses, shows a very great increase as com- Digitized by v^oosle m Trade and Commerce of Cincinnati in 1852. pared with the previous season; and it now appears that of the entire products of sugar in the United States, one-fifth is received and sold at this port, and while New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and fialtimore received during the year thirty-three million pounds of New Orleans and Texas Sugar, nearly forty-four million pounds were received at this port. In our last annual report we had oc- casion to refer to the internal improvements of our State as having given the first and great impetus to this trade, and we may now remark that continued extensions of these inland channels of communications in our own and the neighboring States are constantly opening new markets to our merchants, and very soon the cities and towns on the Northern Lakes, as well as all the leading places in Indiana, which hitherto have been cut off from market during the winter months, will be in communication by railroad with this city. This will obviate the necessity which the merchants of these places have been under of taking their winter and spring supplies before the closing of lake and canal navigation. With the railroads referred to, our city may be reached in a few hours, and sugar and molasses from the plantations of Louisiana may be de- livered in any of the Lake cities in less than two weeks. The fluctuations in prices during the year have been very slight in both sugar and molasses ; and coffee has also been comparatively steady. There has been little or no speculative movement, and the uniformity in prices is attributable in some degree to this fact. Last September, the average price for sugar was 6 1-16 cents, and for molasses 33$ cents. The highest average was in Novem- ber, when sugar was 6$ and molasses 37$ ; but with the first receipts of the new crop, prices began to give way ; and in December sugar was 5$, molasses 35, and prices continued to go down until the 1st of March, when sugar was 5 cents, and molasses 27$. Since that time, sugar has ranged from 6$ to 5f , closing at the latter, and molasses at 30 to 34, closing at 33$. For coffee, 9 cents was the lowest, and 10$ the highest average point reached during the year — the former in October and the latter in April. For the last two months, 9$ a 9f have been the average rates, closing at a range of 9$ a 9$ for common and prime Rio. The amount of sugar and molasses imported and exported indicates heavier stocks than at the close of the last year ; but there is everything to favor a heavy fall demand. In the first place, the stock being ample, prices will be kept in check. In the next place, there is in the West an abundant crop of ap- ples, and a fair supply of other fruits suitable for preserving, while last year there was comparatively none. Then, in the next place, prices of sugar are three-eighths of a cent per pound lower than on the first of last September, and in view of the ample stock, we may safely set down the difference for the whole fall at three-quarters of a cent in favor or this season in sugar, and two to three cents per gallon in molasses. Candles. The production of candles during the year diminished, in conse- quence of the disproportion of the price of the raw material to that of the manufac- tured article, and the apparent impossibility, while stocks were kept up, of obtaining remunerative prices for the latter. This has caused a great reduction in the stocks here, and as a similar course was adopted in other parts of the country, prices have everywhere simultaneously advanced. As the season is now at hand when consumption will rapidly increase, and as materials are both dear and scarce, stocks must continue light for some time to come ; and operations of the ensuing season will be commenced upon a comparatively bare market Star candles now command 22 cents, which is 2 a 3 cents above the average for the season. This is a branch of the manufactures of Cincinnati which has increased very rapidly within a few years. The exports during the season of 1846-47 comprised 16,622 boxes. Within the year just closed there were exported 121,727 boxes, showing an increase in five years of over one hundred thousand boxes. Our export tables do not show perhaps much over one-half the products of the city, but they are the only correct indication we have of the growth of the trade. We may add that within the last two years the aggregate capacity of the manufactories of the city has been considerably increased ; since which time, owing to the causes mentioned above, none of the establishments have produced an average quantity. Digitized by v^oosle 567 Trade and Commerce of Cincinnati in 1852. Oils. In oar annual report on last September, we remarked, relative to lin- seed, that, with a pretty full crop of seed, there would be sufficient Western oil to keep prices at a point that would prevent importations from the Eastern ports, or from Europe, whence a portion of our supplies for the previous year had been derived. The result has proved our observations on this point to have been correct. The market for the year just closed opened at 69 a 70, and be- tween the latter rate and 58 ; prices have since fluctuated, being the most of the time, however, below 65 and above 60. The consumptive demand since the opening of spring has been heavy, but although the stock in this market has been pretty well reduced, the supply was at all times equal to the demand, and that buoyancy which would indicate a healthy trade was seldom observable. Very recently prices advanced in New York, and this caused a demand for the North which enabled dealers here to establish an advance from 58 a 60 to 65 a 68, the market closing at the latter. The probability is that during the ensuing year prices will fall below the average of the past season. The crop of seed in the West is larger than for several years past, and with a corresponding produc- tion of oil prices will be very likely to give way. We do not, however, look for very low rates, as a large quantity of the seed that will be required by millers has been laid in at a cost of $1 a $1 05, although the present market value is only 90 cents, and oil pressed from seed purchased at these rates will make a loss, if sold, much below 60 cents. In lard oil an advance of 10 a 15 cents per gallon has been establishd on last year's currency, and for five or six months post 70 a 85 has been the range for good No. 2 to pure No. 1, and at these rates the mar- ket closes. Two occurrences contributed to this result The first was the ad- vance in lard to a point above a manufacturing price. This at once checked the production of oil. The other was a deficiency in whale oil, with a large advance in the price of that commodity. This created an increased demand for lard oil, while, as stated, the production was reduced, and thus stocks have been dimin- ished, until they are now unusually light The operations of the ensuing season will, therefore, be commenced upon a comparatively bare market. Wool. In our last annual report we noticed that the market opened under considerable excitement and at high prices, but subsequently to the close of the commercial year, the trade reacted, and early purchasers made heavy losses. The past season opened differently from that or the preceding year, and it promises to close at prices that will fully remunerate purchasers. Before the incoming of the new clip a seemingly united effort was made to depress prices. Eastern deal- ers, who had their agents throughout the West, withdrew, and resolved to await the receipt of the wool in the respective markets. This had, for a time, a decided influence upon prices ; but the demand soon became active, and from a point 10 cents below the opening rates of 1851, prices have advanced from two to three cents above the highest price of that season. The following were the current rates on the 31st of August, for three years 1850. 1851. 1851. Full blood 35 a 38 88 a 40 89 a 42 i “ 83 85 87 38 86 38 1 * 80 33 34 85 84 85 i “ 28 30 81 82 82 34 Common 27 28 29 81 30 82 A new feature in the trade this year is the importation of foreign wool. One of our dealers, A. D. Bullock, Esq., has received lately 122,000 lbs. This de- scription, we are informed, is required by Western manufacturers. Whisky. The imports of this article show an increase of 28,774 barrels, as compared with last year, and the exports are 276,124 barrels, against 231,324. The exports exceed the imports about 4,000 barrels. This is accounted for by the fact that the whisky manufactured in the city and brought in by wagons is not included in our imports, while it of course gets into our export tables, as it is sent forward. The average prices have fallen below those of hist year — being $6 75 per barrel against $8 in 1850-51, and $9 in 1849-50. The imports and value were as follows : — Digitized by Google 668 Trade and Commerce of Cincinnati in 1852, Barrels. • Value. 1851-62 272,788 $1,778,122 1860-51 244,047 1,962,876 1849-60 186,687 1,680,102 On the first of September, 1861, the price was 17f cents; now the market closes at 18£ cents. The apprehended failure of the corn crop a few weeks since caused an advance of fully two cents per gallon, which is still maintained, though the prospect now is that we shall have a fair crop of corn. But the excitement caused a falling off in the production, distillers having been unable to procure grain, and just at this time there is a scarcity in some of the markets. Tobacco. The market for manufactured was steady, with a good demand, at the close of our last annual review ; but as was then stated, the crops in the Western States promised well, and resulted in an abundant yield, which produced a downward tendency in prices of lower grades. The market, during the winter, continued dull, and prices gradually declined, until about the midale of June, when the indications of tne growing crop became very unfavorable, in the Western States, and this, along with a very active foreign demand, caused a material advance in prices of loaf ; and, in Virginia the finer qualities commanded higher rates than ever before realized ; several parcels having sold in the leading markets in that State at prices ranging from $90 to $160 per hundred pounds. These extravagant rates were obtained in consequence of an unusual scarcity of the finer qualities, and indeed of all the good to prime working descriptions, there being a failure of the crop of 1851 throughout all the Eastern States. The crop in the West was very abundant, and the amount cultivated was lar- ger than any previous season, as will be seen by the imports of leaf tobacco at New Orleans, which were in 1850-51,63,318 hhds., and in 1851-62,87,338; showing an increase of over twenty-four thousand hhds., so that the trade has proved very profitable to the West, and paid a large profit to the agriculturists. The crops in Virginia promise well this season, but in the West the late, cold spring, and the dry weather in July, has left but little hope of realizing anything near an average yield; but, notwithstanding, should the fall weather continue warm and favorable, and no early frost come, a fair crop may be realized. This is, however, hardly to be expected. The prices for leaf and manufactured closed very firm in all our domestic markets. The stock of manufactured in our mar- ket is very light, the sales the past month having been immensely large, and the high rates ruling in Virginia prevent manufacturers sending on the usual supplies to this market. The trade at this point continues rapidly to increase. The exports this Beason have been 24,064 boxes, against 17,751 last season, and the imports 22,142, against 19,273 last season. In connection with this, our manufacturing facilities have been greatly extended, and there are now twenty-six establishments in this city and the neighboring counties of Ken- tucky, who sell all their manufactured articles here, as well as one or two estab- lishments in Louisville who make great consignments to our tobacco factors during the season. / Money and Exchange. The money-market for the past year has presented more variety than we have hitherto had occasion to chronicle. We have had money scarcer, and rates said to be higher than ever before ; and we have also had money more plentiful and rates lower than for a good many years. In con- sequence of the extreme scarcity of water in the river last fall, and the unheard of event of its being twice closed by ice in the winter, the demand for money for several months was so much greater than the supply, that those whose neces- sities were urgent had to submit to such rates as the lenders chose to ask ; but since then, in consequence of the high prices of provisions, and the facilities with which they were disposed of, combined with the groat abundance of money at the East and in Europe, which enabled our railroad projectors to dispose of their securities at full prices, and thus carry on their works with unexampled rapidity, the tables have been completely turned ; and although money can hardly be said to have become a drug, it has yet been easier of attainment, and the rates have ruled lower than at any time since the suspension of specie payments in 1837. And the syBtem of paying high rates of interest on current deposited, by Digitized by (^ooQle Trade and Commerce of Cincinnati in 1852. 560 the bankers and brokers, which has so extensively prevailed in this city during the last few years, has received a check from which it may never recover. The actual capital of our city has largely increased, business generally has been re- munerative, many have made large fortunes, and from borrowers have become lenders of money ; and upon the whole, we cannot but congratulate our readers, both at home ana abroad, upon the unusually healthy state of things which now prevails in our midst It is true, our banking capital is now smaller than it has been since 1832, but the capital of our business men has largely increased, and the absence, therefore, of banking facilities is not felt to so great an extent as it would otherwise be. The system of taxation which was adopted by the Legislature at its session of 1850 and 1851, severe though it was, was yielded to by the banks with but few exceptions — a few however did resist and brought the matter before the courts and the decisions so far have been in their favor. At the session of 1851 and 1852, however, still more stringent laws were passed, which operate so severely that some of the banks have actually closed up, and others are in progress, while those who continue to do business have determined to resist, ana there is but little doubt of their success, as the amount of tax required to be paid by the last law ranges from about double to at least four times the amount guarantied to them by their charters, and is generally considered as unconstitutional and void. What the wisdom of this is we are at a loss to determine. Every business man knows that the growth of our city, large ns it is, has been materially retarded by the want of banking capital, and during the last few years many large orders for machinery, &c., have been driven away from this city to Louisville and other rival points, because the small capital of our banks did not enable them to take bills having over three months to run, while the more liberal and wise policy of the neighboring States, where banking accommodations are larger, has enabled those institutions to discount bills as long as four and six months. This is not mere theory, but plain, honest, unvarnished truth, based upon facts which have actually occurred, and will again while we have such short-sighted legislation. Other in- terests have also suffered in a similar way, and large quantities of our great staple, (as it used to be called,) pork, were packed and cured in other cities, because there four and six months* bills could be Negotiated with full as much readiness as those of half that length could be here. We might extend this subject ad infinitum, but sufficient has been said to draw attention to it and show how such legislation operates, and how it always will do. As a State we are old enough to know better, but while we make questions of such importance party tests, there is but little hope of improvement. Exchange has ruled low during the whole year, ranging on the East between £ a £ per cent premium, and on the South at from 1 per ceftt down to par. Specie has also been low — gold bringing from £ to £, with a supply fully equal to the demand ; while silver, except for purposes of change, has been much more inactive than during the previous year. As we have already occupied more space than we usually allot to this subject, we will only congratulate ourselves ana our renders upon the healthy condition of our monetary affairs. As a State, and nation, we are becoming more wealthy and prosperous, and if our present prosperity do not lead to further extravagance, we have but little to fear. The clouds that obscured our Eastern horizon when we made our last annual report, have, as we then hoped, all long since disappeared; the golden sun of California has been, if not eclipsed, at least rivaled by his powerful competitor in Australia, and ships laden with gold plow the bosoms of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, scarcely creating more commotion than the pas- sage of one of our steamers upon the surface of our own river. Steamboat Building. In our last annual report we had occasion to notice a very marked improvement in this branch of business, and we have now the grati- fication to be able to report continued activity. Although there is but a slight increase in the number or tonnage of boats constructed and completed up to the close of the year, the business exhibits a very active appearance, ten large boats being still on the stocks, and four afloat, nearly finished. The latter, and a por- tion of the former, will be ready for the early fall business ; but our statement Digitized by Google BlO Commerce: and Commercial Biography . includes only those boats which have been constructed and registered within the commercial year. Comparing the number of boats finished during the year ending with August, 1851, ana the number being constructed at that time, with the number built the past season, and those now constructing, a very considerable increase in favor of this season is shown. By glancing at the annexed list of boats, and registered tonnage, it will be seen that but few small class boats have been built, while several are of the largest size, carrying as high as eleven hundred tons. In this connection it may be proper to remark that the Custom-house measurement, or registered tonnage which we give, does not indicate the actual capacity of the boats. The latter exceeds the former fully 100 per cent The capacity of the tonnage constructed the past season is, therefore, about nineteen thousand tons. Registered Names of boots. tonnage. Steamer Sydonia 235 Post Boy 158 Wilcox 260 General Pike. 867 Pearl 184 B. H. Winslow 885 J. H. Chenoweth. ..... 810 Alabama. 298 Ruby 145 Louisa 894 Lewis Whiteman 817 Cusseta 201 J. P. Tweed. 815 Delaware 501 R. M. Jones 198 Moses Greenwood 267 Major A. Harris. ...... 103 D. J. Day 212 James Robb 598 L. M. Kennett 598 Elisa 849 Registered Names of boats. tonnage. Steamer Fanny Sparkawk 200 Norma 880 CoL Drennon 125 Floating Palace 231 White River 100 W ash. McLean 142 Barge Kate Hays. 240 Buckeye 328 Cincinnatus 224 Ion 230 Joe Torrence 211 Bob Green. 100 Total 8,896 1850-51, No. 81 8,206 1849-50, No. 16 4,560 1848-49, No. 28 7,281 1847-48, No. 29 10,288 1846-47, No. 82 8,268 1845-46, No. 25 7,657 It is seen that the business of the past season exceeds that of any previous year, except 1847-48, when the construction of boats was greatly stimulated by the extraordinary demand for steamboat tonnage, consequent upon the active for- eign demand for breadstuff's, which existed at that time. The construction of large boats at this port continued to be greatly retarded in consequence of the insufficiency of the Portland Canal. With the removal of this obstruction boats of the largest size will be constructed for the lower trade, which change would greatly facilitate the shipping interest — both as it regards boat owners and business men — and it would also greatly increase the business of builders, as the cost of constructing vessels below is necessarily greater than here. With regard to the efforts which have been made to secure a new canal at the falls of the Ohio, and the prospects of success in the undertaking we have spoken fully elsewhere. Art. Y.— COMMERCE : AND COMMERCIAL BIOGRAPHY. u Still let thy mind be bent, still plotting where, And when, and how, the business may be done.”— Herbert. Commerce is not one of the Muses. A bargain is not so beautiful a tiling as a poem, an oratorio, a picture, or a flight of eloquence. Yet the bargain holds no mean place in the frame-work of this present world. It is the first material bond of human society. By it, the individual acquires what he could not produce, and is relieved of what he could not employ. Digitized by foozle Commerce : and Commercial Biography . 671 By it, the best fruits of a skill possessed by one alone are distributed through- out the community ; and the one, in serving the community, is advancing himself. By it, nation is linked with nation, in a thousand beneficial con- nections. By it, the dissimilar produce of climates lying wide apart, meet in a single home ; the temperate zone gathering winter comfort from the pole, and summer luxury from the equator. Much as we should regret the departure from our world of the poem, the picture, or the oration, that would not leave mankind so utterly at a loss as the departure of the less beautiful bargain. Without it, we could never behold a shop, a public conveyance, a factory, a ship, a railway, or an extensive town. 44 The Iliad for war,” cries the author of 4 Friends in Council,’ 44 and the Odyssey for wandering ; but where is the great domestic epic ?” A very fit question. And where is the great Commercial epic ? Arms, agriculture, love, travel and adventure, all have had their ample offerings of song ; but, in spite of Dyer’s 44 Fleece,” and Granger’s 44 Sugar Cane,” and Phillips’ “Cyder,” with minor attempts to give Commerce a poetic status, it has thus far held on its course in the world without any notable obligation to the lyre. Any subject, in its vulgar aspect, appears below the dignity and inte- terest of poetry ; but once that it has been seen by the eye of the poet, and that his numbers have set it forth, all will recognize its higher aspects. Com- merce, in its petty details, is very far from poetry ; so is a brigade of recruits on drill, lifting up and setting down first one foot and then the other, as the sergeant cries, 44 Left ! right ! — left ! right!” But Commerce, on the grand scale, i9 connected with the chief events of history, with all the noted ter- restial discoveries, all the scenes of nature, all the spheres of enterprise, all the triumphs of invention, all the manners of the nations. It is by the light of Commerce, that far away on the misty frontier of history, we first catch sight of Phoenicia careering on the ancient seas ; of Greece receiving her colonies and her lights;, of Carthage, spreading enterprise around the west ; • of Ancient Britain emerging out of the unknown, and holding in her hand as her modest gift to the common store of mankind, a goodly supply of tin. It is Commerce that first tells us of bright rich lands in the distant east, be- yond the range of western politics and wars ; that brings thence gem, and spice, and silky robe, which, to northern eyes, look as if they came from some strange realm of light; that displaying these, stirs up her first-born offspring enterprise, to stretch her flight for their native lands ; that, at length placing enterprise on her own wings, bears her across the wide Atlantic, and lets her gaze on a new continent; then, carry ing her round the African cape, unfolds the real scene whence the great excitement came — the Taprobane, the Golden Chersonesus, the lands of cinnamon and peacocks ; of pearl, ivory, and dia- mond ; of muslin, sandal-wood, and silk. It is Commerce which presides at the inauguration of the new age, when Europe founds empires beyond the sea, and east and west meet together in new rivalries and friendships, till the devotees of trade cover every eminence of Columbia with foreign standards, and transfer the gorgeous realm of the Great Mogul to masters who confess the creed of the Nazarene. And sweeping her course from Tadmor to San Francisco, what magic communities spring up in her train 1 Solomon’s fair city, in the wilderness ; the queenly daughter of Alexander, by the mouths of the Nile; Venice, emerging from the flat isles of the Po, beyond the range of the barbarians who then overswept all Italy’s ancient glory ; Bus- sorah, springing up by the Tigris, under the auspices of the crescent ; the Low Countries, rising out of the sea, gathering the wealth of the Eastern Digitized by foozle 6*2 Commerce: and Commercial Biography . Archipelago, striking down the banner of Spain, and lifting up the paralyzed arm of Protestant England ; the city of Clive and Hastings by the ancient Gan- ges ; with wonders endless on the bays and streams of yonder new world, and here, in our Lancashire vales, on our Yorkshire hills, or in the districts where the great wise Hand has stored up our iron and our coal. Again, her course amid the paths of nature is not less wonderful than among those of history. Now she is overwhelmed in the simoom, now re- freshed on the oasis ; now hemmed in by the icebergs, now drenched by the water-spout ; now lashed by the monsoon, now enchained by the calm ; now steadily wafted by the trade-wind, now broken upon the rock ; now joyfully riding in the haven, now away on the open main, where sky and sea alone can meet her eye ; now hasting through the hollow tunnel, where cloud, and tree, and wave, are alike unseen ; now chasing an invisible land by the mys- terious track of the magnet ; now reading in the conjunction, the transit, the eclipse, or the culminating sun, her instructions how to travel upon earth. And all the feats whereof poetic rapture ever sang, are surely to be match- ed by those which are daily displayed in the service of Commerce. The huntsman chasing the tiger, elephant, lion, bear, ostrich, and kangaroo; the diver seeking pearl ; the fisherman vanquishing the whale ; the miner undo- ing the bolts and bars of nature’s treasure-vaults; the mariner wrestling with both wind and sea ; the engineer scooping the hill or spanning the strait ; the caravan daring the sands ; the fleet braving the waters ; the bullock- train encountering the kloof; and all that ancient poets could find to originate ideas of Cyclops and supernatural powers, was little to the flaming wonders of one night’s survey from Dudley Castle, or one day’s study of the magic hives of Manchester. Then Commerce mounts her upon every steed ; now on the camel, patient as a thing inanimate ; now on the ship, active as a thing of life, with the canvas for her wing, and the magnet for her scent ; now on the fleet horse, now on the drowsy buffalo ; now on the toiling wain, now on the flying en-. gine ; now on the steadfast mule, now on the quivering steamboat ; now fol- lows the fleet foot of the reindeer, now loiters on the dank canal ; now skims in the slight canoe, now rolls in the thundering train ; now whirrs on the wing of the carrier-pigeon, now clings to the writhing catamaran. Commerce, too, has done much toward fulfilling its mission. It was or- dained to bind man to man, province to province, and nation to nation, by the solid tie of common interests. u Had all nations found at home every- thing necessary and agreeable, it is impossible to conceive to what extent their mutual alienation might have proceeded. China and Japan help us to an idea of that which, in such a case, would have constituted nationality. ” But God gave each individual a relish for all that is charming in creation, yet distributed the productions which all enjoy, over the various zones of earth. Consequently, if the people of one land would partake of all they coveted, it was necessary to know and to deal with the people of other lands. Thence came that exchange of services, by w’hich we now see the beverage of English- men depending on the rains in China, the wealth of many a Chinese on the markets of England, the bread of many a family in Manchester and Lowell on the weather in Carolina, the comfort of many a house in Leeds on the sheep of the Cape and Australia, the welfare of many a Spanish vine-grow- er on the rents of the English squire, the value of Norwegian pine oq a vote at St. Stephen’s, the prosperity of the Russian hemp-grower on the prosper- ity of England, and the robes of the Swedish ladies on the silk-worms of the south. Digitized by foozle Commerce: and Commercial Biography. 573 Commerce is the appointed medium for making that universal in benefit which is local in production ; for preserving in men a sense of dependence upon other men ; and thus, for giving the most favored nations a knowledge of the condition of others, an interest in their welfare, and a facility for that intercourse by which they may teach and elevate. It is not a spiritual or sentimental tie, but a material bond — a chain of gold by which the hand of Providence has linked the interests of all men in a connection, which the most carnal eye may see ; but which, when recognized, tends to facilitate all the errands of Christianity among the nations. It was through Com- merce, that Carey and Swartz were enabled to know China and to reach it ; that Morrison had his path made to China ; that the fetich-tree of Guinea and the kraal of South Africa were laid open to the eye of Christian piety ; that the heart of .zeal was told of cannibal feasts in New Zealand, and infant murder in the Polynesian isles. Of old, we see her ships and her drome- daries bearing the gold and the gems of the richest lands to lay them as her offering at the gate of God’s glorious temple on Zion. Thus may she be seen often twining ties of international amity ; often calling forth the en- lightened to teach the dark ; and now convening all earth’s tribes under one pure dome of crystal. But often, too, she appears perverted from her pur- pose— stirring man against man with a pitiless rivalry ; rousing nation against nation, for lucre; letting loose all the bloodhounds of war; and, alas ! alas ! the whole curse of the slave yell falls upon her head, the whole blood of the slave-trade lies upon her skirts. Surely, if Commerce could find her poet, the poet could find his materials. Yet we have no Commer- cial epic ! And, what is far more wonderful “ in a nation of shopkeepers,” we have no commercial biography. Our power abroad, our quiet at home, the sta- bility of our government, the security of our towns, the value' of our crops, are all so dependent upon Commerce, that, nationally, it is our first interest and our leading characteristic. Our merchants have been a race of vast en- deavor and incredible achievement. They have built up a fabric that as- tounds us all, and our neighbors more than us. They have had, in their individual careers the most wondrous vicissitudes, the highest romance of real life. They have ever furnished the noblest, the meauest, the most un- accountable, the most exemplary, the most eccentric specimens of character. Many of them have influenced contemporary history more than reigning princes ; many of them have displayed more comical peculiarities than the queerest oddity of fiction. There is scarce a town of note, to which some one of the race has not bequeathed a tradition of wonderful success, accom- panied by hated parsimony, by envied sumptuousness, or by benevolence universally extolled. Here, you have a mansion and park ; there, a set of almshouses ; yonder, a church or school ; each with its short but pregnant tale of a remarkable man. Yet, with such a race in the midst of us, and such tokens of what they have been doing, we seek in vain for the Lives of the British Merchants. Booksellers look uncommonly wise when you ask for a volume of commercial biography. Johnson has taken care of the po- ets ; Allan Cunningham, of the artists ; Campbell, of the lord chancellors ; but no one has thought of the lord mayors, except, indeed, that worthy scribe who regaled our childhood with the pleasant story of “ Whittington and his Cat.” Divines, orators, men of science, of letters, of art, statesmen, generals, admirals, yea, even play-actors, have abounded in biographers ; but the men who have reared factories more costly than a castle, who have giv- Digitized by foozle 574 Commerce : and Commercial Biography . en bread to more men than an ancient chieftain led out to war, who have created fleets that are sailing under every sky, who have raised an entire neighborhood from indigent inaction to gainful enterprise, who have presi- ded over the destinies of a whole exchange, who have built up a financial power before which foreign cabinets often bend suppliantly. No one has cared to trace for commercial posterity, the course wherein these kings of Commerce struggled and achieved. When biographers have taken up a commercial man, they have dropped business as a leaden thing, a dead weight that would sink the book ; and so you float away with a fragrant cargo of philanthropy or public life. Mr. knight gives us Gresham ; but Gresham dealt in state finance and the high service of kings. In the edifying biography of Allen, you see much of the beauty of holiness, nothing of the stern struggle of profit and loss. In the almost faultless biography of Buxton, you are now and then permitted to have a distant peep of the brewery, far away in the recesses of Brick Lane ; and one day you are positively taken inside the gates, but it is to eat beef- steaks with the premier and lord chancellor. In nearly all the religious bi- * ographies of those who have been in business, you see the inner man alone. Had Jacob’s life fallen into the hands of a modern biographer, he would never have thought of telling us the contrivances by which he multiplied his cattle. That would not have been sufficiently intellectual, sufficiently ethe- real,— or, indeed, sufficiently to Jacob’s credit. Arkwright produced an invention by which the British people have been more influenced politically, socially, and morally, than by all the expeditions in search of the northwest passage, all the orations of Curran, all the poems of Burns, all the pictures of West; yet, the aspiring apprentice who would trace that wonderful (I do not mean noble) man, must hunt in the “ Beau- ties of Derbyshire,” among the Cyclopoedias, or in the faithful annals of the “ Gentleman’s Magazine,” for some faint outline of his career. Should he go to a circulating library and ask for the life of Arkwright, perhaps he may be favored with an offer of the life of Charles Matthews. The first Sir Rob- ert Peel, from an ambitious laboring lad became a baronet, who employed fifteen thousand men, spoke often in Parliament, published political pam- phlets, when the country was threatened with invasion gave ten thousand pounds to aid the overladen finances, raised half a regiment of volunteers, and bequeathed to England a son who beqame her most powerful states- man. Yet if a Lancashire boy feels as he felt, that he has the capability of raising himself to station and power, he may go to the library and instead of the lire of the founder of the Peels bo offered one of Lady Hester Stanhope. Rothschild began by buying prints at Manchester, and ended by wielding a power which was felt by every king in Europe. Yet the young merchant who would study his habits of business, may, possibly, if he inquire for his biography, be offered that of Theodore Hook. Nothing tends to form the rising members of any profession, more than the biographies of those who have been eminent in the same line. The ad- vantage of the finest models has long been before the eye of all the alumni of the theological, military, political, and artistic schools. Not so with the young men of Commerce. Those of their predecessors who have accom- plished the greatest wonders are known only by a stray anecdote or a slight sketch. Every boy in the navy knows how Captain Broke took the Chesa- peake ; but what boy in the merchant service knows anything of the way in which Mr. Green created his superb mercantile fleet, with its noble accom- Digitized by v^oosle 575 Commerce: and Commercial Biography . paniment, bis sailor’s home ! Every young author can learn precisely how many pounds a day Scott earned while writing the life of Bonaparte, how much Byron received from Murray for Manfred or for the Corsair ; but though points so mercantile are worthy of record in the high regions of poetry, none can tell by what transactions, successes, and plans, the Barings built up their power, ’turn where you will, you see wonders of Commerce, the origin of which is recent, the history of which would be instructive, but which are known only by flying traditions. At Leeds, you see Marshall’s mills rising up as by magic, giving employment directly or indirectly to thousands, rais- ing many to comfort, some to affluence, spreading competence and education around, giving that great borough a representative, and adorning the banks of Conistone and Ullswater with new mansions and demesnes, i et, who of us can tell how that wonderful structure arose ? But we are all well taught in the momentous fact that Lord Byron kept his figure slim by living on pota- toes and vinegar. At Stockport, we see the mills of another Marshall, per- forming, in cotton, prodigies akin to those of the former in flax ; yet what working-man who wants to rise, can con over the narrative of how the foun- der of that establishment began, and rose, and weathered the storm, and pressed on till he was the largest cotton manufacturer in Europe I But we are all instructed in the portentous truth, that when Oliver Goldsmith pre- sented himself to a bishop for ordination, he was arrayed in scarlet breeches. tt Commerce is a dirty thing,” we have heard literary lips say. Yes, in dirty hands, it is a dirty thing ; and in rude hands, a rude thing ; and in covetous hands, a paltry, pelfy thing. Nevertheless, it is a thing on which those who despise it are largely dependent. Without it, the author would have no market for his works ; the intellectual gentleman, no bookshop ; the grand lady, no sumptuous furniture ; the fop, no finery ; the idler, no dain- ties. And, what is far more important, it is the thing in which the bulk of our countrymen are spending their lives, and in which the bulk of future gen- erations will spend their lives too, — the thing on which their earthly hopes will depend, in which their souls will be tempted, exercised, chained down to the dust, or prepared for immortal joy. If literature has any work in this world at all, it is to refine and elevate every sphere of human life ; to be the companion, and friend, and teacher of every rank of men. It cannot there- fore, without being faithless to its mission, pass lightly over that sphere where- in the most numerous and most energetic class of the community are trained in youth and tried in manhood. No theme is dull, if not handled with dull- ness ; no theme low, if the writer exalt it The pen of Wordsworth can chain you to the track of an old Cumberland beggar, until you almost count the nails in his footprint and feel the dust from his meal wallet. The moss trooper, the smuggler, the bucaneer, are all chosen subjects of lofty authors; but to depict an actual man, whose life has been spent in the struggles, the re- verses, the glossy frauds, and the sordid triumphs, of downright purchase and sale, seems a task far too practical for a pen from the ethereal plume of ge- nius. Galt, even when undertaking to portray the curious life of Grant Thorburn, must needs enshroud it in the fiction of “ Laurie Todd.” “ Who would ever think of writing the life of the moiling pelf- worm, who works and wriggles through the dust, thinking of nothing but making his way !” True, who would ? But who would think of writing the life of the common-place soldier, who wheels to right or left, loads, presents, fires, and fixes bayonet f or of the scribbler who pawns a book upon the world ? or of the spouter who perpetrates dull speeches ? The ignoble is ignoble in any Digitized by v^.ooQle 576 Commerce : and Commercial Biography . sphere ; the great is great in any. Commerce, like other spheres, has had its marvelous men ; and to the moralist, no class he could handle would afford such innumerable points on which important light might be shed up- on life’s actual ways, wherein the plodding and the practical are ever tempt- ed to sell truth and integrity for gold. But from them the literati seem to have turned away. The terra incognita of the learned , is ordinary life . Hunts Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review , the Chronicles of the Stock Exchange , the History of Banking , the Bankers' Magazine , and some prints devoted to economical questions, all show that literature has at length set out to explore that region of reputed desert.* For business men, as a class, literature has done little. They can lay their hands on few books that are not likely to estrange them from their avoca- cations just in proportion as they charm them. The young men of any oth- er profession, Insides the dry study of principles, may at the same time re- lax their minds and rouse up all their professional aspirations, by the lives of some who have trodden the very path on which they are starting, and found it the way to eminence. Not so the young merchant, of whatever grade. For the lives of the great, he must go out of his own line, and perhaps learn to despise it, when he might have learned its value and had all his views ennobled. Thus many business men dread books, just as literary men dread business. The two things have been at enmity. The lite- ratus has looked down on the man of figures and facts, with counting-house taste and cash-box imagination. The merchant has looked down on the man of lofty ideas and light pockets, redundant in sentiment but lacking in common sense. You can hardly ever find a business man who has any just notion of the mercantile value of genius, or a literary man who has any ap- preciation of business. How seldom does a millionaire take any pains to encourage letters ; or a scholar care to analyze the life of a merchant, what- ever mental power he may have displayed, whatever impulse he may have given to the improvement of international or internal relations, whatever influence he may have exerted on the history of a kingdom 1 Consequent- ly, little light has been shed into the recesses of Commerce from higher spheres. Men of business have been left to form their own codes of morals, with a millionth part of the criticism, from the erudite, on the moral correct- ness of this principle and of that mode of transaction, that has been spent on the letter “ h,” the Greek article, or the digamma. The politics of Com- merce are now, per force, a favorite study ; but the morality of purchase and sale , the effect of business upon character, the relation which art, sci- ence and literature bear to Commerce, are points on which business men are little indebted to those whose calling it is to instruct. Had it been other- wise, the mercantile class might have been great gainers, in enlarged views, in refined pleasure, in appreciation of the efforts and the utility of the high- er orders of mind, and also in clear views of the moral principles of trade. But more attention to practical life on the part of literary men, would be as rich in benefit to themselves as to men in business. In handling that subject they would grow wiser and would impart more wisdom. They would have an endless variety of theme. They would discover that fictitious •When the Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review was started in 1839, some fourteen years since, there was not a single periodical devoted either to the Literature or Statistics of Com- merce. Since Ha establishment in 1839, a Bankers’ Magazine baa been started in London, and an- other in this country. The present year (May, 1852; a monthly identical in name has made its appearance in London. We allude to * Lawson's Merchants' Magazine, Statist, and Cowmertial Review.” Digitized by foozle 6 11 Moral View of Railroads. characters were no more necessary to furnish interest, pleasure, amusement, surprise, and sadness, than fictitious landscapes are necessary to furnish mountain, forest, water, and sky. They would constantly find moral prob- lems which might engage the most subtle dialectitians, and yet would inte- rest the stock-jobber and the shopman. To the lawyer who has constantly to handle commercial transactions, to the judge who has to pronounce upon them, to the statesman who has to balance conflicting mercantile interests, to the schoolmaster who has to train men for business life, a knowledge of all its aspects would be invaluable. But to the preacher, above all, who has constantly to deal with men immer- sed in trade, it is of an importance not to be calculated that he should know the life which all the week long his hearers are leading — its temptations, its glosses, its rivalries, its depressions, its joys ; its anxieties, which cast the care of the soul into the shade; its* ambitions, which outweigh the claims of truth and right. Ignorant of these, he must leave many to flounder in temptation whom he might be the means of extricating ; many to be wor- ried with care, when he might win their attention to better things ; many to sink under their load, to whom he might have given a timely solace ; ma- ny to go on in a course of gainful sin, whose conscience he might have reach- ed and aroused. Too often, the man of business feels that the remarks from the pulpit only show that his case is not at all understood. There are few preachers of whom it could be said, as I have heard it said of Dr. M’Neile, that after some of his sermons, his hearers felt as if he had served his time to every trade in the town. Dr. Chalmers, too, endeavored worthily to bring the strong light of his Christian eloquence to elucidate the pathway which is ever so crowded, however it may be forgotten by the learned. Art. YI. — MORAL FIEW OP RAILROADS. In France they have a custom, not without its beauty and propriety, of publicly and formally giving names to the locomotives of a new Railway, on the opening of the line, and of pronouncing a religious benediction upon them. The ceremony, performed by a Bishop perhaps, or priests, in their canonicals, has the imposing effect which the Catholic Church knows how to give to its rites, and makes that practical appeal to the religious sympa- thies of men which it often has recourse to with effect. The same sense of the moral and even religious import of the railroad movement of the day, animated the eloquent preacher of the discourse before us, as it led to its delivery.* In February last, the Railroad connecting Columbus, the capital of Ohio, with Cleveland, on Lake Erie, was completed. The Common Council of Cleveland, by resolution, invited the Legislature of the State, then in session, and the corporate authorities of Cleveland and Cincinnati, to unite with them in celebrating the completion of a work in which the three cities are directly interested, placing them as it does in direct communication, and furnishing * A discourse delivered on 8abbaUi morning, February 83d, 1851, on the occasion of the opening of the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, by Rev. S. C. Aiken, D. D., Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. VOL. XXVI. — HO. V. 37 Digitized by foozle 578 Moral View of Railroads, a line across the entire State, from the Ohio to the Lakes. The Legislature accordingly adjourned, and the first train of cars passed over the road on Friday the 21st of February, with a large party, legislative, municipal and official, and many ladies and gentlemen besides. The guests celebrated on the following day at once the completion of this great work, and the birth- day of Washington, whose practical spirit would have delighted could it have “ seen this day” in such public works as the Columbus and Cleveland Railroad more than in the triumphs of the field. The guests of Cleveland remained until the Monday following. Dr. Aiken, the worthy pastor of the 1st Presbyterian Church, full of the memories of a previous glorious occasion, when, on the completion of the Erie Canal, he preached before Dje Witt Clinton and the Commissioners, determined to “ improve” the event, with which every mind was full, in his sermon on Sunday, by directing the thoughts which would have been likely to wander from any theme not con- nected with the event of the hour, to the moral and religious bearings of that event How ably and forcibly he has pointed out these bearings of the Railroad enterprises of the day, our readers shall judge for themselves from our ample extracts. Nor in considering his subject from the higher and more abstract points of view which are natural to the pulpit, does Dr. Aiken lose sight of matters of more direct practical importance. While urging the value of Railroads as promotive of peace among men, union between States, as levelers in the best of ways by raising the low, he does not forget to urge the opportunity they afford to aid the cause of Temperance along the lines of Railroad and among those employed, and the duty and policy of a proper observance of the Sabbath by Railroad Companies. There is one ^ point suggested by this discourse which we wish to advert to, by way of contributing our quota to the moral improvement of the occasion, and preaching one lay sermon on Railroads. Commerce builds ship and railroads, and traverses the earth on the wings of wind and steam, ransacking every corner to discover the wants of mankind and to satisfy them. It studies the necessities of every nation and clime, and seeks to supply them. If the motive of the merchant were a purely disin- terested one, if his single aim were the good of men, in what way could it be more effectually promoted than by relieving the vjants of every clime and * people, and supplying its luxuries, by multiplying its comfort and enjoyments from tbe surplus stores of other portions of the globe ? Now it is not necessary to disguise the fact, that the primary motive of the merchant is not a disinterested one. He does not thus toil and travel out of pure care for his fellow men. It is his interest to supply their wants ; his motive is gain. But what is there to prevent the merchant from combining with the calculations of the ledger, the considerations of profit and loss, those higher considerations of unity, peace and brotherhood of nations which his calling so nobly subserves, subserves none the less because its primary motive is more selfish ? The merchant should make it a pleasure, as it is his interest, to labor in the cause of unity and concord among the nations. He is at cosmopolite by profession, let him be one in heart and spirit also. To a merchant of this stamp, a thousand opportunities of doing good present themselves in the course of trade. A well known China merchant of the city of New York, lately deceased, always gave free passages in his ships to missionaries going out to China, and brought them back also, free of ex- pense. This man was a merchant and something more, or rather he pursued his calling in that high spirit which made it an agent of unity and good Digitized by Google Moral View of Railroads . 579 will among men, and a missionary of civilization. So when men build their steamships and their Railroads which are to unite nations, and bind the ends of continents together, they may look to their dividend as sharply as they please, but let them give some thought to these higher purposes of civilization also, which their enterprises subserve ; let them be ever prompt and on the watch to seize upon and profit by the numerous incidental op- portunities afforded of promoting the good of the race ; and let them remem- ber that the great process of human progress which they are perhaps the unconscious instruments and agents of, is a greater and a better thing than the largest fortune of gold and silver ever got together. u The chariots shall rage in the streets: they shaU justle one agalost another in the brood ways; they shall seem like torches : they shall run like the lightnings.’*— Nahum U, 4. In a moral and religious point of view, as well as social and commercial, to me there is something interesting, solemn, and grand m the opening of a great thoroughfare. There is sublimity about it — indicating not only march of mind and a higher type of society, but the evolution of divine purposes, infinite, eter- nal-connecting social revolutions with the progress of Christianity and the com- ing reign of Christ. To overlook such an event — to view it only in its earthly relations, would be to overlook a movement of Providence, bearing directly upon the great interests of morality and religion — the weal or woe of our country, and of unborn millions. It is the duty of Christians, and especially of Christian ministers, to watch the signs of the times — to see God, and lead the people to see Him, in all the affairs of the world, whether commercial, political or religious, in the varied aspects in which He is presented to our view in His word. The history of roads is one of the best commentaries upon the intellectual and social state of society. Of course, it will not become the time and place, to go into it any further than is needful as preliminary to my subject A road is symbol of civilization — the want of it, a symbol of barbarism. By its condition we may ascertain, with considerable accuracy, the degree of the one or of the other. “ Let us travel,” says the Abbe Raynal, “ over all the countries of the earth, and wherever we shall find no facilities of traveling from city to town, and from a village to a hamlet, we may pronounce the people to be barbar- ous.” The government is weak — the inhabitants poor and ignorant. The road, then, is a physical index of the condition and character of any age or nation. Viewed from this stand-point, its history may correct one of our errors, and lead ns to see, that we are not quite so far in advance of antiquity as we are apt to imagine. If we look back to the earliest period of the world of which we have any record, we find that roads were the dividing line between civilization and barbar- ism. The first country, of which we have any definite knowledge, distinguished for the arts and sciences, was Egypt. Could we read its lost history, we should see that under the reign of its Pharaohs, it rose to a pitch of civilization and grandeur of which, probably, we have no conception. The fact is indicated by its pyramids and magnificent remains, which clearly show its former glory, it Thebes had its hundred gates, it is likely, that it had also its paved and spacious avenues leading from it into every part of the kingdom, on which the chariot of its kings and nobles rolled in splendor. Nor was the Jewish commonwealth without its roads, constructed in the most durable manner, under the reign of Solomon. Those leading to and from the cities of refuge, have probably never been excelled. But in the uncivilized sur- rounding nations, we hear nothing of roads. Mark also the Roman empire at the period of its highest prosperity and gran- deur. The famous “Appian Way,” celebrated by Horace, built three hundred years before Christ, remains of which ore still visible after the lapse of more than twenty centuries, is familiar to every reader of history. Two-thirds of it, from Capua to Brundusium, were built by Julius Caesar — and formed one of the Digitized by foozle 580 Moral View of Railroad*. most splendid memorials of that Emperor’s reign. Its entire length wa9 nearly four hundred miles — graded so far as practicable to a level — paved with hewn stone in the form of hexagonal blocks, laid in a durable cement — with a surface spacious and smooth. Besides this, there were other roads, constructed by dif- ferent emperors, such as the Salernian, Flaminian, Ostian, and Triumphal, leading from the capital — one of which extended four thousand miles from Antioch on the south, to Scotland on the north — at one place tunneling a mountain of rocks* at another, stretching over ravines and rivers by bridges and aqueducts, interrupted only by the English channel and the Hellespont Nor were the Romans so greatly behind us as to speed. History records the fact, that “ one Cesarius went post from Antioch to Constantinople — six hundred and sixty-five miles, in less than 9ix days. The modern traveler in his rail-car smiles at the statement ; but he forgets, that the Roman horse was neither fire nor steam, and that he is indebted for his speed to the discovery of a new and wonderful power of which the ancients knew nothing. Now turn and 'consider the old Saxons. Look at the Feudal age of compara- tive barbarism, when each community or county had its Baron and castle, built upon inaccessible rocks ; — when the people dwelt in walled cities, with sentinels upon the towers ; — when there were no roads — no wheeled vehicles, except a few, and those of the most cumbersome kind ; — when the mode of travel was on foot or horseback, through fields and streams and forests. Then it was, that the arts, sciences,' and religion were at a dead stand. There were no ducts for Com- merce— no life or motion. Day and night, the people lived in fear of robbers, and their only hope of safety lay in having no intercourse with one another, nor v/ith distant neighborhoods and provinces. So it has always been. So it is now. Point roe to a country where there are no roads, and I will point you to one where all things are stagnant — where there is no Commerce except on a limited scale — no religion, except a dead formality — no learning, except the scholastic and unprofitable. A road is a sign of motion and progress — a sign the people are living and not dead. If there is intercourse, social or commercial, there is activity ; “ advancement is going on — new ideas and hopes are rising. All creative action, whether in government, industry, thought, or religion, creates roads,” and road9 create action. To an inquisitive mind, it is extremely interesting and instructive to mark the progress of mechanical invention. To one accustomed to trace effects to their causes, it is more than interesting. He sees something besides human agency at work in the provision of materials — in the adaptation of means to ends — in the wisdom, order, and regularity of general laws, which the practical mechanic has learnt to accommodate to his own purposes. But he is not the originator of those laws, nor of the materials on which he operates. He has discovered that certain agents will serve particular ends. Of these agents he skillfully avails himself, and the result he aimed at is produced. The elements of water-power have been in existence since the world was made; and yet, there douDtless was a time when there was no water-wheel applied to a dashing current, to propel machinery. Why did not the human mind grasp at once the simple law, and dispense with animal power to grind meal for daily bread 1 On the principles of philosophy, this question is not so easily answered. To say that mind is slow in its development, does not solve the difficulty. From the earliest ages, it ha9 accomplished wonders in the arts. It has built cities and pyramids — aqueducts and canals— calculated eclipses and established great principles in science. The truth is, there is a providence in mechanical invention as well as in all the affairs of men. And when God has purposes to accomplish by this invention, he arouses some active spirit to search for the laws already in existence, and to arrange the materials with reference to the end. In past ages, for all practical purposes, the world has done well enough with * The underground tunnel of Poxzuoll, near Naples, is said to ha-re been half a league, or In American measure, one mile and a half. The passage was cut through solid rock fifteen feet square. Digitized by Google Moral View of Railroad* . 581 the mechanical powers it possessed. The water-wheel has moved the machinery attached to it The stage-coach has trundled its passengers along, contented and happy with the slow pace, though not always convenient or comfortable, because they had no better mode of conveyance. The merchant has cheerfully commit- ted his goods to the sail boat because he knew of no more powerful agent than the winds. But the human mind has received a new impulse. It is waked up to unwonted energy. It is filled with the great idea of progress, it is leaving the things that are behind, and pressing onward. Nothing has contributed more to wake up the mind from its sleep of ages — to draw out its powers and to set it on the track of discovery, than the invention of the steam-engine. This event occurred about eighty years since, and the name of the inventor is inscribed on the tablet of immortality. It was no freak of chance — no random thought of human intellect, unaided by that Infinite Intelli- gence, at whose disposal is all matter and mind ; and who, in his own time and wav, makes them subserve his own purposes. Was Bezaleel raised up by God ancf filled with wisdom 44 to devise cunning work — to work in gold and silver and brass’* — to aid Moses in building the tabernacle ? Was Hiram afterward endowed with great mechanical skill in the erection of Solomon’s temple 1 So was Watt. God raised him up to invent the steam-engine; and, when 44he gave it to man- kind in the form in which it is now employed for countless uses, it was as if God had sent into the world a legion of strong angels to toil for man in a thou- sand forms of drudgery, and to accomplish for man a thousand achievements which human hands could never have accomplished, qven with the aid of such powers of nature as were previously known and mastered. The earth with the steam-engine in it, and with all the capabilities which belong to that mighty in- strument for aiding the industry and multiplying the comforts of mankind, is a new earth, — far better fitted in its physical arrangements for the universal estab- lishment of the kingdom of Christ, or in other words, for the universal prevalence of knowledge, liberty, righteousness, peace, and salvation.” The application of steam, as a mechanical power, to locomotion on land and water, forms a new era in invention, and in the history of the world. Twenty years ago, the first successful experiment with the locomotive, was made between Liverpool and Manchester. Now, we can hardly compute the number of rail- ways. Forty-three years ago the Hudson wa9 first successfully navigated by a steamer. In the summer of 1838 the Atlantic ocean was crossed for the first time- by vessels exclusively propelled by steam power. Now look at the progress. The steamer plows our navigable rivers, our great lakes, our coasts; and asserts its supremacy over all other craft, from the Pacific to the Atlantic, and from the Atlantic to the Indian ocean. Tho changes in the moral and physical condition of our world, by means of this wonderful agency, are what no one can witness, without mingled emotions of admiration and wonder. That the hand of the Almighty is in it; that he has some good and grand design to accomplish through its instrumentality, must be evident to all who believe Him to be the moral Governor of the world. Were a new planet to start into existence, I should as soon think it the result of a fortuitous conglomeration of atoms, as to disconnect the present revolutions by steam, from the wisdom and power of God. Some good people, I am aware, look with a suspicious eye upon the iron- horse. They fancy there is a gloomy destiny in it — a power to subvert old and established customs: to change the laws and ordinances of God and man; to in- troduce moral and political anarchy, ignorance and impiety, and to make our de- generate race more degenerate still. Now, I am not troubled with such specters. I look for evils to be multiplied with the increase of travel. But order will reign, law will reign, religion will reign, because there will be an increase also of counteracting agents. If tho effect should be the increase of wealth only, we might well predict fearful conse- quences. To look upon the railroad simply os an auxiliary to Commerce; as a great mint for coining money; is to take but a superficial and contracted view of it If we would contemplate it in all its bearings, we must consider it as a new and vast power, intended by Providence to act upon religion and education ; upon the civilization and character of a nation in all the complicated interests of its Digitized by v^oosle 582 Moral View of Railroads. social organism. This is a great subject, and while I have neither time or ability to do it justice, I can see in it matter that may well employ, and will yet employ the best heads and hearts which God ha9 bestowed on mortals. Without anti- cipating evils, there are certain benefits to follow, which will prove more than an antidote. To name a few — The increase of Commerce and wealth is a consideration which 1 leave to the political economist. In no country should they be overlooked, much less in our own. Wealth is power, and when properly used, is a source of unspeakable good. As to Commerce, there are two aspects, aside from its bearing on wealth, in which 1 love to contemplate its connection with the rail-road. One is, as a preventive of war. This remark applies more to Commerce as now conducted by steam on the ocean. It is bringing the nations together, and making them feel the sympathetic throbbings of one family heart, of one great brotherhood. Would the idea of a World’s Fair have been conceived, had it not been for steam navigation ? It was a noble thought ! Let the people of eveiy tongue, and kindred, and nation from under the heaven assemble. Let them gather under the same magnificent crystal palace, and through its transparent dome, raise their eyes to the same God, and feel that he has made them all of one blood, and united them, by one common tie of interest and affection, to the Bame father and to one another ; and we may expect to hear that a motion has been made and carried by acclamation, to u beat their swords into plow-shares and their spears into pruiyng-hooks.” The other view of steam Commerce is, its tendency to unite more closely the States ; bringing them into more intimate relations, and subjecting them to the influence of mutual intercourse. Owing to emigration, we are becoming a heterogeneous people ; unlike in habits, language and religion, and scattered over a vast territory, from the Atlan- tic to the Pacific. How States, formed out of such a population, thus widely dispersed, can be held together and consolidated, is a question vitally interesting and important. One thing is certain ; it cannot be done by law, nor by military power alone. Sectional interests and jealousies will spring up against which the Constitution and brute force will form no barrier. Under circumstances so un- precedented in the history of nations, our only hope, it seems to me, lies in the general diffusion of religion and education, and in the kind and frequent inter- course which the railway is calculated to promote, — bringing distant portions of the country into the relation of neighborhoods, and thus removing sectional jeal- ousies and animosities, and inspiring mutual confidence and affection. It is for this reason, as well as others, I rejoice in the construction of a railroad, connect- ing us, I may say, with the Southern States. The influence, according to all the laws of our social being, cannot fail* to be peaceful and happy. On a little bet- ter acquaintance, our brethren of the South will feel more kindly towards us, and we towards them ; and, possibly, some mistakes and misapprehensions, on both sides, will be corrected and removed. By means of recent intercourse with foreigners, the Chinese begin to think it doubtful whether the earth is a plane, and they in the center of it, and all upon the outside barbarians. By a law of our nature, minds in contact assimilate, and, for this reason, we hope to see good result from the intermingling of the North with the South ; and, could a railroad be extended to the Pacific, it would do more to promote union in the States — to circulate kind feelingB — to establish our institutions in California, Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico, and to consolidate our glorious confederacy, than all the legis- lation of Congress from now until doomsday. A new and vast trade would at once spring up between the parent States and those more recently formed, also wTith the numerous Hands of the Pacific, and with the populous regions of eastern Asia. In its tendency all legitimate Commerce is peaceful and happy, because its benefits are mutual and reciprocal. Every new railway, therefore, constructed in our country, is another link in a chain of iron, binding the States together. Another benefit In one respect, the railroad is a leveler, but it levels up, not down. Its tendency is to place the poor on a level with the rich, not by abolishing the distinction of property — H is no socialist — not by depressing the Digitized by foozle Moral View of Railroad*. 663 ich, but by elevating all to the enjoyment of equal advantages. It is like the Press. Before the art of printing, the poor had no books. Now, the possess- ion of books is no very distinctive mark of wealth. Manufactories are leveling in the same way, by bringing to the fire sides and wardrobes of the poor, articles of comfort and luxury, which once were attainable only by the rich. So with the railway. The poor can travel with as much ease, rapidity, and cheapness as the rich. They are not doomed, as formerly, to spend life within the limits of a parish or a city ; but, can take their seat beside the millionaire, breathe the pure air of the country, recreate and recruit health and spirits in its valleys and on its mountain tops. But there are other advantages still greater. One is the general diffusion of education. M Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.” The motion of tlje body quickens the vnind. The rapid passing of objects, the active interchange of commodities in commer- cial intercourse, is attended with the interchange of ideas. Then, possibly, such active intercourse may be unfavorable to education. In a passion for travel, there is danger of cultivating the senses more than the intellect Should knowl- edge degenerate into mere sight-seeing, and become superficial, the effect will be deplorable. But as an offset to this evil, which we hardly anticipate, we see everywhere the multiplication of schools and a disposition in the people, And especially in our rulers, to patronize and encourage education. Happily for the world, rulers are beginning to see, that they are invested with power not for themselves, but for the people ; that the interest of one is the interest of both ; and, that in shaping their policy so as to advance general knowledge, industry, equal rights, and privileges, they are laying u broad foundation in the intelligence and affection of the masses for permanent peace and prosperity. In political science, this is a great advance from the old gothic notion that God made the people for the king and the king for himself. This branch of my subject I can- not close better, than in the words of an eloquent writer. Speaking of govern- ments, he says: — •“ Having it for their problem to make every man as valuable as possible to himself and to his country, and becoming more and more inspired, as we may hope, by an aim so lofty, every means will be used to diffuse education, to fortify morals and favor the holy power of religion. This being done, there is no longer any danger from travel. On the contrary, the masses of society, will by this means, be set forward continually in character and intelligence. As they run, knowledge will be increased. The roads will themselves be schools, for here they will see the great world moving, and feel themselves to be a part of it. Their narrow, local prejudices will be worn off, their superstitions forgotten. Every people will begin to understand and appreciate every other, and a common light be kindled in all bosoms.” The effects to result from the great facilities for travel, in regard to the gen- eral interests of religion, is another subject on which a large portion of commu- nity feel a deep interest. And well we may. Whatever tends to loosen the bonds that bind us to our Maker, tends also to loosen the bonds that bind society together — to uproot law and order — to introduce anarchy and misrule, guilt and wretchedness. There is one fact, however, which encourages us to hope that the influence of railways will be favorable to religion. As I have already said, they mark a new era in the world. They are destined to effect a great revolution in all the depart- ments of society. Now, if we look back on the past half century, we see nothing but a succession of revolutions in government, in the arts and sciences, in the condition of political and social life ; and yet, where is there one that has not im- mediately or remotely favored the extension of Christianity — given prosperity and power to evangelical truth, and caused the heart of Christian philanthropy to beat more intensely for the happiness of universal being] On that one* I cannot place my eye. It is not in memory. It is not on record. Wrongs deep and dread- ful there have been, and are still ; but every attempt to perpetuate them, as is obvious to the nice observer, is working out, slowly it may be, but surely, their removal. Digitized by Google 584 Moral View of Railroad*. When railroads were first projected, it was predicted, and not without some reason, that they would demolish the Christian Sabbath. But what has been the result I So far as ascertained, I confess I see no occasion for alarm. True, this sacred season of rest, given to man by his Creator, and which his physical nature imperiously demands — beingable, as has often been demonstrated, to do more labor with it than without it — is shamefully desecrated by steamers, rail-cars and other modes of conveyance. But, so far os railroads are concerned, experience both in this country and in England is gradually deciding in favor of remembering the Sabbath day to keep it holy. If correctly informed, several lines are already dis- continued and others will be. Wherever the voice of the community favors it, Directors are not backward to let their men and enginery remain quiet on this day; for it is found that nothing is gained and much lost by running. All the business can be done in six days of the week ; while not only one-seventh part of the expense is saved, but the hands employed are refreshed and invigorated by rest, and better prepared with safety and fidelity to discharge their duty. Thus the evil is working out its own remedy. The truth is, the law of the Sabbath is written, not only in the Bible, but upon the constitution of man ; and such are the arrangements of Providence that it cannot be violated without incurring loss. The pommy will follow, and if religion does not enforce obedience, self-interest will. All that is necessary is, to direct the attention of considerate men to the subject, and leave it with conscience and common sense to decide. This done, I have no fears of the result. Another thing. When a railway is managed as it should be, and as I confi- dently believe ours will be, it is found to be an important auxiliary to the cause of temperance. In a concern involving so great an amount of life and property, it is worse than folly to employ men who are not strictly temperate. The pub- lic expect and have a right to demand, for the sake of safety if nothing else, the most scrupulous adherance on the part of directors to the principles of temper- ance, in the appointment of their agents. This will inspire confidence in the traveling community, and secure patronage; and if no higher motive actuates, its influence will be good, at least upon a large class of persons necessarily connec- ted with such an establishment But it is in the power of directors — and that power can be easily exercised, espe- cially at the first start of a railroad— -to extend the healthful influence of tem- perance along the whole line ; operating benignly upon the population at large, through which it passes. They can ana ought to control the eating-houses and depots maintained for its accommodation ; and if this be so, the prohibited use of intoxicating liquor in them, by its example, will do good to the whole State. If this wise and practicable measure be adopted, as it has been on some other roads, and with entire success, it can readily be seen how powerfully it will aid the cause of temperance. For years past, one prolific source of intemperance has been the taverns and grog-shops upon our great thoroughfares. Persons who drank but little at home, under the excitement or fatigue of traveling have thought it pleasant if not necessary to indulge in the intoxicating cup, especially where none but strangers could be witnesses to their delinquency. As these sources will in a great degree cease to corrupt, if others are not opened on the railroad, incalculable good will result to the public. May we not hope that the noble stand will be taken and maintained, and that our railway, so big with pro- mise to other interests, will apply its mighty fires and forces to dry up the poi- sonous fountains of intemperance ? It will be an achievement worthy of the age. It will reflect honor upon our State. Its example will tell upon other railroads and upon the nation. In a few years, it will save money enough to repay the building of the road. It will scatter unnumbered blessings of contentment, peace, prosperity, and religion over our great commonwealth f Digitized by foozle Journal of Mercantile Law. 685 JOURNAL OF MERCANTILE LAW. INSURANCE — TOTAL LOSS OF MERCHANDISE. In the Second District Court, New Orleans, March, 1852; Judge Buchanan, presiding. Rugley, Blair & Co. vs. Sun Mutual Insurance Company. Judge Buchanan. — The claim of plaintiff is for a total loss of one hundred and twenty-five bales of cotton, insured in defendant’s office, and valued at $60 per bale. The cotton was shipped on board the schooner Velasco, at Matagorda, bound for New Orleans, on the 20th June, 1851. On the 24th June, at 8 o’clock, A.M., the Velasco went to sea, and proceeded on her voyage with a head wind. On the 25th June, at 1 P. M., having tried the pumps and found they would not suck, and the water gaining fast from a leak, as was afterwards discovered, the master of the vessel put her head about and made for the bar of Matagorda Bay, his point of departure ; which he reached at 9 o’clock next morning, the 26th June, and reached the wharf at Decro’s Point, Matagorda Bay, at 1 1 o’clock, making just twenty-two hours from the first discovery of the leak and change of course. The vessel being completely water-logged, was beached at Decro’s Point with- in a few yards of the wharf, and her cargo landed. On the 3d of July, a survey was called upon the cargo of’ the Velasco, by a notary public. On the same day, the surveyors appointed by the notary gave it as their opin- ion and report, that the cargo of the Velasco should be sold at auction, as adver- tised, for the benefit of all concerned. On the same day the cargo of the Velasco was sold at auction, including the one hundred and twenty-five bales insured by plaintiffs. On the same day, the master of the vessel, and Thomas Decro, who had fur- nished hands to assist in getting the Velasco from the bar to the landing, enter- ed into an agreement to appoint arbitrators to assess salvage to the said Decro for his said services. On the same day, the arbitrators reported a salvage of 33fr per cent on the net amount of the sales at auction; and assessed the schooner Velasco, as she lay, at $2,000 for her portion or contribution of salvage. The net proceeds of sales of the one hundred and twenty-five bales* of cotton, insured by plaintiffs, being $1,766 31 as per average statement in evidence, the salvage on the same was according to the award, $588 77. The said cotton was purchased (or rather one hundred and twenty-two bales of the same) by one John Rugely, and shipped to New Orleans by the steamer Fuselier and the schooner Star, for account of the purchaser. The plaintiffs made a demand upon the defendants for indemnity, who, on the 31st July, 1851, replied that they could not recognize the claim, because the sale of the cotton insured, and the other proceedings at Decro’s Point, were contrary to the terms and rules of insurance. On the 6th of August, 1851, plaintiffs made an abandonment in writing as for a total loss ; which was rejected by the defendants. And this suit was brought on the same day. In their answer filed, the defendants take the same grounds as in their note of the 31st of July; and in addition, plead unseaworthiness. In my recapitulation of dates above — as to the time of the first discovery of the leak, the change of course, and the arrival of the Velasco at Decro’s landing on her return to port — I have followed the protest. I must remark that there is, however, a singular discrepancy from this date of the latter event, in some portions of the evidence. For I find that the copy of the notice of survey on the vessel, furnished by the notary, is dated the 24th of June, when, according to the protest, the vessel was at sea ; and the average statement declared that Digitized by (^ooQle 686 Journal of Mercantile Law. the Velasco was beached on Decro’s Point the 25th Jane, 1851, although the protest makes out that event to have occurred on the 26th. The policy of insurance sued upon, contains the following clause : — “ The insured are not to abandon on account of the boat grounding, or being otherwise detained ; and in case of the loss of the boat or vessel, or part of her cargo, or of damage to the whole or part thereof, it shall be the duty of the master or agent of said vessel to forward such part of the cargo, as shall be sa- ved in a condition fit to be shipped to its port of destination, by the best convey- ance obtainable at the place where the shipped goods may be, or at any other place within a reasonable distance ; and the enhanced expense thereof, not ex- ceeding the amount insured, shall fall on the insurers.” The practicability of procuring a conveyance to forward the cotton in ques- tion, is proved by the fact, that the cotton was forwarded to New Orleans, its port of destination, within a few days after the auction sale, by the purchaser at said sale. There is proved to have been a weekly communication by steamboat between Matagorda Bay and New Orleans ; and the proceedings of the sale of the cotton under the circumstances, appear to me to be a manifest violation of the clause in the policy copied. Judgment for defeudants with costs. PL ADI TIFF TO RECOVER FOR THE SERVICES OF HIS MINOR SON WHO SHIPPED IN DEFENDANT’S VESSEL ON A WHALING VOYAGE. In the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts; before Judge Bigelow. John Carnes vs. John Parkhurst, et al. This was an action of assumpsit brought against the defendants, owners of the ship Kutosoff, by the plaintiff to recover the sum alleged to be due him on ac- count of the services of his minor son, who shipped in the defendant’s vessel, * and was absent on a whaling voyage thirty-four months. The plaintiff commen- ced his action May 10th, 1851, three days after the arrival of the Kutosoff, and claimed in his writ to recover at the rate of #16 a month for the whole time, amounting to $544. It was contended by the counsel for the plaintiff that the father might recover the value of the son’s services at home to himself, or might elect to take the lay the boy earned at sea as evidenced by the shipping articles ; and that in the lat- ter case no deduction whatever could be made for advances, necessaries supplied the minor, or ship charges of any kind, as none of these were binding upon the father, but that he was entitled to the gross lay. The defendants contended that the father, in this action, was only entitled to < recover of them the actual value of the services of the minor while in their em- ploy, he having disavowed the special contract in the shipping articles, and that they were entifled to deduct from this gross value the customary charges made in whaling voyages, and also such sums of money as were paid by them for ne- cessaries furnished the minor preparatory to and during the voyage. There was also a question raised os to an implied assent and ratification on the ' part of the father. On this point the evidence was that the minor ran away from Lowell where his father resided, and remained a few weeks in Boston without any employment, and that his father knew he was in Boston, and then shipped at an office in the city for a whaling voyage. That his father came down to New Bedford after the boy, and arrived some six hours after the ship sailed, and neither assented nor dissented from the shipment when made known to him. Defend- ants contended that he was bound to dissent therefrom, so as to give them an election to send for the boy and return him. The case was argued by B. F. Hallett, Esq., for the plaintiff, and R. C. Pitman, Esq., for the defendants. Bigelow, J., charged in substance as follows : — This is an action by the father for his son’s services. It is an equitable action. It is not an action for tort. In an actirfti for enticement, which is an action for tort, you would not be limited as you now are by the worth of the son’s services. But in this ease, by declaring Digitized by Google 687 Journal of Mercantile Late. in assumpsit, the father recognizes an implied contract. He cannot recover dam- ages for any wrong, if there be any in the case. It is wholly immaterial whether there exist any wrongful practice in New Bedford, or not The father asks the value of the minor’s services. He can only recover that It is of no conse- quence in this action, why the defendants shipped the minor. If he had chosen to bring an action for enticing or harboring the minor, and the facts would sup- port the action, the rule would have been different As to the preliminary question of assent on the part of the father, which has been raised in the case, the burden of the proof is on the defendants. It is un- doubtedly true that if a father stands by and having power to dissent, does not, the law will infer he means to assent It does not appear that the father distinct- ly assented or dissented when at New Bedford. The defendants contend that he should have demanded that the boy should be returned at Fayal. But there is no evidence that the father was told by them that the ship would stop there, or that he knew that fact If you can infer any assent on the part of the plaintiff from the evidence, and that he knew what the contract was, he is bound to it, but the defendants must satisfy you on this point As to the measure of damages in this case, my opinion is, that the value of the services at sea rather than the previous services of the minor at home should be taken as the standard. The legal rule is, the value of the services at the time and place and under the circumstances under which they were rendered. The value of the precise services rendered — that is what the father sues for. He is not bound by the contract The lay given in the shipping articles is only evidence of the fair value of such a boy's services. It is not conclusive. And on the other hand, as the contract is not to govern, you may take into considera- tion the conduct of the boy and deduct anything for unfaithfulness if you deem it right You are to pass on the whole question of the value of his services. If you give the boy 1-190, which is what the captain testifies is the usual lay in such a ship for green hands, his share will amount to $315. That is the gross value of his services, if you take the standard. Whatever sum you assume, from this you are to deduct such sums as have been paid by defendants for necessaries furnished during this period, either as outfits or os supplies from the slop chest This rests on the ground, that the father can recover in this action precisely what he could if he had shipped the minor himself, without any express contract. As he is to rely on this kind of service, you are to consider that he is relieved from furnishing board and clothing during this time. In estimating the value of the sea service, you are to consider what is needed to support the minor while in it. The kind of employment determines the amount and nature of necessaries. Inasmuch as the father recovers wages based on expenses, this is equitable. As he claims benefits he must take burdens of the service. Wages are graduated according to these necessaries. You must deduct then what the defendants have paid, that the father ought to have paid, so that he may have the same as if he had sent the boy himselr. But the law only allows necessaries. You must judge what is reasonably ne- cessary. The father is not bound by the orders or the bills. Only what is reas- onable as to kind, quantity and prices of articles furnished, can be allowed. Cer- tainly some articles are not necessaries, and the money furnished on the voyage can hardly be called necessary, though this question must be submitted to you. It is claimed there should be another deduction on account of the conduct of the boy and his temporary desertion, and this on the ground that the services of such a boy are less valuable. You are to take all the evidence into consideration and say whether any deduction ought to be made from what boys usually have. The defendants also claim that certain deductions should be made for fitting and discharging ship, etc., and for medicine chest. This is claimed on the ground that it is the universal understanding that these charges are to be made against a seaman's voyage, and that his lay is graduated with this understanding. If this be so, it is for you to say how much you will allow. You are to consider and pass upon the reasonableness of these charges. The outfitting of a whaler un- doubtedly requires much more expense than that of a merchant vessel. But af- Digitized by v^.ooQle 588 Journal of Mercantile Law . ter all you may think it comes back to the understanding; and if persons are always shipped with the understanding that these charges are to be made, it is for you to say whether you are not to take the customary amounts in estimating the value of services according to the lay usually given. After all, this is a practical question, and in my opinion the best tribunal to settle it is a juiy of twelve men. Under the rules laid down, you are to say what the real value or the minor’s ser- vices were ; and then add interest from tne date of the writ. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $189 60. ■ / CLAIMS FOR DIFFERENCE IN VALUE OF COTTON SOLD AS u ORDINARY.” Decision of New Orleans Chamber of Commerce ; before a Special Commit- tee. Present, Clias. Briggs, Second Vice President, Messrs. M. Greenwood, Wm. Mure, W. S. Pickett, G. A. Holt Prehn, Clegg & Co. vs. Wright, Williams & Co. This is a claim for JE90 7s. 3d. sterling, the alleged amount of difference in value between ten bales, part of a lot of sixty-nine bales of cotton sold as “ or- dinary” by defendants to plaintiffs ; but which, the latter assert, turned out to be false packed and deceptive, and the sale of which resulted in a loss of the sum now claimed. It appears by the documents submitted to the committee, that the whole pur- chase, of which the ten bales in question formed a part, consisted of two hundred and forty-three bales, which were classed by the broker, Mr. Schmidt, as follows : Twenty-three bales fully middling, sixty-eight good middling, seventy-three good ordinary, sixty-nine ordinary, six stained, and four low ordinary. The plaintiffs assert that the spinners in England for whom the cotton was pur- chased, on opening the sixty-nine bales of ordinary, found the ten bales complain- ed of fraudulently packed, so as purposely to deceive the buyer — a very small quantity of the good cotton being on the top and bottom, while the bulk of the bale was gin dirt and dust not worth the carriage. The plaintiff’s claim is supported by a certificate of the foreman of the spin- ners for whom the cotton was purchased, who declares these ten bales to be false packed, and worth only twopence half penny per pound, while the remainder of the lot was worth seven pence per pound ; also by a certificate to the same effect by a person named Richard Wright, who is described by the plaintiffs as a respec- table merchant in the trade. This latter certificate is not sworn to, and there is no consular certificate to any of the papers. The only testimony offered on ei- ther side is that of Mr. Schmidt the plaintiffs’ broker, who bought the cotton, and the samples drawn by him at the time of the purchase, together with the samples of the ten bales in dispute returned from England* Mr. Schmidt testifies that in classing cotton purchased by him, he never puts mixed cotton in any regular class, but either altogether rejects it or classes it by itself, dependent on the terms of the contract. He further testifies that the difference in value between the lowest and the best cotton in each separate sample exhibited of these ten bales, does not exceed three to four cents per lb. in this market The committee have carefully examined the samples and the testimony present- ed to them, and are of opinion that they are altogether insufficient to establish the identity of the cotton. The plaintiffs* own witness, Mr. Schmidt, distinctly states that he never would have put u mixed cotton,” such as is contained in these ten bales, among M ordinary” cotton, nor in any other regular class, and yet in no oth- er way could they have possibly got into the lot of sixty-nine bales, among which they are said to have been found, but by his own act There are two qualities in each of the samples of these ten bales, one, which if they were false packed, would of course have been placed outside, fully middling quality, the other be- low ordinary, and by no method of drawing samples known to the trade here could these bales, thus constructed, have found their way into the ordinary class of this purchase. The whole declaration of the foreman of the spinners is at variance with the testimony of the plaintiffs’ broker here, and with the evidence of the samples themselves, he says that “ each bale was merely coated with the Digitized by Google Journal of Mercantile Law. 589 description it ought to contain, whereas if they were coated at all for the purpose of deceiving, it could not have been with the description it ought to contain, for there was none such in the bales, but with a class either better or worse, for as before stated, these ten bales, if correctly represented by the samples, contained cotton either entirely above or entirely below the class “ ordinary” to which they are said to have belonged. That part of $he declaration of this witness in which he asserts, there is a difference of four and half pence, or nearly nine cents, per lb. between the ten bales and the other cotton in the shipment, is equally at vari- ance with the evidence of Mr. Schmidt, who testifies that the difference does not exceed three to four cents per lb., and the appearance of the samples exhibited to the committee, and under these circumstances the committee unanimously award : That the claims of the plaintiffs be dismissed, and that they pay the costs of this arbitration. LIBEL FOR COLLISION. In United States Circuit Court, Philadelphia ; before Judges Grier and Kane, 8ept. 13th, 1852. The Delaware — appeal in admiralty. Palmer and all owners of the bark Delaware vs. the Osprey. Grier, Judge. — Taking all the other circumstances of these cases together, and omitting the fact of almost total darkness, and that the bark could see the steam- boat while the steamboat could not see the bark, the steamboat would have clearly been held liable for the damages of the collision. It is true there is no law requiring vessels navigating the high seas after night to carry signal lights, and I concur with the District Court that it is to be much regretted. The case before us is briefly this : A steamboat and a sailing vessel are meet- ing one another on a very dark night in the Delaware Bay, six or seven miles within the Capes. The bark has the wind free. They are approaching each oth- er at the rate of sixteen, or at the least calculation, fifteen miles an hour, and therefore approximate in a right line at the rate of a mile in four minutes. The steamboat has three lights out; the bark has none. The bark sees the steamboat approach. Sailing before the wind, she has the power to give the steamer a wide berth and obviate all possible danger of collision. Now, if the steamer had the same opportunity of observing the course of the bark, the latter, knowing this fact, would have a right to expect a consequent caution on the part of the steamer. But I think it is plain from the testimony, that the light shown by the bark was too late to be of any benefit or to warn the steamer of its approach, till the very moment of the collision. The warning giv- en of the approach of the bark by her sails intercepting the light from the light- house, like that of the lamp from the bark, was also too late, as well as too un- certain, to justify the steamboat in taking any other means of escaping a collision than she did take. The order to starboard the helm before stopping the boat and reversing the engine, may have been wrong, and it may be true that these latter orders were not fully executed at the time of the collision. It maybe true also that the order of the bark to starboard her helm, and disregard that- of the steamboat captain to port it, was correct, and the only way of avoiding collision which would have destroyed the bark. But these considerations cannot affect the case. It was the fault of the bark and not of the steamboat that the vessels were brought into such*proximity that such mistakes might be made in the dark, when the pilot of the steamboat could neither judge of the distances between the ap- proximating vessels, the rates of their approach, or the relative angle of their re- spective courses. It was the duty of the bark, which could see, to give a wide berth to the boat, which could not see ; and not to leave it in the power of her pilot by a mistake in a moment of surprise to cause a collision. The rule of passing to the right, or porting the helm, in cases of vessels meet- on the same line, is founded on the supposition that each party can see the other. But where one is blind, and the other knows it, he should not put himself with- in reach of injury by any mistake of the blind, or run over him or knock him down for not observing the rule. Digitized by Google 500 Journal of Mercantile Law. The court cannot establish any rule to bind vessels navigating the high seas after night, to carry signal lights ; but where one party does this and the other does not, we can and will treat (in a case cateris paribus ) the dark boat as the wrong doer and liable to make reparation. In rivers and narrow channels, and in harbors, there are generally local regulations requiring it But if there be not, it would still be advisable for vessels sailing either in close or open channels, to keep proper signal lights on dark nights, if they expect a remedy in courts in case of collision. The decree of the District Court in these cases is therefore affirmed. obtaining goods under false pretenses. The following case of obtaining goods under false pretenses, was heard and decided, in Cincinnati, by Judge Carter, of the Court of Common Pleas : — McCullough, Morris & Co. vs. J. H. Einstein. This was an action of replevin for the recovery of certain merchandise in the defendant, under following cir- cumstances : — A Mr. Einstein, a merchant in failing circumstances, Attica, Indiana, purchased by false representations the merchandise of the plaintiffs. This same merchant was a debtor to many creditors in this city about that time, and informed of his condition, these creditors pursued him, ana compelled him by way of settlement, to give up to them at the rate of ninety cents on the dollar the greater part of his stock of merchandise. The defendant, as a creditor of Einstein, thus came into possession of the property got from the plaintiffs by Einstein. A jury was waived ; and the premium, on extended argument, submitted to the court Judge Carter held: — 1. That the weight of the evidence manifested, that Einstein obtained these goods from the plaintiffs by false representations. 2. That, therefore, as against the plaintiffs, he acquired no right of property in the goods ; and replevin might be well maintained against him. 3. That when in a purchase, though made by false representations on the port of the vendee, the vender intends at the same time to part with the right of property and of possession — in a word, if there is a complete sale of the property — then the rights acquired by an innocent purchaser, in the ordinary course of trade, are not to be affected by the rights of the original vender. 4. But then, creditors, so far as the weight of testimony goes, are not to be considered in the light of truly innocent purchasers, without notice in the ordi- naiy course of trade : they were pursuing their debtor, and were well aware of his condition — and being so, they took the property at their own peril, so far as the right of others were concerned. Besides, it is shown by the evidence, that the property in question in this case was in possession of the defendant under concealment ; and if so, the court con- siders thb is an especial item of testimony to show, that the defendant does not truly stand in the light of an innocent purchaser, without notice. Judgment for plaintiffs. BANK CHECKS — OVERDRAWN ACCOUNT. In the Supreme Court, city of New York, May 26, 1852; before Judge San- ford. Metropolitan Bank against William & James Currie. This is an action to recover an amount alleged to have been overdrawn by de- fendants, as account stood between the parties, August 20, 1851. It appeared that a check of Maretzek, for $4,400 on the Mechanics’ Banking Association, dated August 20, 1851, was deposited by defendants in the Metro- Eolitan Bank, and credited at first to them. It was sent in the course of bank usiness to the Mechanics’ Banking Association, the next morning, and returned dishonored ; notice of which, it is alleged, was sent to defendants the same day, which, it does not appear, they received. The same morning, the 21st, the de- fendants gave Maretzek a check for 15,300, which was certified by the teller of Digitized by Google Journal of Mercantile Law. 591 the Metropolitan Bank, and intended, a a alleged, to enable Maretzek to take np his check on the Mechanics’ Banking Association ; it was credited by them to Maretzek. and afterwards payment was countermanded by defendants. The plaintiffs contend, that it is the practice with the banks to receive checks from their customers without examination, and credit them until they send and find whether they are good ; and if they are not good, they return them and re- quire the depositors to make up the deficiency, and'the defendants knew of this usage. They also maintain, that the certified check was delivered and credited to the Mechanics’ Banking Association before the order of countermand. The defendants deny that their account was overdrawn ; they claim that the certified check was paid, notwithstanding they hod countermanded it; and that the funds of Maretzek in the Mechanics’ Banking Association were paid out after the check of $4,400 was sent to the bank. The court having summed up the evidence, reserving the questions of law, in- structed the jury to return answers to the following questions on the facts of the case. 1st. Have the Metropolitan Bank assumed and taken the check of $4,400 as their own ? Answer, No. 2d. Was the check of $5,300 credited by the Metropolitan Bank to the Me- chanics’ Banking Association, in the pass-books of the latter, before the Curries notified the Metropolitan Bank not to pay it ? Answer, Yes. 3d. Was the check of $5,300 credited by the Metropolitan to the Mechanics* Banking Association, in the ledger of the Metropolitan, before the Curries gave notice not to pay it ? Answer, Yes. Whereupon the court ordered judgment to be entered for plaintiffs, for $4,315 67. E. Sanford for plaintiffs. C. P. Kirkland for defendants. ASSUMPSIT AGAINST THE MAKER OF A PROMISSORY NOTE INDORSED IN BLANK. In the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, March term, 1852. Mechan- ics’ Bank vs. Dexter Hildreth. A firm of two individuals had sold out to the defendant, and received from him six promissory notes for their stock ; four of which were divided between the partners, each taking two as his share and property. One of them received tho note in suit as his, and indorsed it in blank in the firm’s name. The other imme- diately went into insolvency and the note was thereafter sold. The time of in- dorsement being in dispute, the jury found at the trial below that it was made before the publication of the notice of insolvency. It was contended that no valid title was shown in the plaintiffs. The opinion of the court was delivered by Bigelow, J. He said it was unne- cessary to go into the question, whether a note on which the firm’s name is indor- sed before dissolution, and which is negotiated alter by one of them without authority, is vested in the holder by a valid title, because it appeared that in this case a perfect title was vested in one of the partners before the dissolution by insolvency. There was an agreement by two partners to divide their joint prop- erty, each taking his share ; and this they may do. Colyer on Part. $ 174. Hav- ing exercised this right, it followed, that while the co-partnership continued, each might act in the name of the firm, to vest his share in himself, and might so in- dorse a note for that purpose. The jury having found that the note was indor- sed before the dissolution, it followed that ho thereby vested the title abso- lutely in himself, and might transfer a good title. Exceptions overruled, and the judgment of Court of Common Pleas for the plaintiff affirmed. PROMISSORY NOTES — INDORSERS. In the Supreme Court, city of New York, May 21, 1852; before Judge San- ford. Henry L. Van Wyck and another against John McIntosh. The defendant in this action is sued as indorser of a promissory note, made by Thomas McIntosh & Co., for goods sold to them by plaintiff The note ia dated November 14, 1860, for $2,045. Digitized by foozle 502 Journal of Mercantile Law. The defense is, that the indorsement is a forgery. The plaintiffs contend that the indorsement is the actual signature of the de- fendant ; that even if it is a forgery, the defendant, by his subsequent conduct, acquiesced in the signature and adopted it as his own, which amounted to an im- plied authority from the defendant, to McIntosh to sign his name in his stead. The court charged the jury to find in the first place, whether the indorsement was in the actual handwriting of defendant In the absence of any witness to the act of signing, they must consider the evidence of witnesses, who, from their previous acquaintance with the handwriting of the defendant were competent to decide upon the genuineness of this signature. On this point very many wit- nesses have been examined, and there is a great discrepancy in their testimony : though it may, perhaps, be said that the balance is in favor of the defendant Still, in weighing this evidence, you must make allowance for the fact, that even the best judges have widely differed as to the genuineness of the signature* which have been presented to their examination on this trial. It has also been proved, that defendant was in the habit of indorsing notes in blank for his son to fill up, and in his examination at the police office he did not say that this was not his signature. In the next place, if you find that the name was not signed by defendant, you must unavoidably conclude that it was signed by T. McIntosh the son ; and you will then consider whether it was done by defendant’s authority, express or im- plied. There is no evidence of express authority or of express ratification in this case, although it has been shown that in the case of other notes, on which it is alleged there were forged indorsements of defendant’s name, he had then declared that they were all right, and would be paid. If you find that the in- dorsement is not in the actual handwriting of the defendant, and that it was written without his authority or ratification, he is not liable. Verdict for plaintiffs, $2,i90 09. DECISION ON THE USURY LAW IN NEW JERSEY. A correspondent of the New Jersey Herald, furnishes the subjoined sketch of a case of usury recently decided in that State — The law upon this subject provides not only that all usurious contracts are void, and makes that a good defense where it can be proved, but also that any person who shall, directly or indirectly, take, accept, or receive more than lawful interest on any loan, shall forfeit the full amount of the money loaned, one-half to the use of the State, and the other to the prosecutor, to be recovered with costs by action of debt on the case, in any court of record having cognizance thereof. It is not simply making the usurious contract which subjects the lender to this penal action, he must not only contract for unlawful interest, but afterwards re- ceive it in pursuance of the contract. On the 15th of October, 1846, a citizen of Frankford, in this county, loaned to one of his neighbors $30<>, and took his note, with two friends as sureties, for $350, payable in two years with interest— making a shave of $50 on $300 lent When the note became due, the lender sued the three makers upon it There was no witness to prove the usury except the borrower, and he being su- ed with the others, it was out of their power to set up usury os a defense to the note, for want of evidence to prove it. The securities then paid the $350 and interest, and the costs of the suit ; and one of them turned around and sued the lender under the law above referred to, for the penalty of $300, being the amount loaned. The suit was tried in the Circuit Court of this county, before Judge O^den, August term of 1850. The usury was proved by the borrower, and the jury found a verdict for the plaintiff for $300, besides the costs. The defendant moved in arrest of judgment, which the Judge refused, and then re- manded the suit by writ of error to the Supreme Court. The cause was argued at the last February term of the Supreme Court, and at the term just closed the court unanimously affirmed the judgment Digitized by foozle Commercial Chronicle and Review. 598 COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW. <1 EXKRAI. ASPECT OP COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS — THE DEMAND POR MONEY, AMD ITS INFLUENCE IN CHECK* ING UNDUE SPECULATION— INDICATIONS OP GENERAL PROSPERITY— THE INFLUENCE OP COMMERCE UPON TUB FOREIGN RELATIONS OP THE COUNTRY— POSITION OP THE BANKS) WITH PARTICULAR ILLUSTRATIONS AT NEW YORK AND NEW ORLEANS— DEPOSITS AND COIKAOE AT THE PHILADKL. PH1A AND NEW ORLEANS MINT FOR SEPTEMBER— IMPORTS OP FOREIGN MERCHANDISE AT NEW YORK FOR SEPTEMBER) AND FROM JANUARY 1ST — CLASSIFICATION OP IMPORTS, INCLUDING DRY GOODS, WITH A QUARTERLY STATEMENT FOR NINE MONTHS— RECEIPT8 FOR DUTIES AT NEW YORK # — SUMMARY STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS OP DUTIES AT NEW YORK) PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON, BALTIMORE, AND NEW ORLEAN8— EXPORTS PROM MEW YORK POR SEPTEMBER— QUARTERLY STATEMENT OF EXPORTS FOR NINE MONTHS— CLASSIFICATION OF EXPORTS INCLUDING THE PRIN- CIPAL ARTICLES OF PRODUCE— PR08PKCT8 OP THE FOREIGN TRADE FOR THE REMAINDER OP THE YEAR. As vve approach the close of the year, the amount of maturing business ob- ligations, in all of our large commercial cities, is found to be increasing, but the chief demand for money has not been from that source. Since our last, a por- tion of the surplus capital loaned on call has been withdrawn, and this has created quite a stir among the class of borrowers who were obliged to meet the demand. The securities upon which the loans were based, were mostly of that class not recognized by banking-houses and leading capitalists, and consequently some little difficulty was experienced in obtaining the funds, and it was only ef- fected by a considerable increase in the rates of interest, or by selling out, at a loss, the fancy stocks, upon which the credit was wanted. This excitement in the money market has not seriously affected legitimate business transactions. It has raised the rates of interest two or three per cent per annum upon business paper of a moderate grade, and one or two per cent upon prime signatures ; but it has not at all diminished the supply for the regular demand. Neither has it created any increased inquiry for capital from the mercantile portion of the com- munity. In Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore, the banks discount with a liberal spirit, and no scarcity of money is felt, as generally apprehended. This check to speculation will prove very useful. Whenever capital is freely obtained for a succession of months, at a low rate of interest, speculators are en- couraged to engage in doubtful projects, and men of small means doing even a legitimate business, will advance beyond their depth. Capitalists are not want- ing, who will countenance such desperate adventures, tempted thereto by the hope of realizing a larger per centnge for the use of their money. All goes swimmingly for awhile until the check is given, when the reaction fully reveals all the recklessness of the enterprise. Credit continues unimpaired, and thus far there have been fewer failures dur- ing the season, than for many years. The demand for merchandise to distribute through the interior has been very active, and the large supplies have not greatly accumulated at any single point. There can, perhaps, be no better evidence of the general prosperity, than the fact that unseasonable or rejected styles of goods are unsaleable at any price. Purchasers are unusually discriminating in their wants, a state of things which exists only when a saving of cost affords no in- ducement for the sacrifice of taste. The foreign relations of the country are watched by our capitalists with a tol. xxvn. — no. v. 88 Digitized by foozle 594 Commercial Chronicle and Review. jealous eye, and more solicitude is felt just now in regard to them, than to any difficulties likely to grow out of the development of our own resources, even though the latter be in some respects disproportionate and premature. Commer- cial interests have often been sneered at, by those who have nothing to lose but everything to gain from a public calamity, as standing ingloriously between the people and a proper vindication of the national honor; and those most valorous for martial glory, speak with a cool contempt of cotton and sugar, and bales of dry goods, and contend that the acquisition of dollars and cents is a pitiful pursuit for one who is fitted to shine in the panoply of war. We would not advocate a sordid spirit, but we do maintain that if the commercial aspects of 9 a rupture with a foreign power had been oftener considered, the history of the past would have been quite as glorious, with fewer sad and sorrowful records. The mercantile community is ever alive to a proper sense of what is due to the national honor, and no country struggling for the right, has ever found its mer- chants among the last to make sacrifices for the public good. At the same time, Commerce has done more to preserve the peace of the world than all other in- fluences combined; and as commercial ties are multiplied, the nations of the earth will be drawn into that band of common brotherhood, when they will learn war no more. The banks are generally in a healthy condition. The unauthorized private in- stitutions nominally located in Washington, D. C., to which we called attention in a previous number, have, most of them, failed as we expected, and the public are fleeced out a portion of their circulation. We are happy to know that our warning saved not a few of our readers from serious loss. The legitimate insti- tutions throughout the country, have in no degree lost the public confidence. The Board of Currency at New Orleans report the following condition of the banks in that city on the 25th Sept. : — Circulation. Specie. Cash Assets. Liabilities. Louisiana. 11,083,404 $2,292,633 $6,178,882 $4,428,605 Canal and Banking. 1,062,937 1,091,255 8,989,969 2,647,882 Louisiana State 1,114,780 1,610,838 6,114,759 4,516,684 Meehan’s’ A Trade’s. 712,660 954,949 8,247,814 2,290,796 Union 25,520 95,198 208,074 48,576 Citizens. 6,028 106,665 107,261 85,819 Consolidated. 6,738 38,882 83,382 8,780 Total $4,012,017 $6,083,915 $18,879,641 $14,025,096 By comparing this with a similar statement for the previous month, published in our last number, (page 482) it will be seen that the aggregate circulation haa decreased $172,913, the specie $356,818, while the cash assets have increased $1 ,497,798, and the liabilities only $373,415. The Controller has called for the statement of the New York, banks to be made up to the 4th September, thus going back a month, instead of selecting a recent date. The banks were taken by surprise, aud the statement will be less favor- able than would now be made, but still as far as known will possess no objec- tionable features. The New Y ork city banks have completed their returns, which have been hastily compiled, sufficiently accurate for a comparison, although the aggregate is not official. The figures for the previous quarters are taken from the regular returns. Digitized by v^ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Bedew. 595 RESOURCES. September 4. Jane 86. March 27. Loans and discounts except to Directors. , and Brokers $79,378,717 $72,802,007 $64,828,061 Loans and discounts to Directors. ' 3,909,457 8,675,807 8,704,001 Other liabilities of Directors 678,421 658,696 788,680 Due from Brokers 6,866,129 6,443,646 3,017,992 Beal estate. 2,702,424 2,708,872 2,639,846 Bonds and mortgages 248,611 242,361 242,427 Stocks 6,246,246 6,191,746 4,954,068 Promissory notes 46,961 11,686 30,886 Loss and expense account 819,084 891,122 867,968 Overdrafts 44,985 42,065 40,600 Specie 8,702,908 12,162,048 9,716,070 Cash items- 11,824,207 11,889,618 11,886,489 Bills of solvent banks on hand 1,218,618 1,423,412 1,062,666 Due from suspended banks 103,777 4,108 Due from solvent banks 4,186,864 4,347,711 4,407,369 Total resources $128,647,798 $120,236,080 $106,290,528 LIABILITIES. Capital $36,841,550 Profits. 6,464,684 Circulation of unregistered notes. 256,845 Circulation of registered notes.. 8,421,880 Due Treasurer New York State. ...... 187,201 Deposits 49,661,360 Due individuals and corporations 711,268 Due banks on demand. 21,646,796 Due on credit 166,984 Due others 169,842 $35,628,250 6,107,491 270,124 7,868,106 206,347 50,110,110 290,064 18,160,081 1,422,684 273,741 $86,187,870 6.534.188 270,841 7.401.189 218,748 43,416,126 298,658 18,693,782 180,000 190,281 Total liabilities $128,647,798 $120,236,080 $106,290,528 The foregoing shows an increase in the loans and discounts of over $7,000,000, a decrease in specie of over $4,000,000, an increase of capital of nearly $1,500,000, in the circulation of $500,000, and a falling off in the deposits of $448,780. Were the statement to be repeated to day, a large portion of the loss in specie would be made up, and the loans exhibit a decrease. We annex a statement of the deposits and coinage at the Philadelphia and New Orleans mints for the month of September : — DEPOSITS FOS SEPTEMBER. NEW ORLEANS. PHILADELPHIA. From California. Total. From California. Total.' Gold $40,087 $42,694 $4,169,800 $4,264,000 Silver 148 26,000 26,000 Total $40,087 $48,787 GOLD COINAGE. $4,195,800 $4,270,000 Pieces. Value. Pieces. Value. Double eagles Bagles .. , 1,000 $20,000 187,360 24,650 61,830 $3,747,200 245,500 306,650 Halfeagles »•»* ..t f . , Quarter- eagles .... 129,312 828,277 Gold dollars 40,000 40,000 192,526 192,526 Total 41,000 $60,000 596,077 $4,816,168 Digitized by foozle 596 Commercial Chronicle and Review. SILVER COINAGE. Quarter-dollars 13,000 $3,250 Dimes. 180,000 $18,000 100,000 10,000 Halfdimes 48,500 4,850 Threecent pieces ...... 1,666,900 47,007 Total 180,000 $18,000 1,723,400 $64,607 Total coinage. 221,000 78,000 2,318,477 4,879,760 There has been no copper coinage during the month. The receipts of gold in California, or at the mints, show no symptoms of a decline, notwithstanding there has been a large emigration from our Pacific coast to Australia. In our last we asserted that the imports for September would show a consid- erable increase over the corresponding month of last year. The official entries have since been completed, and we are enabled to present our usual summary, which fully corroborates our statement. The imports at some of the lesser ports show a trifling decrease, but not sufficient to prove of any account in a general comparison. The following is a comparison of the receipts at New York. FOREIGN IMPORTS ENTERED AT NEW YORK FOR SEHEMBBR. 1810. 1851. 1852. Entered for consumption $8,192,761 $8,884,172 $11,095,827 Entered for warehousing 928,125 864,916 623,260 Free goods 1,273,878 366,163 834,343 Specie. 2,406,306 116,550 66,789 Total entered at the port .... $12,801,110 $9,780,791 $12,620,219 Withdrawn from warehouse.. . 1,117,262 1,669,304 1,264,358 To guard against misapprehension, we repeat our former explanation, that the specie received from California, up to November, 1850, was mostly cleared from Chagres on the Isthmus, and entered here as from a foreign port The receipts of free goods have increased from last year nearly half a million of dollars, but are less than for the same month of 1850. The imports, exclusive of specie, were divided between dry goods and general merchandise as follows : — IMPORTS OF FOREIGN MERCHANDISE AT NEW TORE FOR SEPTEMBER. 1850. 1851. 1852. Drygoods. $5,291,690 $5,106,054 $6,659,818 General merchandise. 6,103,114 4,509,187 5,894,112 Total merchandise. $10,394,804 $9,615,241 $12,658,480 It will be seen from the foregoing that the total receipts of foreign merchan- dise for the month were $2,939,189 greater than for September, 1851, and $2,158,626 greater than for the same month of 1850. This increase has not been sufficient to compensate for the falling off noticed earlier in the year, and the total foreign imports, exclusive of specie, at New York since January 1st, are $7,921,337 less than for the same period of last year, and $535,946 less than for the first nine months of 1850, as will be seen from the following state- ment : — IMPORTS OF FOREIGN MERCHANDISE AT NEW YORK FOR NINE MONTHS. 1850. 1851. 1852. Drygoods $53,509,498 $54,546,862 $49,533,493 General merchandise .... 47,041,286 63,758,737 60,481,844 Total merchandise $100,550,783 $108,805,599 $100,014,887 Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review, 60 1 Had the receipts of general merchandise borne the same proportion to those of dry goods as in former years, the total for the current year would show a still greater decline. We annex further particulars of the foregoing imports, with the amount of specie from foreign ports : — IMPORTS ENTERED AT NEW TORE FROM FOREIGN PORTS FOR NINE MONTHS, ENDING SEPTEMBER 30. 1850. 1851. 1858. Entered for consumption $80,481,533 $90,426,070 $83,305,277 Entered for warehousing 12,587,769 10,709,917 6,539,890 Free goods 7,481,481 7,169,612 10,169,670 Specie 14,928,619 1,782,529 2,151,954 Total entered at the port . . $115,479,302 $110,088,128 Withdrawn from warehouse. 8,211,418 9,801,534 $102,166,791 12,206,926 It will be noticed that the value of goods entered for warehousing is $4,000,000 less than during the same period of last year, and $6,000,000 less than for the same time in 1850 ; while the withdrawals from warehouse show a corresponding increase. This might have been expected from the brisk demand which had been maintained for foreign goods, which has taken all fresh arrivals, which were at all desirable, directly for consumption, and drawn largely on the surplus stock left in bond from former seasons. The imports have increased during the last quarter, so that in order to show the progress of the foreign trade since January 1st, we have compiled a quarterly statement which will be found of much interest. [QUARTERLY STATEMENT OF IMPORTS ENTERED AT NEW YORK. Entered for consumption March 31, 1853. $24,911,287 QUARTER ENDING Jane 30, 1852. $22,133,625 Sept 30, 1693. $86,260,806 Entered for warehousing 3,201,496 1,826,253 1,612,141 Free goods 3,996,343 8,348,442 2,824,886 Specie 740,450 1,137,781 *78,778 Total, 1852 $32,849,576 $28,446,051 $40,871,164 Total, 1851 40,608,975 81,780,882 87,698,771 Total, 1850 32,068,726 S4, 964, 052 48,096,624 Withdrawn from warehouse ’52. $4,979,498 $3,647,279 $8,680,149 Withdrawn from warehouse ’51. 2,992,121 2,720,220 4,089,193 Withdrawn from warehouse ’50. 2,320,775 2,113,199 8,777,444 We also annex our usual summary of the imports of dry goods, the totals of which are included in the above statement : — IMPORTS OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER. Manufactures of wool.. Manufactures of cotton Manufactures of silk. . . Manufactures of flax . . Miscellaneous dry goods TotaL ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION. 1850. 1851. 1852. $1,380,248 $1,293,205 $2,085,897 546,523 600,073 950,820 1,874,495 1,553,943 2,070,823 483,040 477,742 742,596 342,998 331,601 446,681 $4,6*7,804 $4, 266, 564 $6,296,817 Digitized by v^.ooQle 598 Commercial Chronicle and Review, WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE. 1850. 1841. 1841 Manufactures of wool $861,100 $494,484 $166,667 Manufactures of cotton m,8oi 107,164 69,448 Manufactures of silk 126,316 245,100 97,148 Manufactures of 66,715 44,778 56,955 Miscellaneous dry goods. 28,816 81,059 36,601 Total $694,748 $922,575 $425,819 Add entered for consumption . . 4,627,804 4,256,564 6,296,317 Total thrown on the market . $5,322,052 $6,179,189 $6,722,136 ENTERED FOB WAREHOUSING. 1850. 1841. 1841 Manufactures of wool $232,788 $277,968 $96,804 Manufactures of cotton. 116,729 159,998 59,597 Manufactures of silk. 282,520 184,289 88,150 Manufactures of flax 56,838 187,148 66,732 Miscellaneous dry goods 26,521 90,092 61,718 Total $664,886 $849,490 $863,001 Add entered for consumption.. . 4,627,804 4,256,664 6,296,317 Total entered at the port. . . . $5,291,690 $6,106,064 $6,669,318 IMPORT OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS AT NEW YORK FOR NINE MONTHS, ENDING SEPTEMBER 30* ENTERED FOB CONSUMPTION. 1840. 1841. 1841 Manufactures of wool $13,627,083 $11,966,968 $12,079,080 Manufactures of cotton 9,020,422 8,448,867 7,906,679 Manufactures of silk 17,110,790 19,828.556 17,020,256 Manufactures of flax 6,270,661 5,161,925 4,781,272 Miscellaneous dry goods. 2,112,874 8,087,479 8,475,820 Total $48,041,820 $48,492,285 $45,263,107 WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE. 1840. 1841. 1841 Manufactures of wool $1,688,667 $1,688,155 $1,467,308 Manufactures of cotton 1,072,811 1,237,840 1,291,008 Manufactures of silk 962,064 1,226,715 1,638,467 Manufactures of flax. 370,711 607,477 714,607 Miscellaneous dry goods 120,861 811,647 296,552 Total $4,066,004 $4,970,884 $5,407,932 Add entered for consumption.. . 48,041,820 48,492,285 45,263,107 Total thrown on market. . . . $52,106,824 $68,462,619 $60,671,039 ENTERED FOB WAREHOUSING. 1840. 1841. 1841 Manufactures of wool. ............ $1,903,978 $1,989,209 $1,098,877 Manufiictures of cotton. 1,654,498 1,208,605 2,342,206 1,794,881 745,479 Manufactures of silk 1,812,847 Manufactures of flax 600,197 620,107 800,884 Miscellaneous diy goods. 858,675 868,676 812,799 Total $6,467,878 $6,064,577 $4,270,386 Add entered for consumption. . . 48,041,820 48,492,285 46,263,107 Total entered at port $68,509,498 $64,646,862 $49,533,498 By the above tables it will be seen that the total value of foreign dry goods received at the port of New York for the month, was $1,553,264 greater than for the same month of last year, and $1,367,628 greater than for the same Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review . 590 month of 1850. But the total receipts of foreign dry goods since January 1st are $5,013,369 less than for the same period of last year, and $3,976,005 less than for the same period of 1850. The cash duties for the year are in excess of the government estimates, and the balance in all the depositories is quite large. The following will show the comparative revenue at the port of New York for the month, ana for each quar- ter since January 1st: — CASH DOTIES EXCEIYXD AT THE POET Of HEW TORE. 1850. 1851. I8SS. In September $2,495,242 77 $2,609,832 97 $3,166,107 29 Quarter ending March 81 6,996,656 48 9,295,257 30 7,617,887 72 Quarter ending June 80 6,033,253 57 7,357,408 30 6,632,425 16 Quarter ending September 80 . . 10,190,324 37 9,402,997 80 10,281,190 03 Total for nine months $28,220,234 42 $26,055,662 90 $24,531,602 91 The total revenue of the United States for customs, for the last quarter of the year, may be set down in round numbers as follows : — From the district of New York.. $10,215,000 From the district of Boston 1,888,000 From the district of Philadelphia. 1,807,000 From the district of New Orleans 486,000 From the district of Baltimore 211,000 From the district of Charleston. 141,000 From all other districts 500,000 Total for three months, ending Sept. 80, 1852. . . $14,788,000 Total for three months, ending Sept 80, 1851 . . . 14,754,909 The current quarter of the year, will show a much larger gain in the revenue, and it will soon become a serious question as to what is to be done with the money. Turning now to the exports from the same port, we find an increase for the month of $691,197, as compared with last year, although the shipments have not reached the amount which cleared during the same month of 1850. EXPORTS FROM HEW TORE TO FOREIGN PORTS FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER. 1850. 1851. 1851. Domestic produce $4,844,674 $2,598,986 $3,289,429 Foreign merchandise, free 16,661 184,271 128,184 Foreign, dutiable 707,884 816,047 817,888 Specie. 1,033,918 8,490,142 2,122,495 Total $6,602,877 $6,684,446 $6,867,999 Total, exclusive of specie. 6,568,969 3,044,304 8,786,601 This increase for the month brings the exports for the year (exclusive of specie) up to just about the same value as for the corresponding period of last year, but leaves it about $2,000,000 behind the amount for the first nine months of 1850. EXPORTS FROM NEW TORE TO FOREIGN PORTS FOR NINE MONTHS, ENDING SETT. 80. 1850. 1851. 1851 Domestic produce $32,278,100 $81,498,446 $30,741,612 Foreign merchandise, free. 479,860 580,901 716,626 Foreign, dutiable 8,778,199 2,916,736 8,294,179 Specie. 6,447,466 81,261,271 20,653,886 Total $42,978,615 $66,207,853 $55,406,247 Total, exclusive of specie . • 86,581,149 84,946,082 34,752,411 The exports of specie, it will be seen, are far behind the shij >ments of last year. We also annex a quarterly statement of the exports since January 1st: — Digitized by v^oosle 600 Commercial Chronicle and Review . quarterly statement of exports from new tore. Domestic produce Foreign merchandise, free Foreign, dutiable ....... Specie March 31, 1852. 610,085,484 221,182 1,037,746 7,032,495 QUARTER ending June 30, 1852. 612,060,387 300,037 1,381,829 5,591,514 Sept. 30 1852. $8,695,791 196,407 864,593 8,029,827 Total, 1862 618,876,907 619,888,717 617,686,628 Total, 1851 15,533,650 28,369,791 22,303,91 2 Total, 1850 9,818,588 13,981,894 19,183,183 We also annex a comparative statement of the shipments of some of the leading articles of produce, from New to October 16th: — 1881. 1882. Ashes — Pots . . .bbls. 18,289 14,950 Pearls.. 1,611 781 Beeswax Breadstuff's — . ..lbs. 288,707 284,742 Wheat flour. . .bbls. 1,029,082 1,091,194 Rye flour . . . 7,085 8,086 Com meal. . . 83,638 88,237 Wheat bush. 948,848 2,063,084 Rye ..... 236,460 Oats # # • 8,418 9,968 Barley ....... 367 Com 1,488,893 735,824 Caudles — Mould, bxs. SO, 297 47,722 Sperm 2,583 3,141 Coal . tons 4.834 80,739 Cotton bales 248,560 293,370 Hay 5,939 6,660 Hops : . 189 499 York to foreign ports, from January 1st i8si. mi Naval stores bbls. 299,538 864,646 Oils— Whale. . . galls. 1,033,398 37,838 Sperm 496,977 549,572 Lard 204,181 23,679 Linseed 5,899 10,888 Provisions — Pork bbls. 88,444 29,966 Beef 29,107 37,641 Cut meats lbs. 2,823,905 1,857,262 Hotter 1,818,092 541,817 Cheese 4,638,967 784.108 Lard 4,679,702 3,879,669 Rice tcs. 22,959 23,276 Tallow lbs. 1,896,977 865,1 15 Tobacco — Crude pkgs. 13,686 20,841 Man’d. .lbs. 2,874,949 3,498,739 Whalebone lbs. 1,700,144 626,778 This comparison exhibits some changes in our export trade worthy of notice. The exports of flour have increased only about 60,000 bbls., while the shipments of wheat have increasod 1,119,186 bushels, or about 120 per cent on last year’s exports! The shipments of corn have fallen off 700,000 bushels. The exports of whale oil, owing to its scarcity in consequence of the damage to the whaling fleet, have been comparatively nominnl. Provisions have gone forward less freely, as a general thing, in consequence of their high prices, but beef has been more freely shipped. Tobacco has been taken in larger quantities. The prospects for the export trade are quite flattering, and an increased demand for prime grain and many other domestic products, may reasonably be expected. We gave in our last a complete statement of the shipments of cotton down to the close of the commercial year (August 31.) Since that date the exports have slightly in- creased as compared with last year. There can be but little question but what our previous estimate of the quantity of breadstuff's to be exported, will be fully realized. We have a large surplus of cereals, and at some price or other, they must be sold. The present price is not so great as to hinder a large consump- tion in Great Britain, and that country will doubtless continue to be our best customer. The import trade must continue large down to the close of the year; the stocks of goods in first hands are quite small, and the demand is not yet satis- fied. The receipts of foreign merchandise for the last quarter of 1861 were not heavy, and there is every prospect that the same period of this year will show a considerable excess in comparison. Should the exports prove as large as antici- pated— particularly should cotton go forward freely — no inconvenience will re- sult from this increased business, while our marine will be fully employed at profitable rates. Digitized by v^ooole Journal of Banking , Currency, and Finance . 601 JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCY, AND FINANCE. SHIPMENTS OF GOLD DUST FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Ornct or Adams & Co., San Francisco, August 14, 1852. To Freeman Hunt, Editor of the Merchants Magazine : — Dear Sir: — We take the liberty of inclosing to you our semi-annual statement of the gold dust and treasure shipped from this port. You will notice quite a discrep- ancy between the amounts shipped by our table and the reports from the custom- house books. This can be easily understood when the fact is known, that tho shipping manifest is invariably guessed at, and the ship cleared before all the treasure is shipped. This, with the companies’ steamers, may not be done on purpose— with others, it is often done so. Quite a quantity of ingots have been shipped as dust, and no mention made of them separately. We shall obtain, however, by and by, a partial return. The bars included in the du3t shipment should be properly included there. Not so the ingots, which might thereby be twice reckoned in estimating the product of gold for this year. Yours truly, ADAMS & CO., by J.C. Woods. The following tables contain full statements of all treasure, in dust, Federal and for- eign currency, forwarded hence by steamers and sailing vessels, each in separate or- der, from January 1 to July 1, 1852, with the particular amount, date, and destination of each shipment — being a direct sequence of similar tables compiled by the same firm, (already published,) for the period ending January, 1852. These statements are compiled very carefully, and may be received as perfectly reliable : — STATEMENT OF GOLD DUST MANIFESTED AND SHIPPED FROM SAN FRANCISCO, BY STEAMERS, FROM JANUARY 1 TO JULY 1, 1852. Destined for Destined for Destined for Monthly Date. Namo of vessel. New York. London. N. Orleans. total January 1 Oregon. 11,028,409 $233,153 $3,102 16.... California 1,500.000 237,047 8,499 II 17.... Independence .. . 41.000 • • • • « 31.... North America. . 23,000 .... $3,074,210 February 1 . . . , « 14 Tennessee Pacific .. T 1,296,017 194,000 1,236,760 211,401 8,705 « 16.... Panama 160,786 12,113 3,118,782 March 1.... Independence .. . 27,500 .... u 2.... Northerner. 1,022,160 214,973 8,598 u 16 ... California 631,173 144,864 .... u 16 New Orleans . . . 9,676 .... II 20 ... Tennessee 97,061 82,175 .... 2,182,680 April 1 ... Pacific 24,000 .... “ 6 Golden Gate. . . . 1,620,000 223,091 60,125 u 16.... Independence . . . 15,472 .... II 18.... Northerner 1,843.288 269,747 16,570 3,562,298 May 3.... Columbia 1,494,727 842,118 u 6 ... Winfield Scott.. , 46,600 ... « 16 Oregon 1,375,223 212,858 4,784 u 18 Pacific 17,968 .... 8,492,678 June 1.... Independence .. . 24,391 .... ii 1.... Tennessee 1,670,173 199,788 76,788 u 16.... California 1,642,335 258,670 5,803 « 25.... Winfield Scott. . 100,000 .... 8,977,448 Total. . . . $16,478,883 $2,789,666 $184,587 $19,403,086 Digitized by v^.ooQle 602 Journal of Banking, Currency, and Finance. STATEMENT OF TEBASUIS MANIFESTED AMD fHIFPMD FBOM SAM FEAN CISCO, BT SAHJVB VESSELS, FBOM JANUARY 1 TO JULY 1, 1852. Total amount of Date. Name of vessel, destination, and nation, treasure. Feb. 6, Brig Argyle, Hong Kong, American, f 16,000 9, Ship Comet, Hong Kong, American 7,213 19, Bark Sophia, Valparaiso, Hamburg. 18,000 28, Ship St Lawrence, Manilla, Amer.. 49,850 28, Sword Fish, Hong Kong, American. 3,115 Mar. 1, Sch. Diana, Valparaiso, Dutch ..... 11,000 17, Brig Marion, Punta Arenas, Amer. . 4,000 19, Ship Hannibal, Calcutta, American. 2,500 24, Bara Maxeppa, Valparaiso, Amer. . 9,549 Apr.13 Ship Hamburg, Hong Kong, British. 28,000 22, Bark Walter, Ports in China, Germ. 20,100 27, Ship Challenge, Hong Kong, Germ. 20,000 May 10 Ship Sartelle, Calcutta, German. . . 60,000 11, Brig Zoe, Honolulu, German* ..... 1 1,000 14, Maid of Julpha, Isle of Pacific, British 1,000 15, Ship Invincible, Hong Kong, Amer . 16,250 17, Bark A. Gracia, Guay mas, Amer . • 1,000 26, Brig Sabrina, Java, British f 15,000 28, Ship Witchcraft, Hong Kong, Amer. 8,000 June 2, Ship Tarolinta, Shanghae, American 15,000 15, Sir Geo. Pollock, Hong Kong, British 6,000 July 1 , Bark Palmetto, Shanghae, American 17,000 Gold dust $4,21*5 18,000 Mexican dollars. $16,000 2,998 11,000 2,500 9,549 8,000 19,000 Prem. on don. Doub- pr ox. for loons. dust 4*a5 6 a 6 17 25 5 5 a 6 17 25 6,850 $44,000 8,116 4,000 20,000 1,100 19.000 60.000 1,000 17 40 17 25 17 26 17 25 6 a 6 5 a 6 6,000 1,000 16,250 6 1,000 6,000 8,000 16,000 6,000 17,000 6 a6 a 6 a 6 5 a 6 Total 888,577 72,264 196,318 64,000 CAPITAL AND DIVIDENDS OF BOSTON BANKS, IN OCTOBER, 1862. Stephen Brown A Sons, Stock and Exchange Brokers, Boston, report the follow- ing table of semi-annual dividends, declared and payable by the several Banks in Boston on Monday, October 4th, 1852: — Dlvi- Banks. Capital, dead*. Amou’t Atlantic $500,000 Atlas 600,000 Blackstone. 250,000 4 Boston... 900,000 4 Boy Is ton. 250,000 4} City 1,000,000 8* 1 Cochituate 250,000 4 Columbia 500,000 3 Commerce. 1,500,000 4 Eagle 500,000 3} Exchange 1,000,000 4 Fanueil Hall 500,000 4 Freeman’s 800,000 4* Globe 1,000,000 4 § Granite 750,000 4 Grocere’ 800,000 4 Hamilton.. 500,000 4 Banka. Divi- CapltaL deads. Amount 4 $20,000 Market $560,000 6 $28,000 8* 17,500 Massachusetts.... 800,000 3 24,000 10.000 Mechanics’ (S. B). 160,000 4 6,000 36.000 i Merchants’ 8,000,000 4 120,000 11,250 New England 1,000,000 4 40,000 85.000 j North 760,000 8* 26,260 10,000 15,000 North America. . . 500,000 Shawmut 500,000 60,000 Shoe A L’r DealV. 1,000,000 17,500 | State 1,800.000 40.000 20.000 18,500 40.000 80.000 12,000 20,000 Suffolk 1,000,000 Traders’- 600,000 Tremont 1,000,000 Union 1,000,000 Washington 600,000 20,000 20,000 40.000 64.000 60.000 21,000 40,000 40,000 16,000 $24,660,000 $962,000 The Randolph Bank pays a semi-annual dividend of 6 per cent, on Monday, Oct 4. The amount of capital of all the banks in Boston in October, 1851, was $28,660,000. The amount as above stated, $24,660,000, shows an increase of bank capital since Oo- tober, 1851, of $100,000,000. • 11,000 ingots. t 5,000 sovereigns, t The Cochituate Bank pay on $100,000 increase capital since last dividend. I The Granite Bank also pay on 9100,000 Increase capital since last dividend. Digitized by Google 608 Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance . UNITED 8TATES TREASURERS STATEMENT, SEPTEMBER 27, 1852. TREASURER^ STATEMENT, SHOWING THE AMOUNT AT H18 CREDIT IN THE TREASURY, WITH ASSISTANT TREASURERS AND DESIGNATED DEPOSITARIES, AND IN THE MINT AND BRANCHES, BY RETURNS RECEIVED TO MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 1852 ; THE AMOUNT FOR WHICH DRAFTS HAVE BEEN ISSUED, BUT WERE THEN UNPAID, AND THE AMOUNT THEN REMAINING SUBJECT TO DRAFT. SHOWING, ALSO, THE AMOUNT OF FUTURE TRANSFERS TO AND FROM DEPOSITA- RIES, AS ORDERED BY THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. Drafts heretofore drawn Treasury of United States, Washington . . Assistant Treasurer, Boston, Mass Assistant Treasurer, New York, N. Y Assistant Treasurer, Philadelphia, Pa. • • . . Assistant Treasurer, Charleston, S. 0 Assistant Treasurer, New Orleans, La.. . . . Assistant Treasurer, St Louis, Mo. Depositary at Buffalo, New York Depositary at Baltimore, Md Depositary at Richmond, Ya Depositary at Norfolk, Va~ Depositary at Wilmington, N. C Depositary at Savannah, Georgia Depositary at Mobile, Alabama Depositary at Nashville, Tennessee Depositary at Cincinnati, Ohio.. . Depositary at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. . . . Depositary at Cincinnati, (late) Depositary at San Francis* o Depositary at Dubuque Depositary at Little Rock, Arkansaa Depositary at Jeffersonville, Indiana Depositary at Chicago, Illinois. Depositary at Detroit, Michigan Depositary at Tallahassee, Florida ....... Suspense account $2,486 66 Mint of the U. S., Philadelphia, Pa. ..... . Branch Mint of U. S., Charlotte, N. 0 .... Branch Mint of U. S., Dahlonega, Ga Branch Mint of U. S, New Orleans, La. . . Amount on but not yet paid, Amount deposit. though payable, subj. to draft. 8161,837 97 $43,095 25 $108,742 72 1,785,592 01 28,078 83 1,762,618 18 6,718,689 29 862,883 89 5.855,805 40 1,268,875 81 78,084 96 1,190,340 86 78,900 85 18,828 56 60,677 29 1,105,099 66 1,056,184 42 48,915 24 618,688 99 429,410 76 89,278 24 26,397 70 16,945 85 10,451 86 44,701 38 6,171 88 89,629 96 18,404 31 213 72 18,180 69 65,812 79 62,144 86 8,668 48 4,646 28 4,473 44 172 84 37,595 68 121 66 87,478 97 15,413 03 5,465 48 9,947 66 21,666 00 17,786 68 3,779 87 68,512 32 2,398 61 66,118 71 2,633 61 517 11 2,116 40 8,801 87 8,801 37 886,100 07 376,858 52 669,241 66 2,017 88 1,495 02 622 86 16,041 56 8,294 85 7,747 21 85,544 41 18,506 40 22,039 01 88,293 82 653 00 82,740 S2 24,864 88 6,498 60 18,861 38 4,594 01 8,970 99 628 02 ► • • 2,486 66 5,629,170 00 , • • 6,629,170 00 82,000 00 . . . 82,000 00 26,850 00 » • • 26,860 00 1,100,000 00 500,000 00 600,000 00 Total 19,776,128 48 8,537,916 84 16,240,698 80 Deduct suspense account 2,486 66 $16,238,212 14 Add difference in transfers 1,477,600 00 Net amount subject to draft $17,715,712 14 Transfers ordered to treasury of the U. S., Washington, D. 0. . . . $700,000 00 Transfers ordered to Assistant Treasurer, New York, N. Y 100,000 00 Transfers ordered to Assistant Treasurer, New Orleans, La 400,000 00 Transfers ordered to Depositary at Norfolk, Virginia 180,000 00 Transfers ordered to Depositary at San Francisco, California. . . . 100,000 00 Total $1,480,000 00 Transfers ordered from Mint of the U. Sn Philadelphia, Pa 2,500 00 BANK-NOTES OF THE OLDEN TIMES. There lies before us, says the Commercial Advertiser, a bank-note for fifty dollars, of the Bank of Rhode Island, dated at Newport on the 8th of January, 1796, and signed “ Chris. Champlin, President ” — M M. Seiscas, Cashier.1* Digitized by v^oosle 604 Journal of Banking , Currency , and Finance. The history of this note is remarkable. About three yean ago, this and another bill for the same amount were presented at the bank for payment, having been placed in the Suffolk Bank, Boston, for collection. One of them was dated in 1795, and was the first bill ever issued by the Bank of Rhode Island. No bills of the kind had been issued for thirty-five years previously, and the presentation of these at the bank was of course unexpected. They were, however, promptly redeemed, and their history elicited. They were found among the effects of an old man, who had recently died at Salem, Moss., who lived in poverty, and who probably believed the bills to be worth- less, as they were found in a package of others of broken banks. The presidency and cashiership of the Bank of Rhode Island have been held in the frame family for half a century, Mr. Peleg Clarke being now president, and Mr. W. A. Clarke cashier. We know of no older incorporated institution in New England,* ex- cept the Washington Insurance Company of Providence, chartered in 1787, of which the venerable Sullivan Dorr is still tne president We have also before us another money relic, dated April 12, 1760, being A bill for “ three pounds,” which “ by law shall pass current in New Jersey for eight ounces and fifteen pennyweights of plate.” It is printed in red ink, on thick paper, and is about three inches and a half long by an inch and three-quarters broad. The signatures are nearly effaced. STATISTICS OF THE DEBT OF GREAT BRITAIN. The London Times publishes the following statement relative to the national debt of Great Britain : — A Parliamentary return in relation to the public debt gives the following particular* of its variations during the last thirty years, both as regards the amount of principal and the annual cost for the payment of interest It will be seen that the reduction in the principal effected during that period has been only £50,000,000, or 6 per cent, but that as regards the annual charge for interest, in has been £3,326,424, or nearly 11 per cent. The lowest point at which the national debt ever stood of late years was m 1834, when it had declined to £772,196,849, or to ten millions below the sum at which it now stands, the emancipation loin in 1835, and the Irish famine loan in 1847, having far more thaa counterbalanced all subsequent reductions. It is to be remarked, however, that owing to the conversion of the three-and-a-half per cents, and the low rates paid upon the unfunded debt, Dial a copy of Use* T*r ' * ^Digitize Merchants1 May nzine Advertiser. HENRY L. FOSTER, LATE “BOOTH 8l FOSTER,” AND OUTFITTING ESTABLISHMENT, (27 ConrtlAiu)t«stM o. few doors below lltc Western Hofei.) Wholesale <& Retail. The subscriber would call the attention of Country Merchants and others visiting the City to his large and fashionable stock of Ouvthixu, to which he ho* recently made larger aavessinns, to meet tile increasing patronage of his establishment. The manufactured department is coo ducted by men of long experience and acknowledged taste, which, added to his facilities for purchasing, renders hu stock the most at- tractive and cheapest of any to lie found in the City. The custom department t* at all times rilled with the latest and most desirable styles of goods, and b increased from time to time with the latest importations. > \t , - Gentlemen requiring an outfit can be furnished ce fi the shelves with a fash- ionable suit, equal in style and quality to the bast out can i>o foun I in the United States, and full 50 per cent less than the usual custom price. A full assortment of Shirts. Collars. Under-shirts and Drawers, Cravats, Stocks, Hosiery — in short, every- thing belonging to the gentleman's wardrobe Pull suits fu rubbed to order at a few hours' notice, uud sent to any part of the United Suites. H. L. FOSTER. SPRING, BRADLEY, & BUFFUM, DOMESTIC COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 22 BROAD AND 20 NEW-STREBT, NEW YORK. Agents for the sale (exclusively on commission) of — Graniteville Co. (South Carolina,) Heavy Cottons. Kf.mpton’s, Pantaloon Stuffs, Denims, Shirting Stripes, &c. Slaters’ Shirting Stirpes, Ticks, Plain Cottons, &c. Brown and Bleached Cottons, from the Lockwood, ILuris, Ballou, Lip- pitt, Warwick, Warren, Holyoke, Powhattan. Lanes viile, Masonville, Adams, and various other establishments. Also, a great variety of WOOLENS, Consisting of Cloths, Cassiracres, (Plain and Fancy,) Sheeps Greys, Tweeds, Satinets, Kentucky Jeans, Plaid Linseys, Kerseys, Cloakings, Flunnela, &c. Also, a large assortment of PRINTING CLOTHS \nd Brown Cottons, adapted to Bleaching and Dyeing. Cotton and Wool purchased on Commission, with funds in hand, or nd vaneed to Manufacturers on Consigmr'mls of Goods, A full assortment of Knit Shirts and Drawers of best makes. HUNT’S MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE. Established July* 1839* BY FREEMAN HUNT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. VOLUME XXVIL DECEMBER, 1852. NUMBER VI CONTENTS OF NO. VI., VOL. XXVII. ARTICLES. Art. pass. I. DEBTS AND FINANCES OF THE 8TATES OF THE UNION.— WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR GENERAL CONDITION AND PROSPERITY.-Chaptrr ix.— THE WEST- ERN STATES — ILLINOIS. By Thomas P. Kettell, of New York II. SUGAR: AND THE SUGAR TRADE. III. COMMERCIAL CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE UNITED STATES.— No. xxxm.— NEW YORK.— Part iv. By E. Balk, Jr., df New York IV. MERCANTILE BIOGRAPHY.— JAM3ETJEE JEEJEEBHQY— A PARSEE MERCHANT V. TRADE AND COMMERCE OF MOBILE, 1851-52 JOURNAL OF MERCANTILE LAW. Under what circumstances a foreign minister can sue and be sued in the United States. 710 COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW: EMBRACING A FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW OF THB UNITED STATES, ETC., ILLUSTRA- TED WITH TABLES, ETC., AS FOLLOWS *. General commercial prosperity— Distinction between the spirit of enterprise and speculation — The danger of a thirst lor sudden riches— Banks and bankers— Increase of new banks— Do- mestic trade and Interior collections— Prices of stocks and bonds— Deposits and coinage at tlio Philadelphia and New Orleans Mints for October— Ditto at all the Mints since January 1st —Production of California gold, and export to Great Britain— Imports of foreign merchandise at New York for October and from January 1st— Classification of imports, with the receipts ol foreign dry goods— Revenue of the country— Cash receipts at the port of New York— Ex- ports from New York for October, and from June 1st— Shipments of leading articles of pro- duce—Diversion of shipping to Australia, and consequent advance in rates of freight. . . 713-720 VOL. XXVII. — NO. VI. 42 Digitized by v^.ooQle § i § as 058 CONTENTS OF NO. VL, VOL. XXVII, COIIEBCIAL STATISTICS. PA«I* Production and consumption of cotton Report of leather, boots, and Shoes from the United States. Virginia Tbbacco trade, 1851-53. Advance in the price of sperm and whale oils. The butter trade of Cincinnati Prices of tobacco In New Orleans The pork trade of Cincinnati Agricultural statistics of the United States. The trade and revenue of Ireland Receipts of produce by the new canal at New Orleans Shipments of brandy from Charente to Great Britain COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. Postal treaty between the United States and Prussia. Signals for ships ordered by Sweden. Tribunals of Commerce. Method of putting up produce for market Ship building In Loulslana^-Of ocean postage The passengers’ act of the United Kingdom.— Reduction of export duty at Turk’s Island JOURNAL OF RANKINS, CURRENCY, AND FINANCE. Capital and dividends or New Vork city banks. Production of Precious metals in the world Progress of the British penny postage system Receipts and expenditures of the United States United States treasurer’s statement. October 35. 1853 Banks under the general banking law of Illinois.— Gold and silver in the Bank of England British postofflee system of remitting money.— Shipments of gold dust from San Franclsoo..... Weighing department of the Bank of England NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE. The American Nautical Almanac. Of entering the channel of the Bay of 8myrna.— Of the light on the Island of 8eiro South Foreland High Light.— Directions for sailing Into and out of Harbor Grace. West Coast of Jutland, and the Coasts of Bornholm— Detention of vessels at Hampton Roads. . JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURER. The first mining operations in North America. The manufacture of glass.— No. iv. By Dbmxkg Jab vis, Esq., of Massachusetts Industrial progress of Georgia. Statistical account of tanneries in the United States, compared with the returns of 1850 Manufacture of ladles’ muffii in London.— Items of gold mining in California Progress of British cotton manufactories Production of Indigo In South Carolina RAILROAD, CANAL, AND 8TEAMR0AT STATISTICS. Florence and Keyport plank road Cost and expenses of seven railroads of Massachusetts for the years 1850 and 1851 Statistics of Massachusetts Railroads Rates of freight on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad Influence of railroads on Agriculture Persons employed on railways in England Key West as a depot for California steamers STATISTICS OF POPULATION. Emigration from the United Kingdom Population and territory of the Austrian empire in 1851 MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. •• Naval dry-docks of the United States.” Mercantile Library Of the tax or duty on foreign coal Talleyrand and the banker Invention for Negro clothing The banker’s Saturday night An eye to business A creditor’s stratagem to collect a debt No antagonism between capital and labor 770 American trade in India 770 THE BOOK TRADE. Ketlcee of new books, or new editiona 771-770 Digitized by Google 33SSS33S aa rwm gaga^s m* a imtm mm aaaaaaaaaaai HUNT’S MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1862. Art I.— DEBTS AND FINANCES OF TEE STATES OF TEE UNION. WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR GENERAL CONDITION AND PROSPERITY. CHAPTER IX* The Western States — Illinois . Among all the States of the Union which succumbed to the financial storm of 1836-40, none had more canvas spread, or so little ballast, as that gem of the West, Illinois ; nevertheless, none has more promptly recovered its position, or more satisfactorily responded to the hopes of its friends, or the wishes of its creditors. The locality of Illinois is highly favorable for the development of its great natural resources, under the influence of mod- ern improvements. The north-eastern extremity borders Lake Michigan. * The lint of this series of papen was published in the Merchants1 Megaiine end Commercial Review for November, 1847, (rol. xvlU, page 466.) That article, an Introduction to the series, relat- ed chiefly to the State debts of Europe and of the United States. It was followed In the number fbr December, 1847, (rol. xvii., page 577,) by an article on the New England States, embracing Maine and Massachusetts; and in March, 1848, (vol. xvii I., page 243,) by New York; in March, 1840, (yoI. xx., page 256,) by Pennsylvania; in May, 1849, (vol. xx., page 481,) by Maryland ; in August, 1840, (voL xx!., page 148,) by Indiana ; in October, 1849, (vol. xxL, page 380,) by Ohio ; and in the number for February, 1850, (vol. xxti., page 131,) by an article on Michigan. The series, it will be seen by reference to the preceding chapters, with the exception of the first, published In No- vember, 1847, have all appeared under the same general title prefixed to the present chapter. The articles contain the moot comprehensive and reliable account of the debts, finances, and resources of the several States, that have ever been grouped in a connected and convenient form foriefarenoe —present and future. Digitized by v^.ooQle 060 Debts and Finances of the States of the Union . The Wabash and tho Ohio Rivera border it on the east and south, meeting there the Mississippi, which is its western boundary. The length of the State is .380 miles, north and south. The northern breadth is 140 miles expanding to 200 miles in the center, and terminating in a point at the south, thus forming the figure of a purse, which may be taken as an em- blem of its destiny. The circuit of the State is 1,210 miles, of which 70 miles is lake coast, 550 miles the channel of the Mississippi, 140 miles the the Ohio, and 150 miles the channel of the Wabash, leaving 300 miles, or about one-fourth, for land lines. The surface of the State is remarkable. About two-thirds consists of prairies, that are numerous and extensive in the center and north. In the southern part the country is more broken, but no- where are the elevations 200 feet above the general level. The prairies form wide expanses, stretching as far as the eye can reach, interspersed only occasionally by belts of wood land, following the streams. The surface is of such a dead level as to afford no water shed, and the fallen rains pass off by evaporation. There is much fine timber in Illinois, but it is confined to cer- tain sections. Illinois was very early settled by the French on the tich bottom, extend- ing from the mouth of the Kaskaskia 90 miles northerly to the bluffs of Al- ton, having St. Louis on the opposite bank of the Mississippi. The soil is there 25 feet deep, and it has been said that land, planted annually for 200 years with wheat without dressing, is as fertile now as ever. In our article tor August, 1849, upon the State of Indiana, we described the “North-West Territory ” and its political progress, including Illinois. The disposition that has been made of the lands of Illinois, with the population of the State, is as follows : — DISPOSITION or LANDS IN ILLINOIS. Area in acres 35,459,200 Area surveyed to January, 1851 35,455,669 Area proclaimed for sale 35,397,921 Acres. $15,832,157 1,501,795 44,800 290,914 209,086 954 2,560 5,685,640 121,629 48,989 *188,901 $23,951,429 Swamp lands granted to States. 1,833,412 Unsold, January, 1852 acres 9,688,263 Granted to Central Railroad 2,57 2,000 Sold Granted to schools 44 universities 44 Illinois and Michigan Canal 44 Internal Improvements. .. . 44 individuals 44 seats of government Bounties, military Reserved salines 44 Indians Private claims. Unsold balance acres 7,116,263 The following table shows the quantity of land sold in the State annually, with the population at different times Digitized by foozle Illinois, 601 LAUD SOLD IN ILLINOIS. Year. Acres. Population. Yiar. Aerts. 1814 ... 119,681 12,282 1838 . . . 869 537 1816 104,255 1834 847,828 1816 ... 188,908 1886 2,062,707 1817 ... . . 177,788 1836 8,088,554 1818 220,449 1887 . . 1,024,926 1819 69 027 1888.. i. . . . 790 698 1820 ... 18,188 65,211 1889 . . 1J 27,4 03 1821 . . . 63,77 1 1840 . . 3881238 1888 27 264 1841 29M74 1888 69,820 1842 488,825 1824 41,821 1843 . . 446,469 1885 45,665 1844 486,997 1826 ... 81,889 1846 .. 481,106 1827 . . . 58,207 1846 . . 460,967 1828 . . . 92,402 1847 . . 506,802 1829 . . . 209,892 1848 . . 260,000 1830 ... 814,407 167,445 1849 . . 850,000 1831 . . . 834.667 1860. . . . 200,000 1882 . . . 225,838 1861 200,000 Population 272,437 476,183 662,125 861,470 Acre* Yean. 1830 to 1836. 1836 to 1840. 1840 to 1846. 1846 to 1850. Increase of per head Acres sold. population. Increase. 3,830.062 114,982 25 6,419,814 203,766 32 2,160,670 186,942 11 2,609,609 189,855 14 The five years ending with 1840, embrace the years of great speculation, when the lands went into the hands of persons who got them on credit, and held them for speculation. More lands in the hands of speculators have been hanging upon the market in competition with the government lands, and with the 8,000,000 acres held by the State for various purposes, and sold from time to time. This depressed the average quantity of govern- ment lands sold in that State during the subsequent five years. The State of Illinois very early commenced the system of public improve- ments by State loans. The opening of the New York aud Eiie Canal in 1824, gave an immense impulse to Western progress, and it will be ob- served in the table of land sales that they doubled in 1828 and 1629, con- tinuing to increase until the lubble burst. The great success of the Er»e Canal afforded a tempting example to Illinois, because her situation in relation to the lakes is nearly the same. She abuts on Lake Michigan as New York does on Lake Erie, and her great river, Illinois, holds the same relation to the State navigation as does the Hudson to Lake Erie. Hence, the connection of the two latter by the Erie afforded an exact model for the connection of the two former. As early as 1823, the route had bfeen explored. The pop- ulation was too sparse to undertake it, however, Until, in 1829, Congress made the grant of 290,914 acres, mentioned in the above table, in aid of it. The State then passtd an act to raise a loan of $500,000, to carry it on. The work was placed under a special commission, and was to extend from Peru, on the Illinois River, to the Chicago River, five miles from its mouth, say 100 miles. When that work was projected there were but about 15,000 families in the whole State, and the expense of the work was estimated at • $8,651,337, yet this canal was but a subordinate part of an immense sys- tem of internal improvements for which an act was past in 1637. This act created a Board of Fund Commissioners to manage the fiscal concerns of the public works, and a Board of Public Works to determine routes and super- intend the execution. This internal improvement system embraced the fol- Digitized by 662 Debts and Finances cf the States of the Union. lowing works, showing the total length of each railroad projected in the State, and the aggregate length of all the railroads : — Amount Central Railroad Southern Croee Railroad Northern Cross Railroad, Shelbyville and Paris Branch Central Peoria and Warsaw'Railroad. Alton and Shelbvrille Railroad Bellville and Lebanon Railroad Bloomington, Mackinaw, Peoria, and Pe- kin Railroad Miles. Per mile. Total. expended. 457* $8,326 $8,809,146 $145,765 294 8,200 1,410,800 42,768 234* 8,480 1,976,865 515,311 71* 19,588 787,118 61,208 116 8,851 966,896 75,256 71 8,295 764,846 5,200 28* 7,000 164,700 871 58* 11,736 680,810 88,022 Total length. 1,841* $11,470,444 $728,185 Canal estimate 8,654,887 Total $20,124,781 In addition these were two banks — 8tate Bank of Illinois, capital $8,515,000, State interest. . . 2,000,000 Bank of Illinois, - 658,050, - ... 1,400,000 Total $28,524,781 These were among the first projects of the young State. There were then 70,000 log-cabin farmers in the State, and these loans were about $300 each family. For all the purposes mentioned, stocks were issued. The works commenced under this law, and the effort to sell the bonds at a moment when the financial horizon began to lower, and all other States were desperately pressing the market, produced ruinous losses. In 1842, the State debt had assumed the following shape. ILLINOIS STATS DEBT, DXOKMBKR, 1842. Bonds sold to the State Bank of Illinois, of account of bank stock $1,765,000 Bonds sold to Bank of Illinois, of account of bank stock 900,000 $2,665,000 00 Bonds sold to Irwin A Beers on account of Internal Improvements. 1,000,000 Bonds sold to N. Biddle 1,000,000 “ Hall A Hudson. 100,000 M Boorman A Johnson. 100,000 “ Lieutenant Levy. 4,000 M January A Dunlap 800,000 " M. B. Sherwood 50,000 M John Delafield 283,000 « A. H. Bangs 50,000 M Erie County Bank 100,000 M Bank of Commerce. . 100,000 M Commercial Bank of Buffida 100,000 M Nevins A Townsand, by Dr. Barrett. . . • 180,000 M E. Riggs, by Dr. Barrett 50,000 ** Bank of United States, by Dr. Barrett.. 100,000 “ M. Sherwood, by Dr. Biarrett 100,000 Bonds hypothecated to State Bank of Illinois, by Dr. Barrett 100,000 Bonds sold to M. Kennedy and others, by J. D. White- side 120,000 Bonds left with Macalister A Stebbins, by J. D. White- side on deposite, and by them sold 71,000 8,908,000 00 Digitized by Google lUmoti. 66$ Boods sold to J. Wright A Oc>f London. £69.226 Bonds delivered to Thompson A Forman.. . 1 1.780 Bonds pledged to Thompson A Forman . . . 41.625 £122^50 equal to. . . . Bonds sold to State Bank, by J. D. Whiteside. Deduct 7 bonds of $1,000 each received from Commercial Bank of Buffalo. Balance. Internal Improvement scrip, and scrip issued by Board of Auditors outstanding Cash obtained by Fund Commissioner upon 724 bonds of $1,000 each, hypothecated to Macalister A Steb- bins, yet outstanding, as per statement of Fund Com- missioner, with interest at the rate of 7 per cent per annum on this sum Sold to contractors on Northern Cross Railroad, 94 bonds of $1,000 each, 84 of which were hypotheca- ted to Fund Commissioner, by the contractors, for the sum of $42,000, Illinois State Bank paper, leav- ing balance of $10,000 896,669 94 172,406 00 10,000 00 Total debt on account of bank and Internal Improvement bonds and scrip Illinois and Michigan Canal Stock, Bonds sold by government 1,000,000 00 Amount sold by Governor Reynolds to President of the United States Bank 1,000,000 00 Amount sold by Governor Reynolds and Gen. Raw- lings to John Delafield 800,000 00 Amount sold by Gen. Thornton on Canal. 100,000 00 M u “ in London 1,000,000 00 “ advanced by Wright A Co. on contract with Judge Young and Governor Reynolds, £80,000, by terms of contract equal to. . . 146,188 00 “ bonds paid to contractors in 1841 and 1842. . 197,000 00 “ outstanding scrip. 841,972 71 “ of certificates of indebtedness issued by Com- missioners 264,747 00 Total canal debt Bonds outstanding on account of State House 116,000 00 Amount due School. College, and Seminary Funds. . . 808,085 00 “ due State Bank lor warrants paid. 294,190 00 “ due on account of surplus revenue 477,919 44 Total debt upon which interest accrues RECAPITULATION. Total bank stock “ Internal Improvement debt », “ Canal debt “ State House. ** School, College, and Seminary funds. “ due State Bank for warrants. Total debt upon which interest accrues, 644,122 00 100,000 00 $7,217,122 00 7,000 00 $7,2 10, 122 00 1,069,074 94 $8,279,195 94 8J42.188 00 596,719 71 $4,888,907 71 1,218,275 00 18,886,879 66 $2,665,000 00 5,614,196 94 4,888,907 71 116,000 00 808,085 00 294,190 00 $18,886,879 65 Digitized by v^.ooQle 664 Debts and Finances of the States of the Union. The annual interest on this debt was $830,182. To meet these liabilities the State had the following resources at the time unavailable : — Lands remaining unsold of Canal Grants acres 238,985 5? Lands granted to the State, under the provisions of an act entitled 14 An v Act to Appropriate the Proceeds of the Sales of the Public Lands, and to grant Pre-emption Rights;’* approved September 4th, 1841. 210,132 85 Lands purchased by the State for Internal Improvement purposes.. . . 40,332 00 Amounting to 489,750 42 Amount due Canal Fond from sale of lands, town lots, stone, timber.. $201,954 In 1§40, the following named purchasers of bonds had failed to pay for them tc' cording to contract, to wit : — John Delafield, in the sum of. $433,000 A. H. Bangs 50,000 Bank of Commerce at Buffalo 90,000 Commercial Bank at Buffalo. 90.000 Erie County Bank 97,600 Amounting to $730,500 The bonds, as the names of the buying parties indicate, were put upon the market with little scruple. The New York Free Banking Law, which had been started in 1838, at that time allowed stocks of Western States to be taken as security for circulating bills, and this opened a market for many. The American Exchange Bank in New York, and the other institutions named, bought them for that purpose. Many of those banks failed utterly, and the State never got anything. General Thornton was sent to London by the contractors on the canal to sell the bonds they had taken from the State, and his terms were such as he could get. Messrs. Wright & Co. were a banking house largely interested in Cairo city, and through them $500,000 worth of railroad iron for the Central Railroad was procured on the bonds, and some cash advances for the use of that road in addition. The bonds sold to J. Delafield, of the New York Phoenix Bank, were to be paid for in instalments at par, on the condition that no more stock was to be put upon the market. The State, however, made an issue of sterling bonds, which knocked the market price down 20 per cent, and Delafield repudi- ated the contract, on the ground that the State had violated it The State was now bankrupt, with all the public works incomplete. They remained in this position until 1843, when it was proposed to make the canal lands a special pledge for a sum necessary to complete the canal. This was esti- mated to require $1,600,000. Accordingly, the Legislature of Illinois passed a law for the purpose of raising the funds necessary to complete the Illinois and Michigan Canal, authorizing the Governor to place the canal and all the canal lands in trust for the security of the lenders. The main provisions of this act are — 44 1. That the Governor should be authorized to negotiate a lonn solely on the credit of the canal and its lands of $1,600,000, to bear 6 per cent annual inter- est. The holders of existing canal bonds, and other claims on the canal, are to have the first right to subscribe in proportion to their claims, and the claims in respect of which they so subscribe to be duly registered. “That this canal and canal property should be vested in three trustees, one to be named by the Governor, and two by the subscribers to the loan. 44 That at least $400,000 of this loan should be paid in during the course of the first year after the execution of the trust deeds. Digitized by v^oosle Illinois . 665 “That the canal shall he finished in three years from the commencement of the trust ••That no sales of the canal lands shall be made until three months after the completion of the canal, when the trustees are to offer them for sale. “ That all the proceeds of the canal and canal property should be first applied to file repayment of interest and principal of the proposed loan of $1,600,000. “ 2. To payment of interest on the canal stock registered by holders who are subscribers to this new loan. ' . “ 3. To payment of interest on the canal stock, not so registered. “ 4. To reimbursement of the registered canal stock held by the subscribers to the said loan ; and after the due performance of these various engagements on the part of the trustees, the canal shall revert to the State of Illinois. “ The property assigned to trustees as security for the loan was as follows : — The canal, that cost the State $5,000,000 The lands, amounting to 230,476 acres, valued, alter the completion of the canal, at $10 per acre 2,304,670 Lots in the various towns on the canal, valued at. 1,900,000 Total $9,204,670 Messrs. Ryan & Oakley were appointed commissioners to raise the amount, and aided by David Leavitt, E*q., President of the American Ex- change Bank, which was a large holder of the canal bonds, succeeded in ob- taining the required sum — the leading banking houses in London taking up the subject The loan was completed, Messrs. David Leavitt and W. Swill were appointed trustees on behalf of the bondholders, and the work pushed to completion. The lands, on being sold, more than realized the estimated values on which the trust was based, and the revenues of the work have equalled expectations, so far as to leave but little room to doubt that the canal will soon, fulfilling its condition by discharging the canal indebtedness, revert to the State. The other great work, and perhaps the most important to the State inter- est, is the great Central Railroad. This work, as mentioned in the above table, was to have been 457£ miles long, at an estimated cost of $8,809, 145, and the State actually, before its failure, expended upon it $1,01 6,905, most- ly for a dep6t in Cairo, for clearing out the track, and in grading and em- bankments. The iron which had been purchased for this road was afterward sold at a loss. The Federal Government had a claim upon it for duties, it not having been laid upon the road within the time required by the then law for the remission duties. The works were going rapidly to destruction, but nothing was done until September 20, 1850, the Federal Congress made a grant of lands in aid of it. The following is a synopsis of that law : — ACT OF CONGRESS DONATING LANDS. . Section 1. Grants rignt of way through the public lands, 200 feet wide, with privilege of taking materials for construction ; earth, stone, timber, &c. Sec. 2. Grants every alternate section of land, 12 sections wide, the whole length of road and branches. In case the lands there are occupied, an equiva- lent quantity elsewhere, not over 15 miles from the road. The road to be com- menced simultaneously at both ends. The lands to be sold only as the work progresses. This grant does not include the reserve canal lands. Sec. 3. United States land reserved sections not to be sold for less than double the minimum price of the public lands. Sec. 4. The road to remain a public highway for the use of the United States Government, free from toll or other charges. Sec. 5. If the road is not completed in ten years, the State of Illinois shall Digitized by v^.ooQle 666 Debts and Finances of the States of the Union. p sy to the United States the proceeds of any land sold, and the remaining land shall revert to the United States. Sec. 6. The United States troops to be transported on the road at prices fixed by Congress. Sec. 7. The same rights and equivalent lands herein conveyed and granted to the States of Alabama and Mississippi respectively, for prolonging the railroad through those States to Mobile. Approved September 30, 1850. The magnificence of such a project as the building of this road, and the facility for its completion offered in the grant of the lands, could not fail to fall within the comprehensive speculation of certain New York gentlemen, and they at once proposed to the Governor of Illinois to take the donated lands and build the road by July, 1854, with a single track, in all respects like the Massachusetts Western Road. The State wisely granted a charter, of which the following is a synopsis : — STATE OF ILLINOIS — AN ACT TO INCORFOBATE THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. Section 1. Incorporates Robert Schuyler, George Griswold, Govemeur Mor- ris, Franklin Haven, David A. Neal, Robert Ran to ul, Jonathan Sturges, Thomas W. Ludlow, John F. A. Sanford, Henry Grinnel, Wm. H. Aspinwall, Leroy M. Wiley, and Joseph W. Alsop, under the name of the “ Illinois Central Railroad Company.” Sec. 2. Empowers the corporation to construct a railroad from the city of Cairo to the southern terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, with a branch thence to Chicago, and another to^Galena. Sec. 3. Grants the right of way through the State lands, two hundred feet in width, together with the power to take stone and other materials for con- struction. Sec. 4. The capital of the company to be $1,000,000, with privilege of in- creasing it. The capital to be divided into shares of $100 each. Sec. 6. Invests the powers of the company in a board of twelve Directors. Sec. 6. Appoints the twelve persons named in section 1 first board of Di- rectors. Sec. 7. The President and Directors empowered to execute all powers herein granted, in relation to the road. Sec. 8. Empowers the company to make by-laws, rules, and regulations. Sec. 9. Inflicts a penalty for obstructing the operation of the rood. Sec. 10. Relates to the mode. of crossing of highways and water-courses. Sec. 11. Relates to the connection with other railroads, and appoints Com- missioners for settling disputes that may arise. Sec. 12. Every servant of the companv to wear a badge upon his cap. Sec. 13. Requires each locomotive to bave a bell or steam-whistle. Sec. 14. Provides for filing a map of the road and of the lands taken for Us use, in the office of the Secretary of State. Sec. 15. Grants to the company the lands and privileges received from Con- gress by the State, under the Act of September 20, 1850 ; also, the right of way, lands, grading, and all materials and personal property obtiuned by the State heretofore for the said road. On the organization of the company, and its formal acceptance of this act of incorporation, and after the payment of 20 per cent of its capital into the hands of the Treasurer of the oompany, and after the deposit of $300,000 of Illinois State bonds, or $200,000 in specie, or $200,000 in United States 6 per cent stocks, with the Treasurer of the State, to be by him retained in pledge until 50 miles of the road are completed, the Governor, on behalf of the State, to de- liver to the company a deed of All the State property belonging to the said road and of all the property granted by the United States in aid of it The company at the same time to execute a deed of trust to Morris Ketchmn, John Moore, and Samuel D. Lockwood, conveying to them all the property eon- Digitized by v^.ooQle IlimoU . Ml tallied in the said deed, and in addition thereto, the railroad to be built, and all the property belonging to it to secure— 1. The construction of this road, accord* ing to the provisions of this act 3. The faithful application of the lands according to this act and the act of Congress. 3. The indemnification of the State against any claim of the United States Government 4. The State lien hereby created ; provided, that if 50 miles of road are not built within two years, the funds deposited with the State Treasurer shall be- come forfeited to the State. . The company on its organization shall take possession of all the State prop- erty in the road, and shall proceed to construct it, nowhere departing more than seventeen miles from a straight line, between Cairo and the southern termination of the canal. The main road to be put in operation within four years, and the branches within six years, and to be equal in all respects to the Massachusetts West- ern Railway. The trustees shall hold one-fourth of the lands conveyed, applicable to the exigencies of the company, and to the interest on loans, no portion of this land to be sold until work is actually commenced on the road ; and to no greater amount than the actual expenditures on the same. The company may issue its bonds, bearing not more than 7 per cent interest, payable semi-annually, and redeemable at the pleasure of the company, before 1875 ; the payment of the bonds to be secured oy the deed of trust Sec. 16. On the completion of 50 miles of road, the trustees may proceed to sell the lands, giving complete titles to buyers ; all the proceeds to be applied to the bonds. Sec. 17. The trustees not to soli lands to a greater amount than the actual expenditure on the road at the time. Sec. 18. In consideration of these grants, the company to pay semi-annually 5 per cent of the gross income of the road to the State ; the first payment in four years from date of trust Sec. 19. Survey of lands to be at cost of company, and roads to be free for the use of the United States. Sec. 20. In case of the death of any of the trustees, the Governor and the company to fill the vacancies alternately. Sec. 21. The company shall permit side tracks to intersect the road in cities. Sec. 22. The lands held by the company not to be taxed until sold, and other property exempt for six years, and the tax then not to exceed three-fourths of 1 per cent. This tax and the 5 per cent of income not to exceed 7 percent of the gross income of the company. Sec. 23. All the grants to cease unless accepted within 60 days, and unless work is began before January, 1852. Sec. 24. State to have a prior lien for all penalties, taxes, &c. Sec. 25. Admits occupants of land granted to have pre-emptive right of pur- chase at $2 50 per acre. Sec. 26. Confers the rights enumerated upon any other company, in case those enumerated in section 1 do not accept Sec. 27. This act declared public. Signed, February 10, 1851. On the 22d of March, 1851, the company, through its President, Robert Schuyler, Esq., accepted the act On the same day the Treasurer of the company, in accordance with its provisions, deposited with the State Treas- urer 1200,000 in specie. On the 24tb, the Governor executed this deed of “ all the lands granted by the Government of the United States to the State of Illinois ; also the lot of ground obtained by the State of Illinois within the city of Cairo for a dep6t; also all the right of wa y, grading, embank* Digitized by v^oosle 668 Debts and Finances of the States of the Union . ments, excavations, survey, work, materials, profiles, plates, and papers in anywise appertaining to said railroad and brandies.” On the same day, March 24, the company executed a deed of trust to Morris Ketchum, John Moore, and Samuel D. Lockwood, of all the above property to secure the objects mentioned in the act above quoted. Congress having donated six sections, of 640 acres each, on each side of the road, it follows that the grant is 3,840 acres per mile. The final loca- tion of the road determined its length at 670 miles, consequently the ag- gregate grant is 2,572,80Q acres. For that land patents have been issu«l from the Land-Office to the company, and under the trust these lands have been appropriated, and classed as follows, to secure construction bonds : — 400.000 acres, inferior farm lands, at $6 $2,406,000 1,200,000 “ good “ at $10 12,000,000 800.000 “ superior u at $15 4,600,000 100.000 “ town 6ites, coal beds, Ac. at $25 2,500,000 2,000,000 “ to secure construction bonds $21 ,400,000 250.000 “ in aid of interest fund, at $10 2,600,000 822.000 u contingent fund $10 .. 8,220,000 2,572,000 M average present value $27,120,000 The amount of bonds to be issued not to be over $1 7,000,000, and the works erected by their expenditure are additional security for their payment The interest is secured by the interest fund ; thus, for twenty-four years the in- terest on $17,000,000 of bonds will amount to $28,560,000. The earnings of the Michigan Central Railroad, one third the length of this great Illinois work, are $1,100,000, Under the supposition that this road yields no more, the amount will be $26,400,000. The interest fund will then be : — Income of road $26,400,000 260,000 acres of land, at $10 per acre 2,600,000 Capital stock 2,000,000 Total interest fund $30,900,000 This low estimate is sufficient to show, how unquestionable i3 the in- vestment. The revenues of the Illinois Road will be at least triple those of the Michigan work, the stock of which sells at 116. On the completion of these papers the company issued its bonds, of which $5,000,000 were negotiated in London and 70,000 tons of iron were pur- chased at a low price, one- half cash and one-balf bonds. This iron has since advanced in value equal to one million of dollars. The 50 miles of road, the completion of which dates the right of the company to sell lands, will be completed in January, 1853, and the whole road is being put under contract. In connection with the value of the lands held by the road, we may state that the total quantity of unsold land belonging to the government in Illi- nois was, as appears by the land table above, at the close of the last fiscal year, 10,243,157 acres. The government had sold 15,832,157 acres, and had received $20,491,177 cash, which was an average of $1 30 per acre. Of the above 10,243,157 unsold acres, 1,608,876 acres, on the line of the Central Railroad, had been under proclamation of sale an average of 15 years, and had found no buyers at the minimum price of the govern- ment, viz.; $1 25. Out of that quantity, 10,243,157 acres, the govern- ment granted 2,572,000 acres to the Central Railroad, and there remains to Digitized by Google Illinois. 660 it 7,672,157 acres, including one-half of that which had been so long upon the market. At the land sales this fall, those lands were eagerly taken up at 63 a 67 per acre — the average was $.5, and it will' be borne in mind that ( the prioe would have been much higher but for an agreement among set- tlers not to bid on each other, and also for their combination against specu- lators. Those lands that so long were neglected by the buyers, were situat- ed, as per Land-Office reports, as follows: — In Kaskaskia District, 23,681 acres, over 30 years on the market; Shawneetown, 401,873 acres, over 30 years: Vaiidalia, 344,672 acres, over 25 years; in Danville, 372,702 acres, over 20 years ; and in Dixon, 465,948 acres, over 10 years. All these lands are within five miles of the great Central Road, and one-half of them now form part of its property. The government land is, as wo have said, selling at 65. The government would nave been glad to get $2,000,000 for the whole, but it is through the influence of the road getting $4,000,000 for half, in the ratio of $8,000,000 for the whole. No State has suffered more through mismanagement, in times gone by, than this State, which is emphatically the garden of the West — perhaps of the continent. Its position being south of Michigan and Wisconsin, insures to it a better and softer climate, of which the farmer feels practically the benefit, in shortening by a month the season for foddering cattle, and in the security of the corn crop from tho>e frosts which, borne on the winds that sweep the Lakes, so often “kill out” the harvests of the Northern States. The broad and rich prairie lands afford advantages which the settlers iu the wooded districts of other States do not appreciate, and which indeed are not brought out fully without the operation of internal works of improvement, which supply all that nature has withheld. It is seldom that any spot of land combines all the gifts of Providence. It is there that she has spread as a lawn the richest lands, charged with more fuel and water than almost any other section. Her streams flow gently through the rich alluvium, and Sir Charles Lyell states : — “There is more good bituminous coal in Illinois than in England, and it is far more easily mined and laid out ready for transit than there.” There is an absence of timber, which has been considered by immigrants a drawback. Experience has, however, shown the contrary. Those who have settled the timbered lands of Ohio and Pennsylvania can testify to the weary life-times of labor required to clear those tracts of stumps, and to wrench from the frowning forest the breadth of a good farm for cultivation. In Illinois the matter is different. As an instance: — In the iincnth of April, 1844, a Massachusetts farmer, finding the buz of spindles increase faster than the hum of bees, and the crops that tumbled from rail- road cars far more abundant than those in the barns of the section, started for Ogle County, Illinois, and entered upon 700 acres, 590 acres of which was a broad prairie, on which the tall grass waved in uninterrupted billows. As is usual, he immediately, with four yoke of oxen and a breaking plow, turned over the sods, and dropped the corn between them, without further labor. Thirty acres so treated gave him 1,200 bushels of com in Septem- ber, when 280 acres was ready for wheat. This gave little more labor. Twenty- six bushels, weighing 66 lbs. per bushel, to the acre. After this wheat was sown the process of fencing in commeuced, and within this year 500 acres were fenced in, and 6,000 bushels of wheat, (prime wheat,) and 1,200 bushels of com, were in the barn ! Such is Illinois. Digitized by foozle 670 Debts and Finances of the States of the Union* From this it will be observed that timber is the great nuisance upon fresh land, beyond what is wanted for posts, rails, and buildings. Now, all the head waters of the Mississippi and the Missouri oommand limitless tim- ber lands. From the Falls of St Anthony alone, more timber can be de*. livered than would supply an empire. That timber rafted to Cure will sup- ply, over the great Central Road, which runs north 117 miles, then forts and traverses the whole State in two lines, in a convenient form, all the wants of the farmcre far cheaper than they could cut it themselves, without leaving a stump in their way. The same railroad which brings their tim- ber carries away their produce. One of the most extensive and intelligent formers of Illinois, who is also a commission merchant at Toledo, has a form of 4,000 acres in the interior of Illinois, stocked with 1,500 head of cattle, 2,000 sheep, and 2,500 hop. He has been accustomed to haul wheat to Springfield, carrying back pine lumber, salt, Ac., a distance of 50 miles. His wood he hauled 100 miles, to Terre Haute and Covington, on the Ohio River. The railroad now sweeps by his farm, carrying to him his supplies, and pouring his rich produce into the bosom of Chicago. The produce of that farm sdone will give the Cen- tral Road a freight of $3,000 per annum. It may be necessary here to describe the connection of this great work with the sea-board. It will be remarked that its southern terminus is Cairo, situated at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and following the sinuosities of that stream, 1,012 miles from New Orleans. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad, however, connects Cairo with Mobile, 470 miles, or about the length of the Erie Railroad of New York* In the United States law, above quoted, grants of land were made in aid of this work, which is all un- der contract, and will be completed next year. This places Cairo within 600 miles of New Orb ana, abDUt half the river distance. The River Illi- nois drains a large section of its produce, which reaches St Louis in about 600 arrivals per annum. That produce is transhipped, and seeks New Or- leans by steamboat for a market. The Illinois Railroad!, by its two immense branches, drains the most fertile and largest portion of the whole State, and concentrating the produce at Cairo, dispatches it over the railroad to a quicker and safer market From the terminus of the northern branch at Chicago, two great railroads run easterly. These are the Michigan Central and the Michigan Southern Roads. In our number for February, 1850, we, in treat- ing upon the debts of Michigan, described the process by which those two roads came into the hands of private companies. Mr. George Griswold, of New York, and Mr. J. W. Brooks, of Detroit, are the leading proprietors of the great Central Road. Under his charter, quoted in an article for February, 1850, the company completed its line, 227 miles, from Detroit to Michigan City, on the Indiana line. The company then petitioned the Legislature for a law to extend its road from Michigan City, through Indiana, to the Il- linois line, 40 miles. This was not granted, and the company formed an arrangement with the New Albany and Salem Railroad, possessed of an old Indiana charter, by which they extended the road. This right was disputed by the great Michigan Southern Road, but the company have abandoned its ground of complaint, and the Michigan Central Road will connect on the Il- linois line with the Illinois Central Road. This line will then be prolonged as follows : — Digitized by v^.ooQle Sugar: and the Sugar Trade 671 Mlln. Tim, hours. 470 20 867 12 287 11 228 10 800 10 144 4 — — 1,721 77 bin a very short Mobile to Cairo. Cairo to Michigan City 857 Michigan City to Detroit Detroit, through Canada West, to Niagara Niagara to Altanv Albany to New York, by Hudson Hirer Railroad Mobile to New York.. ..................... 1,721 This whole line is in process of construction, and will, within a very short time, be completed. New Orleans will connect by a northerly route, making the distance a little more than to Mobile. This Illinois Central Road is the great link which connects the northern routes with the southern, and must carry the through business of all the roads. It is, no doubt, the case, but that the Central Michigan Road, connecting also with Boston, may be the preferable one for transportation. The influence of the Central Railroad, in addition to that of the great canal, the Springfleld and Alton Railroad, the Galena and Chicago Railroad, and the other improvements in Illinois under the management of private companies, upon the welfare of the State, is hardly to be calculated. Each and all of these works not only cause the occupation of lands, thus bringing them under the operation of the tax law, increasing its proceeds applicable to the discharge of the debts, but, by opening markets, raises the value of all the products, and therefore lightens the tax to all the inhabitants. That which was an onerous burden upon 40,000 agricultural families, occupying land secluded from markets, became a light matter to 200,000 families, whose fertile lands are open to markets in which they compete successfully with the producers of less favored regions, and the day of discredit has passed. More particularly, that the new constitution, passed in 1847 by a vote of 59,887 for, and 15,859 against — majority in favor 44,028, or nearly two-thirds — that the State shall never contract debts to exceed in the aggre- gate $50,000, unless the law authorizing the debt shall provide for or tax to discharge it, atad shall be submitted to the people before going into opera- tion. Art. II. — SUGAR : AND THE SUGAR TRADE. Sugar is the sweet constituent of vegetable and animal products. It may be distinguished into two principal species. The first, which occurs in the sugar-cane, the beet-root, and the maple, crystallizes in oblique four-sided prisms, terminated by two-sided summits ; it has a sweetening power which may be represented by 100 ; and, in circumpolarization it bends the.luminous rays to the right. The second occurs ready formed in ripe grapes and other fruits ; it is also produced by treating starch with disastase or sul- phuric acid. This species forms cauliflower concretions, but not true crystals ; it has a sweetening power which may be represented by 60, and in circumpolarization it bends the rays to the left. Besides these two principal kinds of sugar, some others are distinguished by chemists ; as the sugar of milk, of manna, of certain mushrooms, of liquorice-root, and that obtained from saw-dust and glue by the action of sulphuric acid ; but they have no importance in a manufacturing point of view. Digitized by v^.ooQle 67 2 Sugar : and (he Sugar Trade. Sugar, extracted either from the cane, the beet, or tho maple, is identical in its properties and composition, when refined to the same pitch of purity; only that of the beet seems to surpass the other two in cohesive force, since larger and firmer crystals of it are obtained from a clarified solution of equal density. It contains 5.3 per cent of combined water, which can l>e separated only by uniting it with oxydeof lead, iut > what has been call'd asaccliarate; made by mixing sirup with 'finely ground litharge, and evaporating the mixture to dryness upon a steam-bath. When sugar is exposed to a heat of 400° F., it melts into a brown pasty mass, but still retains its water of composition. Sugar thus fu?ed is no longer capable of crystallization, and is called caramel by the French. It is used for coloring liqueurs. Indeed, sugar is so susceptible of change by heat, that if a colorless solution of it be exposed for some time to the .temperature of boiling water, it becomes brown and partially uncry staflizable. Acids exercise such an injurious influence upon sugar, that after remaining in contact with it for a little while, though they be rendered thoroughly neutral, a great part of the sugar will refuse to crystallize. Thus, if three parts of oxalic or tartaric acid be added to sugar in solution, no crystals of sugar can be obtained by evapo- ration, even though tho acids be neutralized by chalk or carbonate of lime. By toiling cane sugar with dilute sulphuric acid, it is changed into starch sugar. Manufacturers of sugar should be, therefore, particularly watchful against every acidulous taint or impregnation. Nitric acid converts sugar into oxalic and malic acid9. Alkaline matter is likewise most detrimental to the grain of sugar; as is always evinced by the large quantity of molasses formed, when an excess of temper lime has been used in clarifying the juice of the cane or the beet. When one piece of lump sugar is rubbed against another in the dark, a phosphorous light is emitted. Sugar is soluble in all proportions in water ; but it takes four parts of spirits of wine, of spec. grav. 0.830, and eighty of absolute alcohol, to dis- solve it, both being at a boiling temperature. As the alcohol cools, it deposits the sugar in small crystals. Caramelized and uncrystallizable sugar dissolves readily in alcohol. Pure sugar is unchangeable in the air, even when dissolved in a good deal of water, if the solution be kept covered and in the dark ; but with a very small addition of gluten, the so- lution soons begin to ferment, whereby the sugar is decomposed into alcohol and carbonic acid, and ultimately into acetic acid. Sugar forms chemical compounds with the salifiable bases. It dissolves readily in caustic potash ley, whereby it loses its sweet taste, and affoids on evaporation a mass which is insoluble in alcohol. When the ley is neutralized by sulphuric acid, the sugar recovers its sweet taste, and may be separated from the sulphate of potash by alcohol, but it will no longer crystallize. That sirup possesses the property of dissolving the alkaline earths, lime, magnesia, strontite3, barytes, was demonstrated long ago by Mr. Ramsay of Glasgow, by experiments published in Nicholson’s Journal, volume xriii. page 9, for September, 1807. He found that sirup is capable of dissolving naif as much lime as it contains of sugar ; and a9 much strontites as sugar. Magnesia dissolved in much smaller quantity, and barytes, seemed to de- compose the sugar entirely. These results have been since coutirmed by Professor Daniell. Mr. Ramsay characterized sugar treated with lime as weak, from its sweetening power being impaired ; from its solution he ob- tained, after some time, a deposite of calcarious carbonate. M. Pelouze has Digitized by v^.ooQle Sugar ; and the Sugar Trade . 673 lately shown, that the carbonic acid in this case is derived from the atmos- phere, and is not formed at the expense of the elements of the sugar, as Mr. Daniel 1 had asserted. Sugar forms with oxyde of lead two combinations ; the one soluble, and the other insoluble. Oxyde of lead digested in sirup dissolves to a certain amount, forms a yellowish liquor, which possesses an alkaline reaction, and leaves after evaporation an uncrystallizable, viscid, deliquescent mass. If sirup be boiled with oxyde of lead iu excess, if the solution be filtered boiling hot, and if the vial be corked in which it is received, white bulky flocks will fall to its bottom in the course of 24 hours. This compound is best dried in vacuo. It is in both cases light, tasteless, and insoluble in cold and boiling water : it#fires like German tinder, (Amadou,) when touched at one point with an igniled body, and bums away, leaving small globules of lead. It dissolves in acids, and is also a neutral acetate of lead, which forms with the oxyde a subsalt, and sets the sugar free. Carbonic acid gas passed through water, in which the above saccharate is diffused, decomposes it with precipitation of carbonate of lead. It consists of 58.26 parts of oxyde of lead, and 41.74 sugar, in 100 parts. From the powerful action exercised upon sugar by acids and oxyde of lead, wo may see the fallacy and danger of using these chemical reagents in sugar refining. Sugar possesses the remarkable pro- perty of dissolving the oxyde, as well as the subacetate of copper, (verdigris,) and of counteracting their poisonous operation. Orfila found that a dose of verdigris, which would kill a dog in an hour or two, might be swallowed with impunity, provided it was mixed with a considerable quantity of sugar. When a solution of sugar is boiled with the acetate of copper, it causes an abuudant precipitate of protoxyde of copper ; when boiled with the nitrates of mercury and silver, or the chloride of gold, it reduces the respective bases to the metallic state. The following Table shows the quantities of Sugar contained in Sirups of the numerical specific gravities.* It was the result of experiments carefully made. Experimental specific grav- Sugar in 100, by Experimental specific grav- Sugar in 100, by ity of solution at 60 d. F. weight. ity of solution at 60 d. P. weight. 1.3260 66.666 1.1045 25.000 1.2310 60.000 1.0906 21.740 1.1777 40.000 1.0820 20.000 1 .4400 83.883 1.0686 16.666 1.1840 31.250 1.0600 12.600 1.1260 29 412 1.0396 10.000 1.1110 26.816 If the decimal part of the number denoting the specific gravity of sirup be multiplied by 26, the product will denote very nearly the quantity of sugar per gallon in pounds weight, at the given specific gravity .f Sugar has been analysed by several chemists ; the following Table ex- hibits some of their results : — Gay Luasao and Thenard. Berzelius. Proufc. Ure. Oxygen 56.63 49.856 58.35 60.38 in 100 Ckrbon. 42.47 43.266 89.99 48.88 u Hydrogen 6.90 6.876 6.66 6.29 ** • The author, in minutes ol evidence of Molasses Committee of the House of Commons. 183L p. 142. ^ H f This rule was annexed to an extensive table, representing the quantities of sugar per gallon corresponding to the specific gravities of the sirup, constructed by the author for the Excise, la subserviency to the Beet-root Bill. VOL. XXVL — NO. YL 48 Digitized by Google 674 Sugar: and the Sugar Trade , Of the sugar-cane, and the extraction of sugar from it, Humboldt, after the most elaborate historical and botanical researches in the new world, has arrived at the conclusion that before America was discovered by the Spaniards, the inhabitants of that continent and the adjacent islands were entirely unacquainted with the sugar canes, with any of our com plants, and with rice. The progressive diffusion of the cane has been thus traced out by the partisans of its oriental origin. From the interior of Asia it was transplanted first into Cyprus, and thence into Sicily, or possibly by the Saracens directly into the latter island, in which a large quantity of sugar was manufactured in the year 1148. Lafitau relates the donation made by William the Second, king of Sicily, to the convent of St Benoit, of a mill for crushing sugar canes, along with all its privileges, workmen, and depen- dencies : which remarkable gift bean the date of 1166. According to this author, the sugar cane must have been imported into Europe at the period of the Crusades. The monk Albertus Aquensis, in the description which he has given of the processes employed at Acre and Tripoli to extract sugar, says, that in the Holy Land, the Christian soldiers being short of provisions, had recourse to sugar canes, which they chewed for subsistence. Towards the year 1420, Don Henry, regent of Portugal, caused the sugar-cane to be imported into Madeira from Sicily. This plant succeeded perfectly in Madeira and the Canaries; and until the discovery of America these islands supplied Europe with the greater portion of the sugar which it consumed. The cane is said by some to have passed from the Canaries into the Brazils ; but by others, from the coast of Angola in Africa, where the Por- tuguese had a sugar colony. It was transported in 1606, from the Bnurib and the Canaries, into Hispaniola or Hayti, where several crushing-mills were constructed in a short time. It would appear, moreover, from the statement of Peter Martyr, in the third book of his first Decade, written during the second expedition of Christopher Columbus, which happened be- tween 1493 and 1495, that even at this date the cultivation of the sugar cane was widely spread in St. Domingo. It may therefore be supposed to have been introduced here by Columbus himself, at his first voyage, along with other productions of Spain and the Canaries, and that its cultivation had come into considerable activity at the period of his second expedition. Towards the middle of the 17th century, the sugar cane was imported into Barbadoes from Brazil, then into the other English West Indian possessions, into the Spanish Islands, on the coast of America, into Mexico, Peru, Chili, and, last of all, into the French, Dutch, and Danish colonies. The sugar cane, Arundo sacchifera , is a plant of the graminiferous family, which varies in hight from 8 to 10, or even to 20 foet Its diameter it about an inch and a half; its stem is dense, brittle, and of a green hue, which verges to yellow at the approach of maturity. It is divided by prominent annular joints of a whitish -yellow color, the plane of which ia perpendicular to the axis of the stem. These joints are placed about 3 inches apart ; and send forth leaves, which fall off with the ripening of the plant. The leaves are 3 or 4 feet long, flat, straight, pointed, from 1 to 3 inches in breadth, of a sea-green tint, striated in their length, alternate, em- bracing the stem by their base. They are marked along their edges with almost imperceptible teeth. In the 11th or 12th month of their growth the canes push forth at their top a sprout 7 or 8 feet in hight, neany half an inch in diameter, smooth, and without joints, to which the name arrow Digitized by v^.ooQle Sugar: and the Sugar Trade . 675 is given. This is terminated by an ample panicle, about 2 feet long, divided into several knotty ramifications, composed of very numerous flowers,' of a white color, apetalous. and furnished with 3 stamens, the anthers of which are a little oblong. The roots of the sugar cane are jointed and nearly cy- lindrical ; in diameter they are about one twelfth of an inch ; in their utmost length, 1 foot, presenting over their surface a few short radicles. The stem of the cane in its ripe state is heavy, very smooth, brittle, of a yellowish-violet, or whitish color, according to -the variety. It is filled with a fibrous, spongy, dirty-white pith, which contains very abundant sweet juice. Thw juice is elaborated separately in each internodary portion, the functions of which are in this respect independent of the portions above and below. The cane may be propagated by seeds or buds with equal facility ; but- it is usually done by cuttings or joints of proper lengths, from 1 5 to 20 inches, in proportion to the nearness of the joints, which are generally taken from the tops of the canes, just below the leaves. There are several varieties of the sugar- cane plant The first, and longest known, is the creole, or common sugar cane, which was originally introduced at Madeira. It grows freely in every region within the tropics, on a moist soil, even at an elevation of 3000 feet above the level of the sea. In Mexico, among the mountains of Caudina-Mascar, it is cultivated to a height of more than 5000 feet. The quantity and quality of sugar which it yields, is proportional to the heat of the place where it grows, provided it be not too moist and marshy. The second variety of this plant is the Otaheitan cane. It was introduced into the West Indies about the end of the 18th century. This variety, stronger, taller, with longer spaces between the joints, quicker in its growth, and much mor& productive in sugar, succeeds perfectly well in lands which seem too much impoverished to grow the ordinary cane. It sends forth shoots at temperatures which chill the growth and development of the creole plant. Its maturation does not take more than a year, and is accomplished sometimes in nine months. From the strength of its stem, and the woodiness of its fibers it better resists the storms. It displays a better inflorescence, weighs a third more, affords a sixth more juice, and a fourth more sugar, than the common variety. Its main advantage, however, is to yield four crops in the same time that the creole cane yields only three. Its juice contains less feculency and mucilage, whence its sugar is more easily crystallized, and of a fairer color. Besides these two varieties, another kind is described by Humboldt and Bonpland, under the name of the violet sugar cane, for its haura and leaves are of this color. It was transported from Batavia in 1782. It flowers a month sooner than the rest, that is, in August, but it yields less solid sugar, and more liquid, both of which have a violet tint. In saying that the cane may be propagated by seeds as well as buds, we must remark that in all the colonies of America, the plant flowers, indeed, but it then sends forth a shoot, (arrow,) that is, its stem elongates, and the seed-vessel proves abortive. For this reason, the bud joints must there be used for its propagation. It grows to seed, however, in India. This circumstance occurs with some other plants, which, when propagated by their roots, cease to yield fertile seeds ; such as the banana, the bread- fruit, the lily, and the tulip. In the proper season for planting, the ground is marked out by a line into rows three or four feet asunder, in which rows the canes are planted Digitized by v^.ooQle 076 Sugar : and the Sugar Trade . About two feet apart. The series of row3 is divided into pieces of land 60 or 70 feet broad, leaving spaces of about 20 feet, for the convenience of passage, and for the admission of sun and air between the stems. Canes are usually planted in trenches, about 6 or 8 inches deep, made with the hand-hoe, the raised soil being heaped to one side, for covering*in the young cane ; into the holes a negro drops the number of cuttings intended to be inserted, the digging being performed by other negroes. The earth is then drawn about the hillocks with the hoe. This labor has been, however, in many places better and more cheaply performed by the plough ; a deep furrow being made, into which the cuttings are regularly planted, and the mold then properly turned in. If the ground is to be afterwards kept clear by the horse- hoe, the rows of canes should be 5 feet asunder, and the hillocks 2 1 feet distant, with only one cane left in one hillock. After some shoots appear, the sooner the horse-hoe is used, the more will the plants thrive, by keeping the weeds under, and stirring up the soil. Plant-canes of the first growth have been known to yield, on the brick-mold of Jamaica, in very fine seasons, 2| tons of sugar per acre. The proper season for plant- ing the cane slips containing the buds, namely, the top part of the cane stripped of its leaves and the two or three upper joints, is in the interval between August and the beginning of November. Favored by the autum- nal weather, the young plants become luxuriant enough to shade the ground before the dry season sets in ; thereby keeping the roots cool and mode- rately moist. By this arrangement the creole canes are ripe for the mill in the beginning of the second year, so as to. enable the manager to finish his crop early in June. There is no greater error in the colonist than planting canes at an improper season of the year, whereby his whole system of operations becomes disturbed, and, in a certain degree, abortive. The withering and fall of a leaf afford a great criterion of the maturity of the cane-joint to which it belonged; so that the eight last leafless joints of two canes, which are cut the same day, have exactly the same age and the same ripeness, though one of the canes be 15 and the other only 10 months old. These, however, cut towards the end of the dry season, before the rains begin to fall, produce better sugar than those cut in the rainy season, as they are then somewhat diluted with watery juice, and require more evaporation to form sugar. It may be reckoned a fair average pro- duct, when one pound of sugar is obtained from one gallon (English) of juice. Rattoons (a word corrupted from rejettons) are the sprouts or suckeis that spring from the roots or stoics of the canes that have been previously cut for sugar. They are commonly ripe in 12 months; but canes of the first growth are called plant-canes, being the direct produce of the original cuttings or germs placed in the ground, and require a longer period to bring them to maturity, The first yearly return from the roots that are cut over, are called first rattoons ; the second year's growth, second rat- toons ; and so on, according to their age. Instead of stocking up his rat- toons, holing, and planting the land anew, the planter suffers the stoles to continue in the ground, and contents himself, as the cane-fields become thin and impoverished, with supplying the vacant places with fresh plants. By these means, and the aid of manure, the produce of sugar per acre, if not apparently equal to that from plant-canes, gives perhaps in the long run as great returns to the owner, considering the relative proportion of the labor and expense attending the different systems. The common yielding Digitized by v^.ooQle Sugar : and the Sugar Trade . 677 on proper land, such as the red soil of Trelawney, in Jamaica, is 7 hogs* heads, of 16 cwts. each, to 10 acres of rattoons cut annually : and such a plantation lasts from 6 to 10 years. When the planted canes are ripe, they are cut close above the ground, by an oblique section, into lengths of 3 or 4 feet, and transported in bundles to the mill-house. If the roots be then cut off, a few inches below the surface of the soil, and covered up with fine mould, they will push forth more prolific offsets or rattoons, than when left projecting in the common way.* The manufacture of sugar i3 that train of operations by which the juice is extracted from the canes, and brought to a granulated state. In the West India sugar mills employed for crushing the canes, a negro applies the canes in a regular layer or sheet to the interval between two rollers, which seize and compress them violently as they pass between them. The ends of the canes are then turned, either by another negro on the opposite side to the feeder, or by a framework of wood called a dumb returner , so that they may pass back again between two other rollers placed closet together. Channels are made to receive the liquor expressed from the canes, and conduct it to the vessels in which it is to undergo the succeed- ing operations. Improved sugar mills have been lately brought into use. Cane-juice as expressed by the mill, is an opaque slightly viscid fluid, of a dull grey, olive, or olive green color, and of a sweet balmy taste. The juice is so exceedingly fermentable that in the climate of the West Indies it would often run into the acetous fermentation in twenty minutes after leaving the mill, if the process of clarifying were not immediately com- menced. The processes followed in the West Indies for separating the sugar from the juice are as follows. The juice is conducted by channels from the mill to large flat-bottomed clarifiers , which contain from three hundred to a thousand gallons each. When the clarifier is filled with juice, a little slaked lime is added to it; and when the liquor in the clarifier becomes hot by a fire underneath, the solid portions of the cane-juice coagulate, and are thrown up in the form of scum. The clarified juice, which is bright* clear, and of a yellow wine-color, is transferred to the largest of a series of evaporating coppers, or pans, three or more in number, in which it is reduced in bulk by boiling ; it is transferred from one pan to another, and heated until the sugar is brought to the state of a soft mass of crystals, imbedded in molasses, a thick, viscid, and uncrysUlliztble fluid. The soft concrete sugar is removed from the coolers into a range of casks, in which the mo- lasses gradually drains from the crystalline portion, percolating through spongy plantain-stalks placed in a hole at the bottom of each cask, which act as so many drains to convey the liquid to a large cistern beneath. With sugar of average quality three or four weeks is sufficient for this pur- pose. The liquid portion constitutes molasses, which is employed to make rum. The crystallized portion is packed in hogsheads for shipment, as Rav>n Broumy or Muscovado Sugar ; and in this state it is commonly exported from our West Indian colonies. The sugar loses usually about 12 per cent in weight by the drainage of the remaining molasses from it while on ship- board. Refining . — The refining of sugar is mainly a bleaching process, conducted on a large scale in the United States. There are two varieties produced • Ure’a Dictionary of Arta, k. c., Sue, Digitized by v^oosle 678 Sugar : and the Sugar Trade . by this bleaching, viz. clayed and loaf sugar. For clayed sugar, the sugar is removed from tbe coolers into conical earthen moulds called former each of which has a small hole at the apex. These holes being stopped up the formes are placed, apex downwards, in other earthern vessels. The sirup, after being stirred round, is left for from fifteen to twenty hours to crystal- lize. The plugs are then withdrawn, to let out the uncrystallized sirup; and, the base of the crystallized loaf being removed, the forme is filled ap with pulverized white sugar. This is well pressed down, and then a quan- tity of clay, mixed with water is placed upon the sugar, the formes being put into fresh empty pots. The moisture from the clay, filtering through the sugar, carries with it a portion of the colouring matter, which is more soluble than the crystals themselves. By a repetition of this process the sugar attains nearly a white color, and is then dried and crushed for side. But loaf sugar is the kind most usually produced by the refining pro- cesses. The brown sugar is dissolved with hot water, and then filtered through canvas bags, from which it exudes as a clear, transparent though reddish sirup. The removal of this red tinge is effected by filtering the sirup through a mass of powdered charcoal ; and we have then a perfectly transparent and colorless liquid. In the evaporation or concentration of tbe clarified sirup, which forms the next part of the refining process, the boiling is effected (under the admirable system introduced by Mr. Howard) in a vacuum, at a temperature of about 140° Fahr. The sugar-pan in a large copper vessel, with arrangements for extracting the air, admitting the sirup, admitting steam pipes, and draining off the sugar when concentrated. Id using the pan a quantity of sirup is admitted ; and an air pump is set to work, to extract all the air from the pan, in order that the contents may boil at a low temperature. The evaporation proceeds ; and, when com pleted, the evaporated sirup flows out of the pan through a pipe into an open vessel beneath, called the granulating vessel , around which steam cir- culates, and within which the sirup is brought to a partially crystallized state. From the granulators the sirup or sugar is transferred into mould* of a conical form, which were formerly made of coarse pottery, but are now usually of iron ; in these molds the sugar crystallizes and whitens, tLe remaining uncrystallized sirup flowing out at an opening at the bottom of of the moulds. This sirup is reboiled with raw sugar, so as to yield aa , inferior quality of sugar ; and when all the crystallizable matter has be* n extracted from it, the remainder is sold as treacle. The loaves of sugar, after a few finishing processes, are ready for sale. The improvements introduced into the processes of sugar- refining allow loaf sugar to be now sold at a price so little exceeding that of raw sugar, that the manufacture has of late vastly increased. Sugar- Candy is a kind of crystallized sugar made in China and Iodis. The crystals are formed around small strings or twigs, from which tfey are afterwards broken off. When heated to 365° Fahr., sugar melts into a viscid colorless liquid which when cooled suddenly, becomes barley-supcrr. The manufacture of Beet Boot Sugar is not in a flourishing state, as it cannot well compete commercially with that from the sugar-cane. There is a project at present on foot for establishing tbe beet-sugar manufacture in Ireland. It is proposed to establish a company with a capital of half a million sterling ; and to buy Irish beet root with a view of extracting sugar from it by processes which have recently been patented, and tbe patents for which are to be held by the company. The projectors 6tart upon tbs Digitized by v^.ooQle 679 Sugar: and the Sugar Trade. basis that the climate, soil, and labor-supply of Ireland are highly favorable to the culture ; and that the patent processes are calculated to perform the extraction of sugar well and cheaply. It remains to be shown bow far these anticipations are capable of being borne out ; if commercially advan- tageous at all, Ireland must unquestionably be benefited by it The com- pany's calculations give 400 tons of sugar and 100 tons of molasses for 6,000 tons of beet-root and shadow forth a flattering rate of prospective dividend. So do the calculations of the Irish Peat Company ; and we can only at present express a vrisk that the anticipations may be realized. (April 1851.) It has just been announced that there are now 303 beet-sugar manufactories in France ; and that the produce of French beet-sugar in 1850 was 74,628,607 kilogrammes — about 160,917,900 lbs. Sugar-Trade. — Before the discovery of America, sugar was a costly luxury used only on rare occasions. About 1459 Margaret Paston, writing to her husband, who was a gentleman and land owner in Norfolk, begs that he will u vouchsafe ” to buy her a pound of sugar. The consumption has gradually but steadily increased throughout the world. The sugar trade of the world has, in the last ten or fifteen years, under- gone a great change, on account of the changed commercial policies of our own and other governments, the improved prosperity of the people of Eng- land and Europe, as well as of the United States, leading to larger consump- tion, on the one hand, while the development of the culture of the cane in Louisiana, and of beet sugar in Europe, has tended to enhance the general supply, which again has been checked by the course of the British and French Governments in respect to their sugar colonies. .The great reduc- tion of the sugar duties of Great Britain has had the effect of increasing the consumption of raw sugar in the British islands 50 per cent. The duty on foreign brown sugar in England, which was 66s. per cwt. prior to July. 1846, has been but 14s. since July, 1851, and in 1854 the duties on raw and refined will be equalized. While the British demand for sugar was thus enhanced, the colonies produced less, and the extra demand from England fell on the markets of the world. In the same period, although the aggre- gate consumption of sugar on the continent increased, the demand for cane sugar was checked by the extended production of beet-root sugar, which has reached 150,000 tons per annum. Of this, in the German Customs Union, the increase has been from 15,000 to 62,000 tons, forming now one-half of the whole consumption of sugar in the Zollverein. In France, a great in- crease in the production of beet sugar took place under the protective policy of the government, which discriminated in its favor against the cane sugar of the colonies, until the growth became large, and then it reversed its poli- cy, discriminating in favor of cane sugar. Nevertheless, the course of the Provisional Government in 1848 towards its colonies diminished the receipt of colonial cane sugar in France from 120,000 to 60,000 tons. It would seem to be the case, however, that notwithstanding the dimin- ished supply of cane sugar from the British and French West Indies, the growth of beet sugar in Europe has so far supplanted its use, as to more than ipeet the aggregate increased demand for consumption in both England and Europe, and to throw larger supplies of Cuban sugar upon the United States markets, to compete with the swelling production from Louisiana cane. The import of brown sugar into the United States has been, according to official returns, as follows : — Digitized by v^.ooQle 680 Sugar : and the Sugar Trade POUNDS or IMPORTED RAW BROWN SUGAR INTO THE UNITED STATES. 1837 Cabs. Brazil West Todies. East Todies. TotaL 8,287,401 49,166,140 26,996,582 120,416,071 1838 7,886,067 66,093,202 9,597,781 139,200,705 1839 9,848.738 86,681,537 15,783,149 182,640,327 1840 5.413,316 45,576,480 8,888,531 107,155,085 1841 9,070,626 60,838,901 5,659,259 165,963,088 1842 . . . . 67,585,332 6,822,217 68,179,055 12,328,234 155,414,946 1843 1,915,115 81,475,613 4,515,284 69.484.831 1844 2,709,099 54,763.060 7,932,964 179,857,491 1845 6,258,288 46,571,976 6,582,720 111,967,404 1846 4,926,304 50,057,329 9,656.444 126,731,661 1847 6,896,447 45,366,660 8,642,895 226.683.261 1848 6,003,609 54,035,761 13,182.395 248,201,117 1849 9,516,004 56,710,188 7,835,323 253,815,495 I860 7,033,366 49,530,181 13,320,729 197,651,819 1851 14,557,699 62,883,757 10,768,908 364,537,861 Under the term of West Indies is included Porto Rico and some of the South American countries, other than Brazil. It will at once be seen that the supply from Cuba, from being one- third only of the whole import in 1837, has gradually risen until it is become two-thirds of the whole impor- tation of raw sugar into the Union. The supplies from Brazil fluctuate more in proportion to the European demand and prices than do those from Cuba. The figures, however, embrace only the brown sugar. If we add the aggregate of white sugar in each year, and also the crops of Louisiana, we arrive at the supply of raw sugar in the United States for each fiscal year. The figures for the year 1843 are for nine months only. It was in that year that the date of the the fiscal year was changed. IMPORTS or RAW SUGAR AND LOUISIANA CROPS. White. Brown. Supply. New Orleans. Raw snnr. 1887 120,416,071 70.000,000 306,139.819 1838 14,678,288 139,200,905 68,000,000 218.879,243 1839 12,690.946 182,640,827 170.000,000 265.231,273 1840 12.934.652 107.956,088 165,963.083 1 15,000,000 235,890,535 1841 87.000.000 271.197.662 1842 16,464,290 155,414,946 90,000,000 261,879,236 1843 69,584,331 140,000,000 211,632.866 1844.. 4,731,610 179,867,491 100.000.000 284,589,007 1846... 1,162,674 111,967,404 100.000,000 313,119,978 1846 1,043,886 126,781,661 187,000,000 314,775,497 1847 226.683,261 160,000,000 386,879.861 1848 248,201,117 240.000,000 494.208,125 1849 5,103,741 263,816,486 220.000,000 473.919,226 1850 197.651,819 247,923,000 465.572,231 1851 863,637,861 211,307,000 679,627,298 Such has been the annually increased supply of raw sugar. Since 1842, the trade has undergone a change in refining. Thus the tariff of 1833 charged a duty of cents upon raw sugars, but in order to encourage re- fining it allowed a drawback of 5 cents per pound on refined sugar exported. It is ascertained that 100 pounds, one-tbird white Havana and two thirds brown, will yield 51 J pounds refined. Hence, refunding 5 cents of The re- fined sugar was giving back a little more than the duty on the raw sugar. That is to say, 100 pounds raw sugar, $2 00 duty, and produced 51 J pounds refined, on which the drawback was $2 68 J ; and further, as under the Digitized by v^oosle 681 Sugar : and the Sugar Trade . terms of the compromise act, the doty on the raw sugar underwent bien- nial reductions, while the drawback was unaltered, the drawback became a direct bounty, and the business was increased as follows : — 1887 Supply. Exports. 45,047,008 U. 8. eontump. 161,092.811 1838 17,264,524 201,624,719 1839 23,969,100 241,262,173 1840 41,125,648 194.764,937 1841 39,094,266 282,103,897 1844 18,604,814 243,274,422 1848 211,632,366 8,676,607 209,056.749 1844 284.589,007 6,824,954 278.264.058 1845 15,391,058 298,728,920 1846 27,715,783 287,959,764 1847 9,223,547 376.655,814 1848 19,570,852 474.637.778 1849.... 21,462,893 453,456.888 1850 20,097,870 445,474,861 1851 11,220,728 668,406,676 In these figures we have taken no account 'of maple sugar, because, al- though that article is a valuable product in tho new States, it does not con- flict with the cane sugars where the latter are introduced through the ope- ration of the public works, the returns, of which all shdw an increasing mar- ket for the cane sugar, as the districts through which they run become more settled. The prominent fact in the above table is, that while Louisiana aiid Cuba afford equal supplies for the consumption of the Union, the former has far outrun Cuba, Notwithstanding that the latter has become so much more dependent upon the United States for a market. IMPORT AND EXPORT OF REFINED SUGAR. 1837 Foreign. . . . 72,786 Domestic. 1,844,167 Total exports. 1,916,953 Imports. 9,899 Excess exp. 1,907,055 1888 2,610,649 2,610,649 4.556 2,606,093 IS89 136,191 4,781,723 4,918,915 67,761 4,861,164 1840 74,674 10,741,648 10,816,822 1,682 10,814,640 1841 f 8,033 13,435,084 18,438,117 68,383 13,369,784 1842 f.l ... 1,320,181 8,430,346 598,884 4,760,627 1,985,319 2,765.208 1843 157,700 756,584 699,090 67.594 1844 ... 1,679,410 1,671,187 3,850,517 2,216,517 1,185,000 1846 ... 1,840,909 1,997,692 8,838,901 2.044,862 1,794,039 1816 910,263 4,128,512 5,038,775 253,379 4,785,396 1847 185,878 1,539,415 1,725,293 1,089,477 638,816 1848 439,220 3,370,773 3,817,993 2,121,628 1,696,865 1849 100 1,956,895 1,956,995 400.015 2,856,880 1850 ... 286,078 2,786,022 8,072,100 796,217 2,275,888 1851 . . . 1,107,296 2,689,541 3,796,886 12,077,726 The great increase in the import of refined sugar in 1851 was from Bel- gium and Holland, stimulated by the low price of raw sugars there. Under the operation of the falling duty upon raw sugar, and the unchanged rate of drawback, the export of refined sugars rose from 2,000,000 pounds in 1837, to nearly 14,000,000 pounds in 1841. With the close of that fiscal >var, the drawback was reduced from 5 cents to 3 cents, and after January, 1 842, to 2 cents. The effect was the instant cessation of the trade, making a difference of near 27,000,000 pounds in the quantity of brown sugar re- exported in the shape of refined sugar. This was a very important item, and its effect upon the market was by no means properly estimated. We Digitized by v^oosle 662 Sugar : and the Sugar Trade, may now take a table of the whole export of sugar from the United States, that i9, raw sugar of foreign and domestic origin, and of refined sugar equal to raw, at the rate of two pounds raw for one of refined, as follows : — TOTAL EXPORT OP RAW SUGAR, FOREIGN AND DOME8TXO, AND OF REFINED EQUAL TO RAW. Domestic 1887.. . Raw. Foreign. Domestic. refined equal to raw. 8,688,884 Total exporta. 45,047.008 1888.. . 408,802 5,221,898 17,264,624 1889.. . 18,018,461 387,203 9,663,446 23,969,100 1840... 18,872,344 769,903 21,488,396 41,125,848 1841... 11,811,283 312,864 26,970,168 89,094,286 1842.. . 11,677.689 166,633 6,860,692 18,604,814 1843... 1,729,276 68,668 787,768 2,675,607 1844... 187,118 8,842,214 6.824,964 1846... 196,986 3,996,984 16,391,068 1846... 109,296 8,269,024 8,078,880 27,715.738 1847.. . 388,467 9,223,547 1848. . 136.006 6,767,666 19.570,862 1849... 399,209 3,913,790 21,462.898 I860.. . 18,866,987 468,839 6,772,044 20,097.870 1861... 661,826 5,879,082 11,220,728 This table gives the whole annual export demand for raw sugar. The sugar trade of Great Britain in 1849 and 1850 exhibited the follow- ing results. The importation of sugar amounted to the quantities here stated : 1840. 18§0. From West Indies 2,684,162 From Mauritius 1,003,312 From East Indies 1,846,081 Foreign . ..,. 1,862,476 Refined 855,387 Molasses. 1,249,796 Total 7,891,214 The total quantities of all kinds of sugar and molasses re-exported in the same two years, together with the exports of sugar refiued in England, were 1849. 1850. Re-exports cwts. 761,280 466,219 British refined 223,278 209,236 Total 984,669 676,464 The gross amount of duty received on the imported sugar was 4,139,999/. in 1849, and 1850, 4,130,819/. The duties on the importation of sugar into England have varied very con- siderably. Between the years 1661 and 1815 the duty was gradually raised from Is. 6d. to 30s. per cwt. on British plantation sugar. From 1815 to 1844 it varied from 24s. to 30s. East India sugar paid a higher duty than West India until 1836, when the two were assimilated. Foreign sugar paid a duty of 60s. to 63s. per cwt until the recent legislative changes. In 1844 a change was made, whereby sugar from certain foreign countries, under certain defined circumstances, might be admitted at 34s. instead of 63s. duty. In 1845 another act fixed the duty on sugar, from either the East Indies or West Indies, at sums varying from 14s. to 21s., according Digitized by LjOoq le Sugar: and the Sugar Trade . CBS the quality. By an act passed in 1846, there was to be a gradual re- liction of duties from 1846 to 1851, at the expiration of which period the uty on foreign sugar was to be the same as that on East or West India sugar. By another act of the British parliament passed in 1848 this prin- ciple of gradual reduction is to extend until July, 1854, after which time sugars from all countries will be placed on the same footing. They will all pay at that time the following import duties per cwt. : Refined sugar 18s. 4 STAPLE ARTICLES INTO TEARS. 1851-8. THIS PORT rOl 1840-1. 1849-44. Earning... . Bale rope. . 17,012 80,402 24,901 Molasses .. 18,096 28,672 18, 04J 16,685 80,926 22,460 Oats 20,985 29.121 12,4*9 Bacon 11.600 16.607 9,269 Potatoes .. . 22,014 16,248 20,243 Coffee 28,588 83,880 74.829 26,852 25,286 18,928 79,088 70.670 *8.189 Pork 15 689 23,949 1,832 128,706 6,634 8,014 1,8*7 Corn 98,086 95.054 Rice 1,491 154.851 6,088 Flour. Salt 154,183 Hay *7,14* Sugar .... 7,7*0 Lard 22,481 20,021 10,662 Whisky.. . . 16,697 23,868 *1,440 Lime 81,027 28,745 19,322 1 1 Candles.. . . JOURNAL OF MERCANTILE LAW. UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES A FOREIGN MINISTER CAN SUE AND BE SUED ® THE UNITED STATES. In the case of Bosch Spencer rs. Rotnsin D. Boon and Annie Vanlangenbore, in the Superior Court of Baltimore city, it was decided under what circumstan- ces a foreign minister has the right to sue and be sued in this country. The question arose upon a motion to quash a writ of attachment which had been sued out under the laws of Maryland, Acts of 1825, chapter 114, by the plain- tiff, describing himself “ an inhabitant of the District of Columbia, in the United States,” against the defendants, who are alleged not to be citizens of the United States, nor to reside therein. On behalf of the defendants, a certificate from the Department of State is S reduced, showing that the 41 Chevalier de Bosch Spencer is the Charge d'Affiiift* uly accredited, of his Majesty the King of the Belgians, near the Government of the United States;” and for this, and other reasons assigned, the present mo- tion is made to quash the proceedings. • About $20^X)0 remained la wuebouse. Digitized by i^.ooQle 711 Journal of Mercantile Law. ]. Because by reason of his character as a fdreign minister he is incapacitated to sue in the courts of the State ; and 2. By reason of his not being within the designation of the Act, as he de- scribes himself, “ an inhabitant of the District of Columbia.** The act upon which this proceeding is predicated, provides : “ That it may be lawful for any person, an inhabitant or resident of any part of the United States, whether of one of the States or of the District of Columbia or other territories, and who by the existing Jaws of this State may be entitled to sue out and prose- cute mesne process, to have, use and prosecute the process by attachment,** &c. The defendants deny the plaintifTs right to sue, because of his recognized immunity from arrests and responsibility to the tribunals of the country to which he is accredited. It is also contended that he cannot reasonably claim the juris- diction of a court against whose proceed:ngs he has this personal immunity. They also maintain tnat by the constitution of the United States, the Supreme Court of the United Suites has exclusive jurisdiction of all such cases. The Court, in delivering their opinion, declare that the validity of these ob- jections must be determined by an examination of the nature, the reason, and the extent of the ambassador's privileges in the courts of the country to wliich he is accredited. If this privilege can be waived at all, by his voluntarily sub- mitting himself as a party in those courts* he must incur all the legal conse- quences and responsibilities of his assuming that position. If he has the right to institute a suit, he assumes, by doing so, all the responsibilities of an ordinary plaintiff in like cases, and must be deemed to have waived his privilege to that extent. It is true, os all the authorities assume, that he is generally independent of the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the country in whicn he resides as minis- ter. The general consent of nations has long since determined this immunity, upon unanswerable ground* of international policy. It is absolutely necessary to the free and undisturbed discharge of the duties of the ambassador as the represen- tative of his sovereign. Too much facility and security cannot be afforded to him, in the exercise of functions which concern the Commerce, welfare, and peace of nations. It is reasonable that he should not be molested or harassed in the performance of duties of so much dignity and importance, where the in- terruption might as readily be instigated by vexatious or political motives, aa proceed from justifiable causes. But being thus protected, from reasons of public policy, does it follow that he is divested of all right of private redress, by a resort to our courts, where the door is open to all other suitors in civil cases? Cases may readily be conceived, involving no consequences affecting the dignity or public character of his mis- sion. A public minister from abroad may, for convenience, or for necessary safety, have his funds on deposit with banks or bankers of tho District. lie may, without derogating from the dignity of his sovereign, have made invest- ments in the corporate stocks and other securities of the country. He must, of necessity, contract to rent or lease a suitable dwelling for the accommodation of his family. He is in no manner restricted in private contracts that do not de- rogate from his mission or his public character. In the possible case of embez- zlement or danger to his private funds or investments, or in any breach of con- tract on the part of others contracting with him on private account, would it not be unreasonable to say that he has no redress in the only tribunals which ean afford him relief and indemnity ? The privilege of which we are treating is abundantly shown by all the authori- ties to attach to the representative character of the minister. But the same au- thorities are equally clear to the point that he may in certain cases renounce it. The Court, after quoting the various cases that have risen, says, it seems to be a concession of all the authorities that in a matter having no relation to his public character and functions he is not entitled to tho privilege growing out of official position. Thus, then, his privilege may be both forfeited and waived. Whether so far as to submit to personal arrest is another question, and no part of the present discussion. The waiver of his diplomatic character to 1 hat ex- tent might be considered as involving the dignity of his sovereign and his mix- Digitized by v^oosle f 12 Journal of Mercantile Law. aion, and of course not within the exception. See the case of United States vs. Benner, 1, Baldwin, 234, before cited. But in the predicament of a voluntaiy plaintiff in a civil action, from the views above stated, and in a matter affecting bis private interests, he is as fully “authorized to sue out mesne process” as any other suitor to whom the tribunals of the State are open. So the case stands upon the general principles of international law. But the proposition thus established is again assailed upon the ground token in argument that the constitution of the United States has delegated to the Supreme Court, or at all events to the courts of the Union, exclusive jurisdiction “ in all cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers, and consuls;” and, consequently, that the only resort of the parties designated is to these courts. Judge Story, in his 41 Commentaries on the Constitution,” (tj 1,*652,) commends this particular pro- vision upon the obvious impolicy of submitting to any other than the highest judicatory of the nation ; a matter, touching as it does, the dignity and interest of the sovereign in the person of his representative. But in this, and the suc- ceeding section, he is manifestly treating of process and proceedings against ambassadors, and their right of final resort to the Supreme Court in cases thus affecting them. In fact, the whole policy of this law of protection points to this persona! privilege and immunity of the ambassador. He has the privilege to sue and be sued in the supreme judicature of the nation, and immunity against being called to answer elsewhere ; upon the obvious reasons before stated for such a policy. But that it is meant to be exclusive also in relation to suits to be brought by ambassadors and other public ministers may be safely denied. The next question is, does the plaintiff come within the designation of those to whom the benefit of this Act of 1825, chapter 1 14, is available ; the objection being now that he is not a resident or inhabitant of any of the States, Territo- ries, or District of the United States, in contemplation of that Act ? The rule of international law of which we are treating, in order to give ad- ditional force to its policy, with regard to ambassadors, adopts a legal fiction, that they are to be taken for the person of those whom they represent; and by a still stronger paradox asserts, that 4i they are taken not to be within the terri- tory of the State in which they are sent to reside.” This legal fiction we have now to encounter, with the argument it suggests, that the plaintiff, being in con- templation of law out of the District of Columbia, and retaining his original domicil abroad, it becomes a legal impossibility that he can be deemed a resident or inhabitant within this Act of 1825; and as such entitled to the benefit of our attachment laws. Apart then from the legal fiction is not the plaintiff “ an inhabitant of the Dis- trict of Columbia!” So far as the Court is informed he has no residence else- where. It is not shown or objected that he intends to return. For all that ap- pears, the business of his sovereign or his own may detain him here indefinitely. If, under these circumstances, he chooses to claim the District as his personal residence, who is to gainsay it. He declares in his affadavit that he is an “ in- habitant ” there, and we have nothing but this potential fiction to controvert it. If I am right in the original proposition, that the privilege of the ambassador attaches only to his representative functions and character, and that cases may arise in which he may voluntarily renounce it; when such an occasion does oc- cur, h not the fiction which gives vitality to this privilege at an end ? The best answer I can give to it is, cessat ratio, cessal lex . it is the only answer that need be given to the present objection. Remove the fiction and it is undeniable that the plaintiff is an inhabitant, personally present in the District of Colum- bia Now if he can make a case himself where the immunity ceases, and such a case is made when he voluntarily presents himself as a plaintiff in a state tri- bunal, what becomes of the fiction ? It was assumed iu law for his benefit and protection, and he has abandoned it. On these premises, the plaintiff has brought himself and his case within the terms of the Act of 1825, chapter 114. And the motion of the defendants to quash the whole proceedings is overruled. Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review. 71* COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW. GENERAL COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY— DISTINCTION BBTWEEE THE SPIRIT OP ENTERPRISE, AND 8 L ATI ON — THE DANGER OP A THIRST POR SUDDEN RICHES— BANKS AND BANKING— 1NCREA HEW BANKS— DOMESTIC TRADE AND INTERIOR COLLECTIONS— PRICES OP STOCKS AND B0NPa~ POSITS AND COINAGE AT THE PHILADELPHIA AND NEW ORLEANS MINTS POR OCTOBER D1 ALL THE MINTS SINCE JANUARY 1ST— PRODUCTION OP CALIPORNIA GOLD, AND EXPORT TO OR BRITAIN— IMPORTS OP PORE1GN MERCHANDISE AT NEW YORK POR OCTOBER AND P OM JAN A 1ST— CLASSIFICATION OP IMPORTS, WITH THE RECEIPTS OP POREIGN DRY GOODS REVENUE OP COUNTRY — CASn RECEIPTS AT THE PORT OP NEW YORK— EXPORTS PROM NEW YORK FOR OCTO- BER, AND PROM JUNE 1ST— SHIPMENTS OP LEADINO ARTICLES OP PRODUCE— DIVERSION OP UNO TO AUSTRALIA, AND CONSEQUENT ADVANCE IN RATES OP PREIOHT. We have heretofore noticed, amid all the indications of general prosperity which have abounded on every side, the absence of an extravagant spirit of spec- ulation, and have urged this fact as evidence that no sudden revulsion need be expected. The result has verified our anticipations, for the past year has wit- nessed a marked success, almost without exception in any branch of industrial pursuits. As the year draws towards its close, many eyes are turned to the future, and an unusual eagerness is manifested in watching the signs of the time*. There can be no question but what more animation has been felt throughout the various markets of the country, and that almost every species of property has risen in value. Is this a speculative movement, or has it a legitimate basis? If speculative, it is certainly unlike the species of speculation which has prevailed antecedent to former commercial disasters, of which it was supposed to be e precursor, if not the cause. There has been no general wildness of investment ; no large purchases of property, without regard to its intrinsic value, simply be- cause it might sell at an advance. Nearly all of the speculative operations have been inside the channels of legitimate business, and not outside, as was the case in tho former periods above referred to ; and there has been no extraordinary increase in the circulation of paper money. The spirit of enterprise which gives an impulse to trade, Commerce, and manufactures ; which increases the general activity so that its effects are felt far and wide through every department of in- dustry's, after all, very different from the true spirit of speculation, which in- duces those possessed with it, to abandon their regular pursuits, and to rush af- ter some ignis fatuus to their own ruin. Still there is enough in.the signs of the times, to suggest caution in regard to the future. There must be a period to the general upward tendency of prices, and this must be followed by more or less of reaction. When this reaction will come it is of course impossible to say ; there are no signs that it will occur soon. But as it muqt come sooner or later, it would be well for each to bear its approach in mind, and not to be taken unawares. One of tjie worst calamities which can befall any community, is the diffusion of a general thirst for sudden riches. The desire once fastened upon the mind, the old beaten path where slow gains are attended with a corresponding security, is abandoned for some more attractive course, where a fortune is promised in a day. There is no truth in political economy of so much vital importance, which Digitized by v^oosle 714 Commercial Chronicle and Review. mankind are so slow to learn, as this that the promise of great gains at a small expense and risky is always a deceit . It is one of the most barefaced cheats ever practiced, and yet, strange to say, it is one of the most successful. It appeals to a craving of the natural heart which is seldom wanting. It is the principle of the lottery, which has such a strange fascination for its victims. Many a man would invest a dollar with only one chance in one hundred of making §100, when he would not make the investment with ninety-nine chances in one hun- dred of making only one dollar. The rule is positive and almost without ex- ception, that the promise of a large gain at a small cost, must be accompanied by the certainty of a corresponding risk. Still, from the lottery down to the last bubble just ready to burst, such schemes will not want for supporters. There has been 6ince our last a fresh impulse given to the business of banking, and particularly throughout the western country ; in Indiana and Illinois the num- ber of new banks israpidly increasing. Wisconsin is soon to follow in the same track. The great difficulty in the way of successful banking in the new States, has arisen from the want of a surplus cash capital. If banking be the business pf lending money, it Is necessary to its success first of all to secure a capital ; and this in a new State where there is no floating capital seeking investment, is not an easy matter. Under the new banking law recently enacted at the West, State stocks, and in Wisconsin, a certain class of railroad bonds, are to supply the place of a specie basis. If carried to a moderate extent this security will no doubt be ample; but should it be overdone, and a panic ensue, the result cannot but be disastrous. Thus far, the eagerness to enter the new field has been too great for the development of a proper system. The sudden and simultaneous establishment of nearly fifty new institutions in the section of country referred to, does not promise for the new banks a very healthy growth. It is supposed by many that these banks are owned at the East, and are only designed to fur- nish a depreciated currency for the Atlantic States, issued so far from home as to defeat any attempt to secure a specie redemption at or near its par value. If this be the end in view, it will not probably be successful. The mysteries of banking are better understood than formerly, and the public are indisposed to tolerate a paper representative of money, where it cannot be converted into coin at its par value. In New York city, and in Connecticut also, new banks have been multiplied, the long continued ease in the money market having mode such modes of invest- ment more desirable. The trade in dry goods has been unusually prosperous, and the coming season promises a fike satisfactory return. The collections from the country have been very successful, and the losses from bad debts in every branch of business have been smaller than for many \ears. The recent advance in iron has given a fresh impulse to the domestic manufacture, and the producers of cotton and woolen goods are active, most of them at remunerating prices. There has been a further general advance in most descriptions of bonds and stocks, based partly upon their increased value from a more active business, and partly upon some speculative movements which have made certain parties “ short,** and given the “ bulls ** an advantage. The receipts of gold from Cal- ifornia continue large, notwithstanding that great numbers of miners have been Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review. 715 drawn off to Australia. We annex our usual statement of the deposits and eoinage at the Philadelphia and New Orleans mints for the month of October DEPOSITS FOE OCTOBER. NEW ORLEANS. PHILADELPHIA. From California. Total From California. Total Gold 9169,403 923,466 94,066,000 94,140,000 Silver 6,846 Total 9169,403 9198,784 OOLD COINAGE. Pieces. * Value. Pieces. Value. Double eagles 142,062 $2,841,240 Eagles 18,600 180,600 Half eagles 23,210 116,060 Quarter eagles. 142,036 865,090 Gold dollars. 40,000 $40,000 173.046 173,046 Total gold coinage.. 40,000 $40,000 498,964 $8,666,026 SILVER COINAGE. Half dollars. 16,000 $8,000 14,000 $7,000 Quarter dollars 80,600 7,650 Dimes ...... 200.000 20,000 Half-dimes 106.000 6,800 Three-cent pieces 2,666,800 80,004 Total silver coinage. 16,000 $8,000 $3,017,400 $119,954 COPPER COINAGE. Gents. 121,260 $1,212 Total coinage 66,000 $48,000 $3,637,614 $3,787,192 We have also carefully compiled a statement of the deposits and coinage at the Mint and branches from January 1, to October 31st, which will be found to contain many items of interest. COINAGE OF THE MINTS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM JANUARY 1, TO OCTOBER 81, 1862. Mints. Gold. 8llver. Copper. Total Philadelphia 940,744,390 9593.604 $40,335 941,378.829 New Orleans 3,825,000 144,000 8,969,000 Charlotte, N. C 812.944 312,944 Dahlonega, Geo. 889,316 389,316 Total $45,271,660 9737,604 940,335 946,049,589 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF DEPOSITS OF GOLD AT THE MINTS . OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM JANUARY 1 TO OCTOBER 31, IN THE TEAB8 1851 AND 1862. PHILADELPHIA MINT. 1851. 18ft. United States gold . . . 939,340,260 Other gold. 962,635 Total in OBLXAH8 MINT. 940,302,896 United States gold . . . 98,116,400 Other gold 183,102 Total , 93,249,602 Digitized by Google 716 Commercial Chronicle and Review. CHARLOTTE, (if. O,) MINT. United States gold . . , DAHLONEGA, (GEO.,) MINT. $841,646 United States gold. . . , AT ALL THK MUTTS. $S80,650 United States gold . . , .$48,178,956 Other gold 762,05# 1,095,787 TotaL $44,274,692 We also annex a comparison of the total deposits of gold at all the mints for 10 months, distinguishing between the receipts from California and other por- tions of the United States : — mi im. California $42,656,728 $42,576,127 Decrease $80,596 Other domestic 490,086 602,828 Increase 112,742 Foreign, (chiefly coin).... 762,056 1,095,787 Increase 888,681 Total $48,908,865 $44,274,692 Increase $865,82? The deposits for November at the Philadelphia mint, up to the date of our going to press, amount to $4,792,000 against $4,960,000 for the same period of 1851. The arrivals are later than last year, being at the close of each month one less than for the same period of last year. Unless the latest December ar- rival should be in time to forward its gold to be included in the statement for that month, the total deposits for the year, will, from this cause, fall a little be- hind the amount deposited during 1851. The exports of gold dust to England directly from San Francisco have been larger this year than last. For the first six months of 1852, according to a statement of the Bank of England, the total was £1,100,000 against £1,300,000 for the whole of 1851. While the revenue of the country from the imports continues large, the valne of the imports is not materially increasing, being confined more to rich dutiable goods. The receipts from foreign ports at New York for October, are only $70,199 greater than for the same month of 1851, and are $945,504 less than for October 1850, as will appear from the following comparison : — FOREIGN IMPORTS ENTERED AT NEW YORK FOR OCTOBER. 1850. 1851. 1859. Entered for consumption $6,748,965 $6,790,795 $7,775,614 Entered for warehousing. 958,680 1,204,994 594.426 Free goods 862,866 1,658,720 216,148 Specie 1,627,866 23,165 62,690 Total entered at the port $ 9,598,877 $8,677,674 $8,647,873 Withdrawn from warehouse. . . . 1,115,072 1,602,486 1,266,570 Of the above increase as compared with last year, $39,525 was in specie, so that the difference in the imports of merchandise is comparatively trifling. This is owing to the falling off in the receipts of general merchandise and more par- ticularly to the small import of tea and coffee, as the receipts of dry goods for the month show a considerable increase. Digitized by i^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review. Ill IMPORTS Of FOREIGN MERCHANDISE AT NSW YORK FOR OCTOBER. 1850. 1861. 1861 Drygoods $2,646,286 $2,686,688 $8,6C9,018 General merchandise 6,419,275 5,867,971 4,976,170 Total merchandise. $8,065,611 $8,654,509 $8,685,188 The total from January 1st, however, shows a falling off in the receipts both • of dry goods and general merchandise, making a total of $8,260,088 below the imports of the corresponding period of last year, as will be seen by the annexed comparison : — IMPORTS OP FOREIGN MERCHANDISE AT NEW YORK FOR TEN MONTHS. 1860. 1861. 1861 Dry goods $56,155,784 $57,283,400 $58,142,506 General merchandise 62,460,560 69,626,708 65,457,514 Total merchandise $108,616,294 $116,860,108 $108,600,020 The amount for the expired portion of the current year, it will be seen, com- pares very nearly with the corresponding total for 1850. When we come to ex- amine the particulars, however, we notice some remarkable changes ; in the specie, it will be remembered, that the item for 1850 includes California gold : — FOREION IMPORTS ENTERED AT NEW YORK FOR TEN MONTH8. 1860. 1861. 1863. Entered for consumption $87,280,498 $96,216,865 $91,080,891 Entered for warehousing. 18,541,449 11,914,911 7,184,816 Ree goods 7,844,847 8,728,882 10,884,818 Specie. 16,096,885 1,805,694 2,214,644 Total entered at the port . . $124,712,679 $118,665,802 $110,814,664 Withdrawn from warehouse. 9,826,490 1 1 ,408,970 1 8,468,496 Here it will be seen that while the goods entered directly for consumption are $5 ,000,000 less than for the same period of last year, and the goods entered for warehousing show also a similar decline, the goods withdrawn from warehouse exhibit an increase of *2 ,000,060. A more striking difference still is exhibited in the comparison with the similar ten months of 1850. The value entered di- rectly for consumption is nearly $4,000,000 greater, while the goods entered for warehousing are $6,000,000 less, and the total withdrawn from warehouse is $4,000,000 in excess. We may now expect an increase in the value of goods warehoused, but for the last year, and particularly the last two quarters, the de- mand for foreign merchandise has been so active that a large proportion of the imports have been thrown directly on the market, and the stock in warehouse drawn down very low. This has been especially the case in dry goods, the trade in which has been particularly profitable. We have given above the total imports of dry goods; we now annex particulars both for the month of October and the ten months since January 1st. It will be seen that for the month there is an increase from last year in the total entered at the port of $922,475, and about the same amount as compared with 1850 ; while for the ten months there is a decrease of $4,090,894 from 1851, and of $3,013,228 as compared with I860:— Digitized by v^.ooQle 718 Commercial Chronicle and Review. IMPOSTS OP POSX1GN DST GOODS AT NSW TOSS FOE TBS MONTH OP OCTOBER. ENTERED POE CONSUMPTION. 18ft. 1851. m Maoufactures of wool $676,580 $416,788 $1,077,606 Manufactures of cotton. 314,028 229,166 387.464 Manufactures of silk 762.231 687.S56 1^17.r06 Manufactures of flax 451.466 273.065 413.464 Miscellaneous dry goods 202.295 195,475 168.379 Total. $2,806,589 $1,801,799 $3,364,210 witudbawn feom warehouse. Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton Manufactures of silk Manufactures of flax. Miscellaneous dry goods ]Sft. $151,313 48.808 C5.932 23,907 6,263 1851. $78,782 48.188 144.646 63.667 68,538 1851. $49 956 28,768 141.266 30.619 32,656 Total Add entered for cotiburuptiun.. . $296,218 2,306,589 $393,821 1,801,799 $263 075 3,364.210 Total thrown on the market.. $2,602,807 $2,196,620 $8,641,28* ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING. Manufactures of wool Manufacture* of cotton Manufacture* of silk Manufactures of flax Miscellaneous dry goods. 18§0. $96,366 94,745 63.977 63,647 20,912 1851. $128,408 90,130 494,462 98,688 18,081 1851. $86,195 67.130 19.718 27.984 53,778 Total Add entered for consumption. . $339,647 2,306,689 $884,739 1,801,799 $244,803 3,364,210 Total entered at the port. . . . $3,646,286 $2,686,638 $3,609,018 IMPOSTS OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS AT NIW TORE FOR TEN ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION. MONTHS, FROM JANUARY 1ST. Manufactures of wool Manufuctutes of cotton Manufactures of silk Manufactures of flax Miscellaneous dry goods 18ft. $14,103,663 9,334.460 17,878.021 6.722,100 2.315,169 1851. $12,382,696 8.677.533 20,516,911 6.431,990 3,282,954 18ft. $13,156,688 .8,294,133 18,337.661 5,194,736 3,6*4.199 Total $50,348,409 $50,294,084 $48,627,317 WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE. Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton Manufactures of silk Manufactures of flax Miscellaneous dry good*. 18)0. $1.689.8S0 1,121 614 1,027.996 394.618 127.114 1851- $1,766,937 1,285.628 1,370,361 561,144 380.185 18ft. $1,617,239 1.319,601 1 779,733 745.126 329,108 Total Add entered for consul option . . $4,361,222 60,348.409 $5,364,155 60,294,084 , $5,691,007 48,627.317 Total thrown on the market. $54,709,631 $55,668,239 $64,818,894 Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Chronicle and Review. 719 ENTERED FOE WAREHOUSING. 1850. 1851. 1851 Manufactures of wool Manufactures of cotton Manufactures of silk Manufactures of flax. Miscellaneous dry goods. $2,000,839 1,749,288 1,272,582 663,844 121,322 $2,067,617 1,432,335 2,288,832 718,765 431,756 $1,185,072 802.609 1,832,565 328,368 366.575 Total Add entered for consumption.. . $5,807,825 50, S4 8,409 $6,939,316 50,294,084 $4,515,189 48,627,317 Total entered at the port . . . $66,166,734 $57,233,400 $53,142,506 Notwithstanding thq falling off in the imports, there has been as already hinted, but little decline in the revenue, the total receipts at New York for ten months showing a decrease of only about $1,000,000. CASH DUTIES RECEIVED AT THE POET OF NEW TORE. 1850. 1851. 1851 In October $2.112 906 29 $1,958,516 17 $2,392,109 57 First quarter 6.996.656 48 9,295.257 30 7,617,887 72 Second quarter 6,033.253 57 7,357,408 30 6,632,425 16 Third quarter. 10,190.324 87 9,402,997 30 10.281,190 03 Total for 10 months. . . $25,333,140 71 $28,014,179 07 $26,923,612 48 The export trade has been very animated ; the value of domestic produce shipped from New York during the month has largely increased, and from southern ports it is also in advance of last year. The corresponding mouth of 1850 was very heavy in this item, but no other previous year witnessed so large a total, since 1846. EXPORTS FROM NEW TORE TO FOREIGN PORTS POR 1850. THE MONTH OF 1851. OCTOBER. 1851 Domestic produce $4,561,742 $2,702,382 $3,497,874 Foreign merchandise, free 15,464 106.626 82886 Foreign merchandise, dutiable 483,038 858,292 484.801 Specie. 1,421,328 1,779,707 2,452,301 Total $6,481,572 $4,947,007 $6,517,862 Total exclusive of specie 5,060,244 8,167,300 4,065.561 This brings the total since January 1st (exclusive of specie,) $694,590 in ex- cess of the samo period of last year, and only $3,789,421 below the amount for the first ten months of 1850, which was unusually large. EXPORTS FROM NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS FOR TEN MONTHS. 1850. 1851. 1852. Domestic produce $36,834,842 $34,200,828 $34,239,486 Foreign merchandise, free 495,314 637.527 799.512 Foreign merchandise, dutiable.. . 4,261,237 3,275.027 8,763,974 Specie 7,868,794 33,040,978 23,106,137 Total $49,460,187 $71,154,360 $61,914,109 Total, exclusive of specie.. . 41,591,393 38,113,382 38,807,972 Digitized by foozle 7 20 Commercial Chronicle and Review. The exports of specie are already $10,000,000 less than for the same period of last year, and this difference will be still greater when the year is completed. The shipments of specie from New York during November and December of last year amounted to $10,702,231 ; during these months the current year, they will not reach $3,000,000, so that the total decline in specie shipments for the year, will be about $17,000,000. We annex a comparative statement of the shipment of some of the leading articles of produce, from New York to foreign ports from January 1st to Nov. 20th:— 1851. 18§1 Ashes— Pots. .. .bbls. 28,467 16,083 Pearls. 1,697 1,088 Beeswax lbs. 267,667 378,263 Breadxlufft — Wheat flour. . bbls. 1,166,466 1,226,298 Rye flour 7,467 8,209 Corn meal 85,049 41,906 Wheat bush. 1,192,062 2,673,461 Rye 6,852 286,460 Oats 3,482 9,741 Barley 867 Corn 1,584,348 745,180 Oandles — Mould, bxs. 83,683 62,709 Sperm. .... 3,169 3,651 Coal tons 9,432 36,260 Cotton bales 263,542 812,075 H*y 6,420 7,032 Hops. 248 602 1861. 1851 Naval Stores. . . bbls. 326,266 491,146 Oils — Whale . gals. 1,098, 807 46,478 Sperm 718.787 Lard. 26,044 Linseed 11,868 Provisions — Pork .bbls. 42,682 85,227 Beef 80,907 41,348 Cut meats. . . . . Jbe, 2,920,968 1,456,224 Butter 594,890 Cheese 940,086 Lard Rice . .tea. 24.914 23.84S Tallow. .. lbs. 2,207,796 886,205 Tobacco— Crude .pkgs. 16,645 22,728 Manu’ed.lbs. 3,839,086 4,1 04,1 26 Whalebone 1,799,390 923,980 The above shows a very large increase in the export trade, which has been particularly active during the month of November. There has been a general adVance in the prices of all species of provisions, and the general tendency in most is still upward. Rents of dwelling houses have risen in almost every thickly settled locality, and in New York and adjacent cities this advance is equal to nearly 26 per cent. Cotton, woolen, and silk goods, have also advanced, so that the expenses of living have largely increased. This bears with peculiar hardship on persons with a small salary, or with a moderate fixed income from any source, and is attracting serious attention from the industrial classes. The increased demand for our produce abroad, has given great activity to freights, and prices have ruled higher than for many years. The diversion of a large portion of British and other foreign tonnage to the Australian and East India trade, has given domestic ship owners an unusual advantage. It is computed that not less than 400,000 tons of extra shipping have cleared from British ports for Australia since the excitement commenced there, and no inconsiderable por- tion of this has been drawn from the direct trade between our ports and British home and provincial markets. What changes may be wrought during the com- ing year by the turn which has thus been given to Commerce, it is of course impossible to predict ; but the new elements which have thus far appeared, have tended greatly to strengthen our commercial prosperity. Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Statistics. 1 21 COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COTTON. The Savannah Republican estimates the supply of cotton for 1852 as follows: — Crop of the Southern States bales 8,015,000 Crop of Pernambuco, AracatL and Ceara, about 75,000 Crop of Bahia and Macelo, about 40,000 Crop of Maranham 80,000 Crop of Demerara, Berbice, etc., about 1,000 Crop of West Indies, about 7,000 Crop of Egypt, about 185,000 Crop of East Indies, about 125,000 Crop of all other places, about 24,000 Making the crop of 1852 about 8,448,000 To which add stock on hand January 1, 1852, viz.: — Liverpool 4 25,000 Havre 28,000 United States 128,000 And we have the total supply of cotton for 1852, about 4,024,000 This crop of 1852 was thus distributed: — United States home consumption 603,000 United States exports to England 1,668,740 United States exports to France 421,875 United States exports to North of Europe 168,875 United States exports to other foreign ports 184,647 Imports from other countries into England, about 875,000 Imports from other countries into France 25,000 Consumed at other places 1,354 Total 3,448,000 The increase in the supply of cotton for the year ending on the 1st of September last, the Republican estimates at 660,000 bales, as compared with that of the preced. ing year, and then proceeds to show that the consumption has been fully commensur- ate with the increased production. It elucidates its position thu9 : — Stock, 1st September, 1852, in the United States bales 91.000 Stock, 1st September, 1852, in England 617,400 Stock, 1st September, 1852, in France 63,000 Total stock on hand. 771,400 Deduct increase of last over the previous crop of the South 660,000 And it would leave a stock of only 11 1,400 Against a stock of between 700,000 and 800,000 bales on the 1st September, 1851. thus showing that the increased product has been all taken up. The average weekly deliveries for consumption for 1852, are estimated at: — In the United States bales 11,695 In Great Britain 88,600 In France 8,750 To the North of Europe, Germany, etc 10,650 To other foreign consumers 8,650 Making the weekly consumption 72,945 VOL. XXV II. — NO. VI. 46 Digitized by v^oosle V22 Commercial Statutes. Showing a consumption of 8/793,140 bales for the year. On these premises fht Republican concludes that — If our estimates of the weekly deliveries of cotton for consumption be near the troth, and the present rate of consumption is not checked, it appears that the demands of Commerce require a crop this year of nearly 8,800,000 bales. This amount of the raw material must be produced, otherwise the stock remaining over from tbe last crop will be consumed. The supply this year will, in all probability, not be greater than it was tbe last It is not anticipated that the supply from foreign production will ex- ceed that of last season, say about 450,000 bales. Is it probable that the present Crop of the Southern States will go beyond 3,000,000 bales ? If not, and we estimate the supply of the raw material from all quarters the same as that last year, and con- sumption should continue at tbe same rate, it would result as follows: — Estimated production of cotton in the world bales 3,450,000 Estimated stock, September 1st, 1862 771,400 Total supply for 1858 4,221,400 Probable consumption at present rates 3,793,000 Leaving a stock of 428,400 Thus it appears that, even allowing the supply from all quarters to reach the max- imum of 4,225,000 bales at the present rate of consumption, there would only be a stock of 418,400 bales left of it at tbe close of the next cotton season, being 310,000 bales less than the stock on hand 1st September last EXPORT OF LEATHER^ BOOTS, AND SHOES FROM THE UNITED STATES. The subjoined statement of the export of leather, boots, and shoes, the product of the United States for the year ending June 80th, 1851, is compiled from the official returns of the Treasury Department : — Whither exported. Leather, lbs. Boots, pairs. 8boe«, pairs, Talw. Sweden and Norway 1,508 .... . . . . $224 Swedish West Indies . 1,37# .... 96 237 Danish West Indies 17,856 12 6,828 7,754 Dutch West Indies . 9,160 25 259 1,675 England * Mai la . . . 12,680 .... .... 8,881 176 .... J00 Honduras. 7,497 86 6,048 5,569 British Guiana. • .... .... 260 227 British West Indies 2,886 1,887 18,236 li,88* Canada 29,262 18,47# 38,481 109,105 British American Colonies 86,048 6,704 36,025 68, Oil French West Indies 817 .... .... 47 Cuba. 16,864 62 1,552 4,607 Cape de Verd Islands • . . . . .... 303 370 Turkey, Levant, etc . .... . . . . 220 150 Hayti 6,414 22 8,928 4,382 Mexico • • • • • .... 1,389 1,219 Central Republic of America 2,132 1,224 2,666 4,948 New Grenada 4,329 39,611 60,016 174,149 Venezuela 8,678 .... 1,160 2,964 Brazil 2,911 . . . . 800 1,216 Argentine Republic. Chili. 4,120 1,817 1,652 6,193 7,164 6,619 9,575 China • .... 100 .... 400 South America generally . .... .... 1,200 900 Africa generally South Seas and Pacific Ocean . . . . ! 9,20 { 740 10,389 2,656 21,125 3,209 36,279 Total. 222,676 77,478 205,198 $458,698 The importation of boots and shoes* — exclusive of India rubber, valued at 128,161 — as compiled for the year ending June 80, 1861, was 150,600. Exports of boot* Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Statistics 728 and shoes of American manufacture, daring same period, $458,838— leaving a balance of $408,238 in favor of exports. From tins balance should be deducted the value of 222,676 lbs. of leather exported, at 15 cents per lb, equal to $83,401 40, included in the aggregate value, and we have still a balance in favor of exports of $374,836 60. 'VIRGINIA TOBACCO TRADE, 1851-52. [FURNISHED BT ▲ CORRESPONDENT OF THE “ MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE,” RICHMOND, YA.] Stock on hand and on ship-board, Oct 1, 1851 hhds. 14,353 Inspected the year ending Sept. 30, 1862 51,806 66,159 Exported to foreign ports. 13,771 8tock on band and in transit inland, Sept 30, 1852.. 18,285 Afloat for export 250 13,635 27,806 Manufactured and shipped coastwise 38,858 An unusually small quantity was shipped coastwise, and there was a very large in- crease in the quantity manufactured. Exclusive of that embraced, in the 38,868 hhds., there was received from Roanoke 33,000 boxes, manufactured from uninspected tobacco, and loose tobacco equal to 4,000 hhd&, or more, was probably received and manufactured in the several markets of Virginia. PARTICULARS OF INSPECTION. 1851. 1851. Richmond. 15,678 24,119 Pittsburg 7,220 10,489 Lynchburg 6,810 10,700 Clarksville 2,141 4,001 Farmville 1,425 2,255 All other 824 242 Total 32,598 61,806 Total 32,598 61,806 PARTICULARS OF EXPORTS. Great Britain Hhds. 5,416 Skins. Belgium. Hhds. Skint. France 3,668 .... Holland. 240 Italy 1,910 .... Bremen 4,77* Total 5.01# EXPORTS OF FLOUR FROM JAMES RIVER TO FOREIGN PORTS AND CALIFORNIA, OCTOBER 1, 1851 TO September 80, 1852. To Great Britain 6,475 1 To South America 68,950 British N. A. Colonies .... 6,660 I Australia 4,660 Bremen 475 | San Francisco 13,650 ADVANCE IN THE PRICE OF SPERM AND WHALE OILS. The recent rapid advance in our oil market has been attended, step by step, with a cor- responding advance in every department of the oil business. Every description has ex- hibited an upward tendency, until the subject has become of universal interest through- out tbe country. Whale oil has reached a price never before attained, while sperm continues high. This naturally affects, as we have said, lard oil, all substitutes for burning purposes, and generally every description of oil Although many consider this advance to be caused by speculative operations, we have our reasons for thinking otherwise, nor do we anticipate any immediate decline — certainly not during the present year. This opinion we arrive at from the present state of stocks, importations and supplies. The advance in whale oil is unqueetioo- Digitized by v^.ooQle 1 24 Commercial Statistics. ably the prominent point in the subject to be considered. Its advance has of course been altogether without precedent Yet from causes precisely similar, sperm oil, k 1889-9, rose (from September, 1888, to April, 1889) from 88 to 112} cents. This was doubtless caused by well grounded anticipations of a deficiency in the supply. We will now glance at the present position of the same matter. Estimated import of sperm and whale oil this year \ . .bbls. 156,000 Import of sperm and whale oil in 1851 428,000 Average import of sperm and whale for ten yean past 872,200 Falling off this year, as compared witn 1851 278,000 Falling off this year as compared with ten yean past 217,000 We have here united the sperm and whale oil importations from the fact that wiUna a few yean the latter has quite taken the place of former for burning purposes. Now take the average consumption of both descriptions in this country for a period of seven yean. It is as follows : — 8perm oil, average consumption seven yean bbls. 90,000 Whale oil, do 186,000 Add average exports sperm for seven yean.' 22,000 Add average exports whale for seven yean. 82,000 Total demand. 880,000 For a further undentanding of the subject we may mention that the exports of sperm varied during the time included, from 7,000 to 88,000 bbls^ and of whale from 46,000 to 148,000 bbls. It will be seen, then, at a glance, that the importations during the present year do not come up to within half the average demand for yean past. Upon the back of this comes the falling off of the hog crop, occasioned both by the large emigration to California, the high price of corn, and other causes. There is thus a foiling off in the quantity of lard oil manufactured. A review of the New Orleans market exhibits this conclusively. The export of lard thence to domestic and foreign ports has been as follows : — In 1849 barrels 249,988 1850 810,969 1851 147,791 The supply this year, from present appearances, will hardly exceed that of 1851. The anticipated deficiency in the market for domestic purposes has already caused reimportations of whale oil from Europe, and we hear already of the return of 2^00 bbls. shipped thither in 1851. Beyond the present year conjecture is useless. The average catch by the North Pacific fleet of 187 vessels, in 1851, was 688 bbls^ or an aggregate of 86,721 bbls. The fleet this year consists of 271 ships, belonging to the following ports: — New Bedford 144 Fairhaven. 20 Mattapoisett, Falmouth, San Francisco, eaclL 2 Dartmouth, W areham, W estport, Newport, Providence, each 1 Edgartown, Holmes’s Hole, Warren. 8 Nantucket 7 Green port., 7 New London 88 Stonington , 16 Mystic 6 Cold Spring 6 Sagharbor 11 It is useless to speculate upon what this large fleet may or may not do, but we think we have already said enough to 6how that the present state of the market may be attributed to sound, natural and healthy causes. — Neto Bedford Shipping List THE BUTTER TRADE OF CINCINNATI. OntcnrNATi, as we learn from the Price Current of that city, has become the great distributing point for Butter and Gheeee for the South and South-West As the pop- Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Statistic #. 725 mlaticn supplied from that point extends, we find, says the Price Current, the de- mand for these products increasing, and Cincinnati is now exporting nearly as much batter as is received by public conveyances, so that Cincinnati consumers are depend- ent upon private conveyances for their supplies. In order to show the extent and ▼alue of the butter trade, the Price Current gives the subjoined statement of the im- ports and exports at Cincinnati for the last seven years, as follows : — Yean. Imports. BbU. Kegs. Exports. BbU. Kegs. 1845-46 6,841 1,624 20,890 1846-47 7,0*0 1,348 8,194 1847-48 6,405 2,987 28,816 1848-49 7,99* 1,272 24,896 1849-60 7,487 964 24,898 1860-51 11,048 8,258 86,185 1851-52 18,720 8,006 81,896 During the year ending September 1st, 1852, the receipts and exports were about as follows, in pounds: — Imports. 3,412,600 Exports. 2,321,260 Excess of imports 1,091,860 The consumption of Cincinnati and vicinity is not much, if any, less than four mil- lion pounds per annum; and if this estimate is correct, the receipts by private convey- ances are about three million pounds — making six-anda-half million pounds as the yearly supply from all sources. This quantity, at fifteen cents per pound, by which we think it is fair to compute the value, as all butter sold at retail commands from fifteen to thirty cents per pound, and the wholesale price is very often fifteen cents and upwards, would amount to $976,000. / PRICES OF TOBACCO IN NEW ORLEANS. The I/ew Orleant Price Current gives the subjoined table of the prices of Tobacco at New Orleans about the middle of the months of April and October, in each of the years from 1 822 to 1 862, inclusive. In the Merchants Magazine for November, 1 852, (voL xxvii., pages 546-656,) we gave in an article on “ Tobaooo, and the Tobacco Trade," very complete statistical tables of the production, exports, Ac., of tobacco for a series of years — QUOTATIONS FOE TOBAOOO AT NEW ORLEANS ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THE MONTHS OF APRIL AND OCTOBER IN THE FOLLOWING TEARS. Tsars. April. October. 1822 . . . a . . Has* 1823 UaB* 2 a 8* 1824 . .. a . . 8 a 44 1825 4 a 7 6 a 7 1826 . . . a . . 2 a 4 1827 *ia4* 1828 2 «4i 2 a 4 1829 . 8 a 5 3 a 6 1830 . 2*a4* 24 a 44 1881 . 2 a 4 2* ft 4* 1882 . 2* a 4 2 a 4 1838 2* a 4$ 8$ a 5$ 1884 8i*8J 4* a 6* 1886 6 a 7f 6 a 84 1886 6* a 8* 2* a 7 1887 1J a 6 Tears. April. October 1838 S a 74 ®4a 94 1839 8 a 14 8 a 154 1840 .. 2*a 7* Si a 8| 1841 44 a 10 4 a 8 1842 2 a 6* It a 6i 1848 2 a 5 Si a 6 1844 Ha 6 14 a 9 1845 Hall 2 a 10 1846 2 all lialO 1847 14 a 12 H a 10 1848 2 a 12 *i » #i 1849 24a 64 2*a 8 I860 4 a 9 6 a 10 1851 6 a 12 2i a 9 11862 8 a 64 4i a 8 Digitized by v^oosle T26 Commercial Statistics. THE PORK TRADE OF CUTCI95ATL [from THE CINCINNATI PRICK-CURRENT.] More than any other branch of business connected with the Agricultural industry of the West, the pork trade has contributed to build up and extend the Commerce of ocr city. A brief reference to its progress will, therefore, be likely to prove interesting to our readers. Since the production of pork in the west became a matter of much importance to farmers or commercial men, Cincinnati has been the center of operations as regards the amount of the business transacted, though for three years past she hAS been a con- siderable distance from the geographical center, and with each year this distance is increasing, though practically our numerous railroad enterprises are diminishing it, and thus the advantages that the natural increase of population has been deprivmg ns of, art and enterprise are replacing. A hundred miles now is, as regards the time or labor necessary to travel it, no more than fifteen miles was ten, or even five yean ago. But, whatever may be said with reference to the center of packing operations, it is evident that the producing business is rapidly extending Westward — and although Cincinnati will continue to do a larger business than any other city in the country, the trade must increase greatly at various points in the West Before proceeding farther, however, with these remarks, we will give a statement showing the number of hogs packed in this city from 1832-3 to 1851-2, inclusive, covering a period of twenty years, and Cincinnati having been, as already remarked, the center of operations, the extent of the trade here will indicate its progress through- out the West: — Years. No. | 1832-83 85,0001 Years. No. 1842-43 260,000 1833-34 123^000 1843-44 240,000 1834- 35 1 62*000 1835- 36 123,0001 1844- 46 196,000 1845- 46 305,000 1886-87 1 03^000 1837- 38 182,000 1838- 39 190,000 1346-47 250,000 1847- 48 476,000 1848- 49 410,000 1839-40 95,000 1849-60 893,000 1840- 41 160,000 1841- 42 220,000 1850-61 884,000 1861-62 862,000 It is seen that the number packed for three years past has not varied materially* though, as is well known, there was a great falling off in the whole number packed In the West in 1851-2. As near as can be ascertained, the number of hogs cut in Cincinnati has beea equal for four or five years past to one-fifth of the whole number packed in the West, but prior to that time the proportion was considerably greater in favor of this city. This affords good and satisfactory grounds for the belief already expressed, that the trade must increase at poiuts adjacent to the districts of country where hogs can be produced to the best advantage. As railroads are extended the value of lands is increased, and whenever the latter are in this way brought near to market, hogs have been found to be not generally the most profitable product Con- sequently, the business of raisnghogsis extending Westward, and increasing there much more rapidly than the population of those sections of country. In the same di- rections railroads are being extended, and it is to the latter that we most now look, to some extent; and in a lew years to a still greater extent, for a considerable portion of the supplies for this market. The pork business is a branch of Commerce deemed of such importance, that ths merchants of neighboring cities have, for several years past, been exerting themselves to attract the trade from this point, and since railroad communication has been opened with the East, New York has also entered the field, and the pretensions of the latter are decidedly more extravagant than those of our smaller neighbors down the river. That a large number of hogs will be transported to the East we do not doubt, but wc are satisfied that, notwithstanding the railroad facilities, the number that can be forwarded will be little more than sufficient to supply the current demand. It mnst be remembered that railroads cannot transport an unlimited number of hogs. Ths New York and Erie Railroad, which is relied upon to supply the New York packers, bas, during the summer, been employed to the utmost extent of its accommodation^ and yet the number of hogs transported l&s been no more than equal to the demands £k)Qt_ _ Commercial Statist ics. 7 2t of the citizens of New York for fresh pork ; and we are decidedly of the opinion that the same road will not be able to carry very many more in the winter than they have delivered during the summer. ^ But supposing, and admitting that the immense droves of hogs which pass through our streets could be transferred to the railroad cars, and carried through to New York without delay, the experience of those who have some knowledge of the business sat- isfies U9 that Western packed meat can be shipped to New York and sold for less thatl the first cost of that packed there. In cold weather a considerable portion of hoge shipped from the West would perish during their passage, and we are assured that nothing can be done prevent this. Here, then, would be a heavy loss to encounter id the outset. In addition to this, the hogs would lose a great deal in weight, and we are told that those token to New York by railroad produce little, or no (jut fat. Here U another very heavy loss. Then, again, the expense of doing business m New York is very nearly double what it i9 here. To offset all these losses, the only advantage the New York packer has is, that a trifle more is obtained for city than Western packed meats ; and even this advantage they do not possess over Cincinnati brands. It has been stated that the offal commands a great deal more in New York that id Cincinnati, but this is not so. There is a market here for everything that is market* able, belonging to the hog. The heads, feet, tails, and hair are sold at very good priees. and for the hair and gut fat our slaughterers pay from 25 to 50 cents for each hog, and do the killing besides. But the experiment is about to be tried in New York, and of its fhilure, so far as i! is intended to transfer the winter packing business from the West to the East, we j do not entertain a doubt In one respect, however, New York will do a business which must affect, to some extent the Western trade, and it is important that this feature should receive proper attention. We refer to the business that is done during the summer. There ha9 been a much greater number of hogs shipped to the East this season than in any previous year, and, as a consequence, we will have but few still flitted hogs to commence the season with at this place, while last year some fifty to seventy- five thousand head were cut. The supplies of fresh pork which are thus obtained on ths seaboard during the summer cause a great falling off in the consumption of salt meats — and, in calculating for the wants of the East this fact should be taken into consideration. It has had an important effect upon prices this eeason, and it must sO operate in years to come, especially when prices of hogs and their products rule high, y With regard to the tendency of the trade in the West we may remark, that statis- tics do not show that the business has been attracted, to any extent, from this city. Our information of the business at Louisville, and Madison, exteuds back only four years ; and we give the statistics for those seasons in connection with the business at this place : — Cincinnati. Louisville. Madison. 1348-49 410.000 179,000 91.000 1849- 50 893.000 184,000 87,000 1850- 51 884.000 196,000 96,000 1851- 62 852,000 197,000 97,000 When it is remembered that extra exertions have been made by the merchants of of Louisville and Madison to secure hogs for that market by contracting in the coun- try, and that last season both places had the advantage of railroads — one passing through the interior of Indiana, and the other into Kentucky, and farther, that fully one-third of the entire products of last year were purchased by Cincinnati dealer^ and much of them brought to this market, it must be admitted that the progress made by our neighbors has not been very rapid. This 6ea-on we are told that heavy coo- tracts have been made for both markets, amounting to more than the entire business of last year ; but we kavc been informed by reliable dealers, in both Madison and Louisville that this statement is not correct. This business of contracting, however, must soon lead to its own end. Most of the contracts this season have been made at high prices, and a great many of them at a figure that could not be realized now, and should prices rule below $5, summer purchasers must loses largely. l*ast season hogs ruled 25 cents per 100 lbs. higher here than in any other Western market, owing to the competition among slaughterers, arising from the enhanced value of the offal. That such will be the case again this year is quite probable, and should it be so, hogs will come here as naturally as the rivulet flows to the river. Digitized by foozle 728 Commercial Statistic*. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF THE UflTRD STATES. 00NDEN8ED EXHIBIT OF AGEIOULTUEAL FRODOOTION8 IW THB UNITED ITATEB IN 1849-60, COMPARED WITH THE 0EN8U8 RETURNS OF 1889-40. Prod actions. 1850. 1840. Increase. Unimproved land 118,486,178 Improved land 184,596,026 Cash value of farms 8.266.925.687 Value of farming implements. 151,605,147 Ho. of horses 4,825,652 Asses and mules 569,070 Milch cows 6,891,946 Working oxen 1,698,261 Other cattle 10,265,080 “Heat cattle,” embracing in re- turns of 1840, the three pre- Bheep 21,621,482 Swine 80,815,719 Live stock, value of 648,822,711 Wheat, bushels of 100,479,150 Rye, bushels of 14,188,457 Indian corn, bushels of 592,141,280 Oats, bushels of 146,623,216 Rice, pounds of 215,812,710 Tobacco, pounds of 199,739,746 Ginned cotton, bales of 2,468,625 Wool, pounds o t 62,518.143 Pteas and beans, bushels of.. . . 9,219,642 Irish potatoes, bushels of 66,781,761 Bweet potatoes, bushels of . . . . 88,256.81 1 Barley, bushels of 6,167,218 Buckwheat, bushels of 8,956.945 Value of orchard produce. . . . 7,720,862 Wine, gallons of 221,249 Value of produce of market- gardens 6,270,180 Butter, pounds of 812,948,916 Cheese, pounds of 105,639,599 Value of “dairy produce,” equiv- alent to butter and cheese in 1840 Hay, tons of 12,839,141 Clover-seed, bushels of 467,983 Other grass-seeds, bushels of. . 413,154 Hope, pounds of 8,467,514 Hemp, dew-rotted, tons of . . . . 68,688 Hemp, water-rotted, tons of . . 25,880 Flax, pounds of 18,391,416 Flax and hemp, tons o£ 1840 . Flaxseed, bushels of 662,810 Silk cocoons, pounds of 14,763 Maple sugar, pounds of 38,980,457 Cane sugar, pounds of 247,778,000 Molasses, gallons of 12,876,674 Beeswax and honey, pounds of 14,866,627 Value of home-made manufac- tures 27,478,981 Value of animals slaughtered. 119,475,020 4,885,669 569,953 14,974,586 8,880,711 19,811,874 2,310,106 26,801,298 4,014,426 84,828,272 16,655,878 18,645,667 4,457,110 877,531,876 214,609,856 128,071,841 28,462,000 80,841,422 164,471,000 219,168,819 19,424,000 86,802,114 16,716,000 108,298,060 4,260,000 4,161,604 1,006,709 7,291,743 1,664,000 124,784 97,615 2,601,096 2,669,084 33,787,008 10,218,108 2,621,000 i ,2*88,502 2,229, 000 *96,261 412 !!!!!!!! 6*1,652 .!.*!.! .* .* 46*489 165,110,809 126,647,646 29,048,880 1,565,000 Digitized by Google 72* Commercial Statistics. THE TRADE AND REVENUE OF IRELAND. A series of returns, furnished by the Treasury Chambers, and ordered to be printed by the British House of Commons, on the ^notion of Sir Robert Ferguson, haring ref- erence to the revenue, expenditure, imports, and exports of Ireland, during the year 1851, have been printed. It appears that the net produce of the Irish revenue paid into the exchequer in the year ended the 5th of January, 1852, was £4,000,681 17 4. This amount was contributed from the following sources: — Customs £1,854,268 Excise 848,911 Stamps 451,584 Post-office 5,000 Small branches for the hereditary revenue. 800 Miscellaneous, including repayment of advances.. 840,667 The money remaining in the Exchequer at the commencement of the years was £621,891, and if this sum be added to the net produce, it would make the income for the year £4,622,578. The expenditure during the year amounted to £8,847,134, leav- ing a balance in the Exchequer on January 5, 1852, of £775,434 18 1. The expendi- ture for the year is thus made up : — Dividends, interest, and management of public debt £1,894,097 Other payments out of the consolidated fund 854,272 Payments on account of grants of parliament for the army * 585,000 Miscellaneous grants of parliament 61 1,882 Money advanced out of the consolidated fund for public objects 800,493 Although the gross expenditure is stated at £8,847,134. the real expenditure was only £3,745,245, as a sum of £101,888, remitted through the customs and excise, to the Exchequer in England is, by a curious mode of calculation, charged as an item of M expenditure." The account, however, does not include the whole expenditure of the United Kingdom on account of Ireland ; but, on the other hand, the receipts from the crown lands in Ireland are brought into the general account of the Commissioners of Woods, Ac^ and do not appear as part of the income of Ireland. The amounts re- ceived from rents and other sources of land revenue in Ireland in 1851 was £62,776 16s. 5d., but the return does not state what is the amount expended by the United Kingdom on account of Ireland against which the sum of £62,776 is a set off The largest excise collections in Ireland appear to be those of Dublin, Belfast, Cork, and Droheda, and the ports in which the greatest amount of customs duties paid are Dub- lin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick, Londonderry, and Waterford. There is a small “ port," called Strangford, where the customs duties collected during the first year amounted to only £141. It appears by returns furnished by the Inspector-General of Imports and l&ports that there was retained for home consumption in Ireland in 1851 : — Wine Foreign spirits * Whisky, home:made . Tobacco Tea. , Coffee Sugar Flaxseed and linseed. Cotton wool Raw and thrown silk., Un wrought iron Timber, in logs Timber, sawn or split, .gallons pounds . . .cwt .bushels .pounds .tons loads 499,181 202,498 7,550,618 4,457,980 6,673,278 684,873 467,701 833,412 5,188 1,893 7 78,175 75,776 The consumption of coals cannot be exhibited, the coasting duty on that article having been discontinued since 1880. The view which this statement affords of the consumption of imported commodities into Ireland is, to a certain extent, defective, in- asmuch as the coasting regulations by which the cross channel trade has been governed since the year 1826, prevent the keeping of any record of goods imported duty free from Great Britain, either in the case of British productions or of foreign merchandise Digitized by v^oosle 730 Commercial Statistics. upon which the duty has already been paid in a British port The exports of Irish productions and manufactures during the last year, as compared with former periods, exhibit a very great decrease, owing in great part to the failure of the potato crop, and also to the depopulation of the country. The exports of live animals and pro- visions to foreign parts has almost wholly fallen off, while the returns of the exports to Great Britain present a similar result The total quantity of Irish spirits exported to foreign countries within the last year was only 8,687 grllons, while of linen manufac- tures, 60,064 yards only were exported. Of cotton manufactures the imports were 191,066 yards. The quantities of provisions (live and dead) exported to Great Brit- ain within the year was as follows : — Oxen, bolls, and cows Calves Sheep Swine. Wheat and flour. Oats and oatmeal . . . . .quarters 188,760 2,474 151,807 106,163 95,116 1,141,976 The stamp duties collected in Dublin amounted to £350,808 14 8, whilst all tlie other stamp districts put together did not contribute much more than one third of that sum. RECEIPTS OP PRODUCE BY THE HEW CANAL AT HEW 0RLEAHS. The subjoined statement of produce received in the New Basin, for the year end- ing August 31st, 1852, is derived from a statement furnished the New Orleans Pries Current by Captain James Stockton: — Cotton bales 40,650 Tobacco, leaf . . . .boxes 844 Lumber, yellow pine and cy- Merchandise 68 press . .. .feet 80,670,000 Moss ... .bales 30 Wood, oak, ash, and pine.c’ds 28,206 Cotton- seed 14 Bncks 19,329,000 Wool 6 Sand . . .bbls. 194,850 Sugar , . . . .hhds. 870 Shells 27,000 Molasses. bbls. 898 Charcoal 114,360 Fish 180 Tar 1,872 f!«mnhpnfi 10 Tar , . . . kegs 12^066 Knees, white and live oak . . 1,165 Shingles 1,844,000 Pickets ......... 13,000 Laths 6,090,000 Clap boards 165,000 Staves 160,000 Gunny- bags 286 Sash and doors . . .pairs 13.900 Horned cattle .... 123 Spirits turpentine. . . ....bbls. 2,408 Paper . .bundles 110 Rosin. . . . 11.715 Barrels, empty. . . 1,150 Salt . . .sacks 33,763 Rags 4 Cotton gins 319 Mahogany 20 Hides 8,024 Deer 6kins. , .. . .bales 16 Corn-mills 19 Almonds 86 Domestics ....bales 1,478 Bottles, empty ... .casks 17 Sheep skins 4 White oak bark .. . , ... .cords 85 Hay 20 Cedar logs. 240 Buckets. > . .dozen 1,006 Turpentine, raw. . bbU. 73 SHIPMENTS OP BRANDY FROM CHARENTE TO GREAT BRITAIN. We compile from an official source the following statement of the shipments of Brandy from the port of Charente (France) to Great Britain, in each of the years from 1848 to 1851, inclusive:— 1843 puncheons 18,316 1844 14,803 1845 15,628 1846 puncheons 18,464 1847 22,890 1848 20,462 1849 .puncheons 25,787 1850 33.319 1851 . . 26,868 Showing a total of 192,982 puncheons shipped in nine yean. In the above table. Digitized by v^.ooQle Commercial Regulation 8. 791 two hogsheads, four quarter-casks, or fifteen cases (of all sizes) are received as one puncheon. The above shipments were made by twenty-five firms. Martell & Co, Hennessy & Co, Otard, Dupuy A Co, and the United Vineyard Proprietors Company, were the four heaviest shippers, exporting more than the other twenty-one houses combined. COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. POSTAL TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND PRUSSIA. The following are the rates of postage established by a convention just concluded between the United States and Prussia. We are authorized to say that the Arst closed mail to Prussia will be dispatched from New York by the United States steamship Baltic, on the 80th inst BATES ON LETTERS— PRE-PAYMENT OPTIONAL, SEIKO THE FULL POSTAGE. German- Austrian Postal Union States of, viz.: — Prussia, all other German States, and the whole Austrian Empire, by the Prussian closed mail, via Lon- don and Ostend cents 80 ON NEWSPAPERS — BIX CENTS EACH. Pre-payment required both in the United States and Germany, being the full postage. Therefore, newspapers received in the Prussian closed mail (unlike those in the British, French, Bremen, and other foreign mails.) will be delivered without further charge. Newspapers sent in the Prussian closed mail to the German- Austrian Pos- tal Union, should be marked “ Paid all.” ON LETTERS — PRE PAYMENT OPTIONAL. BEING THE FULL POSTAGE. Alexandria, (by Prussian closed mail .cents 88 Beyrout 40 Candia 80 Cesme 40 China, except Hong Kong, via Tri- este 62 Constantinople 40 Dardanelles, the 40 Denmark 87 East Indies, English possessions in, via Trieste 88 East Jn lies, all other countries in and beyond the East Indies, via Trieste 70 Galatz 40 Gallipoli 4“ Greece 42 Hong Kong, via Trieste 88 Ibraila 40 Ionian Islands Lnmaea Modena 83 Mytilene 46 Norway 48 Parma 88 Poland 87 Rhodes.. 40 Russia 87 Salonica Samsum 40 Smyrna. T 40 Sweden Switzerland Tenedos 40 Trebizonde Tuloza.. Tuscany Varna PEE- PAYMENT REQUIBED, BEING THE UNITED STATES AND PRUSSIAN POSTAGE ONLY. Egypt, except Alexandria cents 80 Italian States, not belonging to Austria, except Modena, Parma, and Tuscany. 80 Lumbardy and Venice are parts of the Austrian Empire. Turkey, Wallachia, Moldavia, Servia, Levante,and Turkish Islands in tbe Med- iterranean, except Constantinople, Beyrout, Latnaea, Rhodes, Cesme, Smyrna, Tenedos, Mytilene, Saltmica, Dardanelles, Gallipoli, Samsum, Trebizonde, Varna, Tuloza, Candia, Galatz, and Ibraila 80 ON NEWSPAPERS — 8IX CENTS EACH. Pre-payment required, being the United States and Prussian postage only. Digitized by v^.ooQle 782 Commercial Regulation* . SIGNALS FOR SHIPS ORDERED BT SWEDBV. The following translation of a Royal Ordinance of the Swedish Government, eon ceming ship lantern signals, has recently been officially communicated to the Depart* ment of State at Washington:—* aOTAL ORDINANCE OONOBKNINO SHIP LANTERN 8IONAL8 WITH WHICH ALL VESSELS, STEAM OE OTHER, MUST BE PROVIDED WHILE EITHER AT SEA OR IN FOREIGN WATERS. GIVEN A* THE PALACE OF STOCKHOLM, THE 25TH AUGUST, 1852. We, Oscar, by the grace of God, king of Sweden and Norway, and of the Goths and Wendes, do hereby make known that the Government of Great Britain bavin? expressed the desiro that Swedish vessels, in order to avoid collisions at sea, shonla be ordered to adopt the manner prescribed for English vessels to determine their re- spective positions — namely, by means of colored or white lights — we have judged proper, after consulting the Department of the Marine, to issue the following direc- tions, which shall be in force on and after the 1st of January next: — 1st All Swedish steamers at sea, in roadsteads, rivers and canals, harbors and bays, shall carry, from sunset to sunrise, lanterns of the descrijition, and in the manner here- inafter described : — When under way — A lantern with a white light at the foretop, a lantern with a green light on the starbord side, and a lantern with a red light on toe larboard aide. The foretop light, which should be visible at the distance of at least five miles (min- utes) in a dark but clear night, shall be so constructed as to throw a uniform and fixed light upon a portion of the horizon comprised within twenty points of the compass ; ten points on each side of the ship — namely, from forward to two points abaft the beam, on either side. The side lights, which in a dark but clear night should be visible at a distance of at least two miles (minutes) shall be so arranged as to throw a uniform unbroken light upon an arc of the horizon equal to ten points of the compass — namely, from forwards to two points abaft the beam. Green on the starboard and red on the larboard side. Each of the side lanterns must be furnished with a screen (inboard) at least three feet long, in order to prevent the lights from being seen across the bow, (literally u from crossing forward on the bow”) When at anchor — A lantern with a light of ordinary power. 2d. All sailing vessels, at home or abroad, from sunset to sunrise, when approaching another vessel under sail or in tow. should show a clear light in the way most easily to be seen by the other vessel, and sufficiently soon to avoid a collision. AH sailing vessels at anchor in roads, or in places where vessels pass, shall carry at the masthead, between sunset and sunrise, a lantern with a steady, clear light, except in ports and places where other regulations are in force. 8d. Lanterns used at anchor by both sailing and steam vessels shall be so constructed as to throw a clear and strong light aU around the horizon. 4th. It shall be permitted to use any kind of lantern whatever, provided all the foregoing regulations are observed. ' Diagrams and further explanations of the above system of signals Bhall be commu- nicated by the Chamber of Commerce. During the absence of His Majesty, our Gracious King and Master, the Regency, ed interim, of Sweden and Norway. Signed by G. A. 8PARRE, and seventeen other members. TRIBUNALS OF COMMERCE. A special committee of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce has prepared a re- port upon mercantile law reform and the Tribunals of Commerce. For convenience of reference this report has been printed in pamphlet form. The committee, as to Tri- bunals of Commerce, thus recapitulate the requirements of the trading classes of the country, as may be gathered from the expression of their discontent and deep sense of wrong suffered from the present system of what may be truly termed spoliation with injustice : — 1. “They require that redress of wrong, the recovery of right, and the adjudication of doubtful claims, shall be had as BummArily as may be consistent with the ascer- Digitized by v^oosle Commercial Regulations. 733 tainment of the troth, without unnecessary expense, or the interference of useless per* sons, forms, or formohuies. 2. “ That a rich man, or an obstinate man, or a dishonest man, shall no longer be en- abled, under the color of law, to deny or withhold another man’s rights, or to harrass, exhaust, and ruin those who are obliged to enter into litigation with them. 3. “ That causes of dispute between man and man shall, at least in the first instance, be referred to authoritative judges, who, by habit or experience, are most competent to understand the subject” The leading principles which are essential to be preserved in any new arrangements are thus epitomized : — 1. “The establishment of permanent and local courts, with compulsory powers within towns and districts o i certain extent for the adjudication of mercantile dis- putes occurring within their respective jurisdictions. 2. “The judges to consist of mercantile men, bankers, and traders of unblemished character, of a certain age, assisted by lawyers of certain standing. 3. “The courts to have the powers common to all properly -constituted tribunals, such as power to appoint their own officers, to regulate their own proceedings, to com- pel appearance, to commit tor contempt, and to enforce judgment 4. “ The procedure to be conducted informally, according to the principles of known law, and in equitable conformity to mercantile usa^e. 6. “ The courts to have power to suspend or adjourn the hearing of a cause, for the purpose of obtaining further evidence or information. 6. “ Also to have power to refer questions of law to the higher courts, and ques- tions of accounts, or of particular trade practices and technicalities, to parties con- versant therein. 7. “ The courts to have power to inflict fines for vexatious suits or defenses. 8. “ The disputants to nave the option of pleading in person or by proxy. 8. “Judgments under a certain amount, on sufficient cause shown, to be referred back to the courts for review ; above a certain amount to be taken by appeal, if so desired, to the higher tribunals. 10. “ These courts to have cognizance of bankruptcies and insolvent estates.” METHOD OF PUTTING UP PRODUCE FOR MARKET. Misses. W. F. Haeeis & Oo., Commission Merchants of Macon, Georgia, who have had some experience in the Southern Market, have issued a circular containing some valuable suggestions to the growers of produce, which, if improved, may enable far- mers and shippers to obtain better prices for their products. We publish the circular for the information of the readers of the Merchants ’ Magazine in the Southern and Western States. Heretofore the rude manner of putting up produce for market, and then the want of needy conveyance to market, have operated much against the interests of shippers. Hut as the railroads have penetrated further into the heart of the produce section, and as these roads are more extensively equipped, the strong probability is, that henceforth there will not be detention or difficulty in reaching market, at any season of the year. Middle and Southern Georgia, will always, more or less, need the products of Ten- nessee, and can afford to pay prices for them that will handsomely remunerate the growers for their trouble m producing and preparing these products for market But to realize these fair prices, two things are necessary to be done first on the part of the farmer. 1st The article itself must be of the best quality . 2d. The article , whatever it may be, must be put up in the very best manner, in order > be presented for sale in market , in good condition. A few of the leading articles may suffice. Apples. — Apples should be well selected, free from bruises and rotten specks, and shipped in barrels perforated with auger holes, so that the air may pass through. The sameremark as to the manner of shipping , applies to Irish Potatoes and Onions, all of which should be shipped, at intervals, from September until June. Digitized by Google / 1 34 Commercial Regulation*. Georgia pays thousands of dollars to New York and New England annually, to these three articles, while Tennessee can furnish better qualities of the same, for the same prices. Dried Fruit. — Both apples and peaches should be pealed, well dried, and sent to market in barrels, as green apples. Cabbages — Should be sent in crates. Baoon.— It i9 unquestionably the right policy to send bacon to market rather than live hogs, because it will pay the farmer more money, if properly managed. To make merchantable bacon, the hogs should be well fattened on corn, and alter killing, well trimmed, salted, thoroughly smoked, and cured dry before boxing for market Hams and shoulders should be trimmed after the Baltimore style ; that is the shoulders nearly square, and the hams rounded at the top ; not forgetting to cut off the legs just above the knee joints, and the tail from the bam. Sides should be free from backbone. Clear sides are worth one cent per pound more than the ribbed side. It need not be added that there is, in trimming and curing the same quality of pork, a difference of from two to four cents per pound. The more neatly bacon is trimmed, the better will be the price. Lard. — The better plan is to assort the lard, keeping the leaf from the entrail lard, and send it to market in neat cans, containing from 100 to 200 lbs. Nice cans of 100 lbs. will usually bring one cent more per lb. Butter. — Butter should be made of rich milk, the milk and water entirely worked out, and the butter packed firmly in nice cans, holding from 40 to 60 lbs. Nail kegs old barrels and boxes are not suitable vessels for butter, as is sometimes seen in market. Beef Hams. — Dried beef bams, well cured, command as high prices as bacon, the year round. Let the farmer try this article in the Georgia market. Beans and Peas. White Beans, well assorted, are much sought for as a diet, and command high prices. The same is true of the White Lady Pea, while there is con- stant demand lor Stock Peas. Let beans and peas be sent in sacks containing two bushels. Eggs. Let eggs be shipped in barrels, packed in seed oats. Flour. — With an improvement in the grinding and bolting, and then by packing the flour in nice barrels, bound with flat white oak hoops — branding the barrels neatly — the Teunessee flour might be made to drive all Northern flour from Georgia mar- kets, and thereby Tennessee would receive the ten thousands of dollars that are an- nually paid to northern markets for the single article of flour. Buckwheat flour sells well m the winter and spring. Corn Meal. — Let it be ground of strictly white flint corn — previously fanned and free from silks and husks— and bolted and sacked in two-bushel sacks, while cool. Meal intended for shipping to foreign ports, should kiln-dried and packed in barrels ; and this would pay if properly undertaken. Feathers. — Good assorted geese feathers are in demand during the fall, winter, and spring. Grain. — Wheat, rye, oats, and barley of superior quality will, every year, find a market in the south, and should be sent in two-bushel sacks the latter part of the sum- mer or first of the fall. Corn. — Corn should be well dried on the ear, and the white separated from the yel- low before shelling. When shelled, the silks, husks, nubs of cobs and trash of all kinds, should be separated by fanning in the 6ame manner as wheat is cleaned ; and sent to market in two-bushel sacks. Be certain to keep the corn from getting damp after it is pat up for market. White flint corn is generally preferred in the southern market, though yellow oom is worth more for exportation. The consumption of Indian corn beiDg greatly on the increase in Europe, hereafter Tennessee com will find a market in Liverpool and in Germany. This coming winter and spring it will be shipped hence, so let it be of the best quality, well assorted, that it may gam a good reputation there on first trial. The most expeditious channel to the seaboard is by the way of Savannah, which offers a fine wholesale market, besides many advantages in shipping as it regards safety, dispatch, cheapness of freight, in- surance, <&c. Marks. — Let every package be shipped with the mark of a single letter, and let the shipping receipt be sent to the consignee as soon as the produce is shipped. W. F. Harris k. Co* Digitized by foozle Commercial Regulation*. 78 CO ©4 »Q ©4 ©4 00 00 00 «-i »-i i-t r-t ^ NMttHOHN )iOOOHOHHflOOO«iOOOO«OOOH»OeOOOiO»00 |0>WO«0'-|0»00©iO*Ht-WWOOO«WiOiaiON(X)3»©r*t-®>00 > »o oo 0.00^^00 a» oo »o o oo c^©* o» r^oo t^ao_^r c© to o io ^,00 o» ras"^‘oO'»5«'lr-^r-rC>CO©raO^’^fOO^r-lOCO»©— -*■ !OiiO>HC^©l9H(OfO)H ©4 H WlOW-jl rl , O • 00 9)0 IOTO'fWWt*rJ'00»«'t©«O00O( 4 £- GO ©4 00 O^*— • C» r- O 0^t0^©4^t0 t~^< * r-T oo' ^ ©~ oo ao~ ©4 ao c© no oo r- > < H ^ H © o r-4 •Nt-OOOt-^iOOOOOWOOH'WWt-OHflOOOfOOOOWflOlOCOO© lOWfWOr-'Ot-Ot-Ot'OOHOOOO^^t'OOW^HNt- — o ■o 09 o u*0*'it*0>r-i-*tG>CQ0*n* ©4 H Oi flO X ©I 00 04 ^ ®, ^ V ©4 ~ o ioof^oeoow»©iooo^^io^)nfX(OXo(Ot'«cQio©f*ooo I«i0i-<^)i0«04(0©0l©0)0000 iO^WF-i«©««HiOOWJrt© »©«O^O(MW5OOOOi0Oi!Q00OOOO^OO>0©Ot'©QOQO ^OOit-OOQOOOaOOOO(DONHOOOfOOO«'fO)«tlO©)Ot> )^«3 ©^©4 C ▼©. « ©I^M O « ^,9 04 W W « ® « W OO^H O 04 i so *> © o' ©* i-r « « © a? t-- «o ~r ©f » ©4“ o'* © « « « ^ ©i ©' ©** o © o « 4 © ©4 O n ©4 O O ©4 ©4 © GO £■" O 00 f lOH H® O>^t--^OC4 ©4 ©4 ) H P4 t» »-4 t» rt © ri H H H (O H H is of hs 000p0wr-00©0»00»0000©00 0©0t*e9»0©0 05» f!Q©)OO^'‘arHiO©00>O«iOOt-p4OiO©0JiO00O0>t-^>QiOO©O — — — — — — — ^g000©C“ *-O»*O«-*a0C®0QO4©© 00 00 ^lO 4© 00 00 »- «© ^ •■* to ©4 ©* w» ©T cT «T ao to .-T ci o? © 10 ao - - ■ - *■ — * ■ o^"oo inoooio S"©4 © ©o © to ^"oo ob ©oo «o © ^©•TfCGrHGOClNt- ©4 © f-4 to r- CO ©4 OHC4 SC©04tO©lO©4C©0»tOtO.-<.-l.-'©'tJ<0»©4lO©4i-<-*»QtO©OOtDCO-<*aO.-ie45 • t>OH©l)OOlf OOiOOt^H «© lHH©4 HOhO H CO H r-l r-l 00 ©4 X- 00 r- ©t Digitized by v^oosle 753 Journal of Mining and Manufactures. MANUFACTURE OF LADIES’ MUFFS IN LONDON. There are many processes in manufacturing industry which, were they known to the wearers or users of the manufactured article, would create a disgust to it ; but per- haps none are so degrading as the process of “ tubbing ” the skins for ladies’ muffs, boas, Ac. The workmen are ranged in tubs along the sides of an apartment, or shed, or any kind of out-house, in a yard or some secluded place in London. Every tubber, with the exception of those who may be unwell and who may then wear a loose Bort of jacket, which, however, tells against the efficiency and rapidity of hi9 work — is altogether naked ! The tub in which the man works reaches up to the waist, and a thick yellowish cloth is thrown over its top, which the workman keeps every now and then gathering about him, and which he can draw around like a bag, so that, while at his labor, the upper part of his person alone is visible. To a stranger, the effect of a visit to such a workshop — to which it is not easy to gain admission — is startling. Pale, brown, and often hirsute men move up and down in their tubs, stamping and alter- nating their feet with little cessation ; sometimes in silence, and in many cases with little or no expression in their faces. Each of these men is “ tubbing,” that is, he is treading or stamping, ‘first on one foot and then on the other, on the skins which are the complement of his tub. These skins are for the supply of the furriers who em- ploy the master skin-dressers. There is no water or other fluid used in tubbing, but the fleshy part of the skins are all buttered, and with the cheapest butter or scrapings, and in some places rancid butter, when such things are purchasable in sufficient Quantity. Sawdust is used, which gives the tubber a firmer tread, and tends to aid, by its friction, in scouring the skins. Upon these tubbed 6kins, so prepared, the men tread, and the perspiration which sometimes pour3 from them is considered better and readier for the cure of the skins than any butter or other fatty compound, which are looked upon as merely auxiliary to what oozes from the workman's body. And in this way men’s sweat is forced for hours together into the skinny parts of the furs which are to be ladies’ muffs, boas, and tippets I The majority or tno workmen are Irish. The wages are very scanty. ITEMS OF GOLD MINING IN CALIFORNIA. The Placer Herald of September 20th, 1852, says the Sub-Marino Company, num- bering 13 men, at work on the Middle Fork of the American River, were averaging over $3,000 per day on last accounts, and have reached as high as $4,000 in one day. The Macatee Company numbers three men ; and is averaging $3,000 per week. The company at work at Sandy Bar, according to the Caleveras Chronicle , are among the most fortunate on the river. The company is composed of Frenchmen and num- bers about ten persons. On Tuesday, September 23d, 1352, they dug out the sur- prising amount of one hundred and twenty-one pounds of gold ! This claims pays richly throughout, averaging $3,000 daily, which, with the produce of these pockets, frequently met with, makes it by far the most desirable on the river. The Gold Hill Quartz Mining Company, as wo learn from the Placer Times and Transcript , have two mills— one jumog a steam-engine of 25 horse power, driving 18 stampers, capable of crushing 30 tons of quartz per day ; and the other of 65 horse power, driving 10 stampers, and a saw mill that will cut 8,000 feet of lumber per day. The quartz yields from $45 to $50 per ton. The capital of the company is one million of dollars. PROGRESS OF BRITISH COTTON MANUFACTORIES. The prosperity which has attended the cotton manufactures during the last three or four years has, very naturally, given an impulse to their extension. Mr. Leonard Hor- ner, the inspector of factories, btates, in his report of November last, that up to that time 81 new factories had been built or set to work in the course of the year, (that is, up to October 81st, 1851,) in the district of which Manchester is the capital These establishments employed steam-power equal to 2,240 horses ; besides which there had been an enlargement of mills within the same period to the extent of 1,477 horse- VOL. XXVI. — NO. VI. 48 Digitized by v^oosle Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics . 754 power. The total increase of steam-power within that single year was, therefore, equal to 8,717 horse-power, and calculated to give employment to about 14,000 additional work- people. “That the profits of factories continued, on the average of years, to be abundantly remunerative,” Mr. Horner thought, “ these facts of the investment of fresh capital in them abundantly proved.” Since then, capital has become still more abundant, whilst the meaus of otherwise profitably investing it have probably some- what decreased, and that the building of factories is on the increase' will not be a mat- ter of surprise. PRODUCTION OF INDIGO IN SOUTH CAROLINA. The Camden (S. C.) Journal says : — Indigo and silk, previous to the Revolution, were two of the principal productions of the South ; these, together with shina, quer- citron bark, and various roots, formed the chief articles of export. The introduction of cotton in a few years caused these articles to be laid aside. The only place that we know of where indigo has continued to be cultivated up to the present time, is in the district of Orangeburg, S. C. Several thousand pounas are annually made in this district, and carried to Augusta, Columbia, and Charleston. There are two kinds of indigo — the tame and the wild. The former requires to be sown annually, the latter once in five or six years ; the wild is the most valuable. The season for manufactur- ing commences in June — the weed is cut several times in the course of the summer, but only in the early part of the day, while the dew is on. The weed is put in a vat, and water poured on it ; here it remains until the coloring matter is extracted ; the fluid is then drawn off into another vat, and water, strongly impregnated with lime, is mixed with it ; the whole being well and frequently stirred or beat up. When prop- erly mixed, and an appearance of graining, it is left to settle. The water being run off, the sediment is taken out and put on frame to drain, and before it becomes hard it is cut into small pieces and placed on boards to dry ; when perfectly dried it is brokeu into small fragments and put into boxes or barrels, when it is ready for market The weed, after the coloring matter is taken from it, is a good manure, for which purpose it is used. RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS. FLORENCE AND KEYPORT PUNK ROAD. At a meeting of the stockholders of this company, at Keyport, on the 9th of Novem- ber, an extensive report of its condition and prospects was made by the president We have extracted such particulars from it as may be of interest to the readers of the Merchants' Magazine : — The Florence and Keyport Company has its origin in the fact that New York is the great commercial emporium of America, and requires facilities for ready access from every section of the country. The free competition of steamboats and railroads to the North and East, has reduced the rate of travel and competition in these directions to the lowest paying price, with a corresponding increase in the amount of travel and in- tercourse. Similar facilities to the South have thus far been prohibited by the laws of New Jersey, which has maintained the travel across the State at more than five times the cost on any of the other roads leading to New York. The exorbitant charge on this most important of all avenues is to the man of the people a positive prohibition, and totally excludes and shuts out nine-tenths of the business and travel that would flow into New York from that quarter, at a price cor- responding with every other channel. The fare between New York and Albany is now less than one-tenth of what it was before the introduction of railroads, and the intercourse more than Un times what it then was, while the travel between New York and Philadelphia is but little increased, because the price is now higher than it was when railroads were unknown — a fed without a parallel. Digitized by v^.ooQle Railroad, Canal, and Steamboat Statistics . 755 A reduction of the fare on this most important of all routes to the same rate as prevails in every other, will be attended with a corresponding increase in the amount of travel and business, contributing to the wealth and prosperity of the metropolis. The time has come for the opening of this route ; the trada and business of New Tork require it, and the millions of people who are now denied all access to the chief city of the Union, will no longer be restrained. The only route for all this additional business is by steamboat through the Narrows in as straight a line as practicable, to a point on the Jersey shore, and thence by rail- road in such direction as public necessity may demand. To accommodate this trade will require more than hourly intercourse with New York, and give to the point where these roads terminate, and where this constant in- tercourse is maintained, a value and importance not exceeded by any location contigu- ous to New York. An examination of the map of New Jersey and the Coast Survey will show, what practical inquiry has confirmed, that there is but one point on the Karitan Bay capa- ble of adaptation to the purposes as a harbor for a large class of vessels. This point, contiguous to Key port, has been purchased by the Florence and Key port Company, and is now undergoing the improvements necessary to test its availability. A Dock and Basin are in course of construction, sufficient to accommodate and fur- nish a safe harbor for the largest class of steamboats ; and good roads are being open- ed, making it accessible to the surrounding country in every direction, as the depot and thoroughfare for all the business and travel from New York to the Souths The property of the Company, embracing nearly 8 miles of the shore, consists of about 1,000 acres, part of which has been laid out as a town by the opening and gra- ding of streets, ana preparing it for a demand for improvement, beyond the most sanguine expectations ol the Company. A similar location on the Delaware has been purchased, but has not yet been con- veyed to the Company. Of the capital scock, consisting of 20,000 shares, 10,000 shares have been issued in payment for the property at Key port. The remainder is applicable to the property on the Delaware, when conveyed. The entire property is divided into 20,000 lots of 26 by 100 feet each. It is subject to no debt, nor nas the company power to contract any. Its sole business is to sell and convey lots, at a price fixed by the charter, to wit : one share of stock and $100 in cash for each lot The stock received in payment for lots will be cancelled. Thus the Company will at all times hold one lot for every share of its outstanding stock, while the whole cash receipt will be applicable to a dividend among the remaining stockholders. The sale of lots at Keyport, now about to be made, is done in consequence of nume- rous applications for those lying immediately contiguous to the improvements in pro- gress, at the price fixed by the company. It is believed they will command much above that rate. The excess in value properly belongs to the stockholders in common, and not to those who may chance to be the first applicants for the lots. Of the value of the stock, $100 has been assigned as its nominal par rate, on the ground that $200 was the minimum cash price for a town lot in any location suitable for improvement, and as being very far below the usual selling price in towns inferior to Keyport, and possessing none of its prospective advantages, which, it is believed, give to each of these lots, and the share of stock which represents it, a value alx>ve the low price of $100. The rate of dividend to accrue to the stockholders, it will readily be perceived is a question entirely of time. Should the growth of these towns be as rapid as the sudden introduction of an entire new business of the magnitude of that which must eventually occupy this channel appears to indicate, the sales of lots at this price must be large, andtne divi- dends proportionately great, while in the entire absence of debt or of any expenditure, the whole receipt is applicable to that object, and with even a slow growth can never fail of a semi-annual dividend. For the half year ending January next, it is estimated that the sales of lots will not full far short of 400. Should this calculation be realized, the cash receipts at the rate fixed by the Com- pany, one hundred dollars per lot, will amount to forty thousand dollars, or a dividend of $4 per share on the 9,600 shares which will then be outstanding. Digitized by v^.ooQle COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING THE COST ABB EXPENSE8 OF SEVEN RAILROADS OF MASSACHUSETTS FOR THE TEARS 1S50 AND 1801 Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. ' ©4 CO <0 4Q ) « eft ^ h I O 00 CO 04 ' O O w CO o> 10 00 00 r WO f* O Tp c •« OOOOHOM •ft ccS .^norroooo^ g g ggHtOiOOt^OOt eS ® qS . t- 04 © ©I 00 CO t® t‘G18cTpTPC0©a0Tp.-i p »o g©4 00 Tp CO C 6.0 Tp Tp t© «. >owo»® • 00 (O CO >o3o« 1 00 04 WO 00 © 00 I I to o 40 t- C I ^tf © ~_© < . 5 oo to *- to < ) *•» Of © I > « r- lO H > 04 Oi 00 • 04 © ft i 00 r V to 04 CO $8*3 , vo ® to co oo | >g S #4 <» OO * tp © to co 2 9 Sj £ f“ oo~ te*Vf w a r-5. *n *-• hhhh _ £ ® rH 04 ^ 04 Tp 04 2 S~ .Tpeo f oo »H oo e©5 8 coo © t tp c» wo^ *5 a gf^co 04 t- oo © fig-8. «« OOOiOO^OO 22 C4f OOf f Mf I Q g® C4f »f f Mf 3 . CO f © 04 04 f ^P ® B 5 r-T oT © Tp ©~ OO • _3 ® f* 40 CO tP tO ©4 Js5« • — o wo o> o ©» *3 8 e c o^c» *o_ « ©_ o_ CO fijLeoo = '' = ”S< 2^ to « « *“■ ^gjssss 7. © to f- 04 00 •— TP to *0 C4 to ©4^ ® d E CO WO ©“cOCOr-T fig-8. tOCOCOTP « CO f f- CO 40 WO 04 "25 ^fOOOtOf OtP •a g*S . 00 TP —« WO OO T* ©4 §■ *• “ § 22* 2 00 ® *■ <*> » S'© s.*- ■g, o ® fef .**• O.*^ o CO 122|s Q 00 00 ©HI '?S5oo»h©« ®Ctpf »f C4( 5 00 — < t- tO tO ' Q CO 00 Tp CO Tp < Z*g00 00 f © © 04 *- 3 i wo Tp wo. *0 W0_ D OO^Hf to‘otjt*f 5 CO CO Tp oo TP CO 04 3 00 ©4 CO «S © ©4 tO g tp wo wo 31 © © oo ft* © W0_»O Tp, 22 *5 ©4 © CO wo Ok *H 04 OtOOO^OOH H«e © c^© tp oo to^ Tp“ tP © r-T CO l-l OO «» CO © Tp 00 HW CO © ©4 wo 00 to WO r-i wo . §QOtOQOtOCIWO©4 ?© 0tKOOtPC0©400 Jgjj _© © f ® 04 W,(N 2S -3 © co wo 04 .82 wo © © tp 40 ao 09 C ” p .Hf TfoOCOCOW MS |5^Srfrfof* o3® © © © wo © ® h • C3M0 40 H04HO “S " ©©00 ©4 CO f“ S.»S; 2 ^ o» « » if (21s- " _5 ^©Ooooof 5 Cta 2*wof-© — O© -5 5)0 c © © 00 t- wo ©^ f P is «i-i^io^tpf Cfco O © 00 WO »o © ao ■g Sc 8 (3 TP ® to TP © WO : **!.► -►3^3 » - . ■** O'TJ'O .'O'tJ fl ^ I32a9iig> 'iliiiU 9 S| g1 fill *2 • 2 Q . g a w fee <* d C3 «*3 i; § a i a a g jo mill's Digitized by Google 1*1 Railroad 9 Canal, and SUamboai StatiotUo. 1840. 1841. Receipts of Receipts of Receipts of Receipts of passenger passenger freight freight trains per trains per trains per trains per Names of roads. mile run. mile run. mile run. mile run. Boston and Worcester $1 42 $1 41 $2 27 $1 91 Boston and Maine 1 18 1 19 2 44 2 19 Western. 2 80 2 28 1 05 1 66 Boston and Lowell 1 17 1 08 8 80 8 21 Boston and Providence 1 22 1 28 2 08 1 94 Connecticut River.. 1 05 0 99 1 94 2 17 Fitchburg 0 99 0 98 2 52 2 14 Average No. Aver&ge No. Average No. Average No. passengers passengers tons freight tons freight per train. per train. per train. per train. Boston and Worcester 74 74 66 64 Boston and Maine 67 69 68 68 Western 85 83 56 61 Boston and Lowell 64 65 87 88 Boston and Providence 44 60 86 81 Connecticut River 84 83 40 41 Fitchburg 66 58 77 61 STATISTICS OF MASSACHUSETTS RAILROADS. We give below tabular statements of the operations of four railroads in Massachu- setts, (the Eastern, the Boston and Maine, Boston and Lowell, and Taunton Branch.) These tables show the cost, value of stock, gross receipts, running expenses, net in- come, and dividends of each railroad for the last ten years. In the Merchant*' Mag o- tine for August, 1862, (vol xxvii., page 252,) we published a similar statement of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, and in September, (same year and volume, page 379,) a similar one of the Western (Massachusetts) Railroad : — Eastern Railroad. Incorporated in 1836. Opened throughout November 9, 1840. Length, 74 miles,* including branches. Length ol double track, 16 miles. Cost, Jan- uary 1, 1852, $3,614,725. Tears. Cost Value of etock per share. Grose receipts. Running expenses. Net Income. Dir. p.c. 1842 $100 $269,169 $119,040 $160,129 6 1848 89 279,562 104,641 174,921 6 1844 . . . $2,888,600 1044 337,238 109,319 227,919 H 1845 2,406,400 112 850,150 116,840 283,810 8 1846 2,471,600 104 871,339 182,666 238,783 8 1847 2,816.100 108 424.841 185,088 289,758 8 1848 2,937,200 104 479,158 182,216 296,942 8 1849 ... 8,096,400 104 517,929 183,980 338.949 8 1860 8,119,800 101 639,076 185,218 358,858 8 1861 8,120,400 104* 602,064 195,399 806,655 8 Total $4,070,616 $2,464,292 $2,606,224 711-20 Boston and Mainb Railroad. Incorporated in 1833. Incorporated originally as the Andover and Wilmington Railroad. In 1837, the road was extended to Haverhill, and in 1839 to New Hampshire State line. In 1841, it was united with the Boston and Maine Railroad, in New Hampshire, and the whole line was then called MThe Boston and Maine Railroad.” Opened through in 1843. Length, including branches^ 88 miles. Length of double track, 29 miles. Co9t, January 1, 1862, $4,099,400. * Including the Eastern Railroad in New Hampshire, which is leased to, and operated by, the Massachusetts Company. Digitized by v^.ooQle Railroad, Canal, and Steamboat Statistic t. Yen*. Coat Value of atock per ahare. Groes receipts. Running expenses. Net Income. Dir. p.e. 1842 $79 $155,880 $79,279 $76,601 6 1848 . $1,260,800 83 178,745 91,765 86,990 6 1844 . 1,384,000 108 233,101 127,621 105.480 •» 1845 1,485,500 109 287,063 189,335 147,728 7 1846 1,935,100 2,626,700 111 849,187 165.520 183,617 7 1847 112 511,505 205,026 306,479 9 1848 8,021,200 112 611,628 622,335 256,534 255,094 81 1849 8,571,800 109 258,495 263,810 $* I860 8,930,000 103 694,963 633,095 289,478 305,485 5 1851 4,021,600 106 305,068 828,027 7 Total. . . . $1,918,111 $2,069,841 av. 6f Boston and Lowell Railroad. Incorporated in 1830. Opened throughout, Jane, 1835. Length, 26 miles. Length of doable track, 26 miles. Cost, January 1, 1852, •1,945,600. Years. Cost. Vsloe of stock per ■hare. Grots receipts. Running expenses. Net Income. Dir. p.c. 1842 . $1,884,900 $696 $278,310 $131,013 $147,297 8 1848 1,978,800 696 277,315 109,867 167,948 8 1844 1,863,700 640 816,999 166,257 151,652 8 1846 1,902,600 680 856,067 175.042 181.025 8 1846 1,932,600 . 1,940,400 676 884,102 207.987 176,115 8 1847 672 448,655 249,225 199.830 8 1848 . 1,956,700 550 461,839 266,516 191,823 8 1849 . 2,013,700 550 416,488 26 ,904 155.684 8 I860 . *1,946,600 656 406,471 256,508 149,913 8 1861 1,946,600 670 409,163 267,035 142,118 8 Total. . . . $8,764,669 $2,088,854 $1,665,805 »v.8 Taunton Branch Railroad. Incorporated in 1835. Opened in 1886. Length, 11 miles, single track. Cost, January 1, 1852, $307,100. Value of stock per Gross Running Net Dir. Years. Cost. share. receipts. expenses. income. p.c. 1842 $250,000 $112 $77,170 $51,850 $22,320 8 1848 112 74,251 60,866 23,285 8 1844 125 96,687 69,828 27,859 8 1845 118 116,637 81.604 86,033 8 1846 • • • 123,067 90,903 82,164 8 1847 . . 298,400 111 118,910 85,695 28,215 8 1848 303,700 118 108,101 89,142 18,959 8 1849 805,100 112 108,398 84,979 23.419 8 1850 806,400 110 114,466 86,908 27,568 8 1861 807,100 111 181,293 104,291 27,002 8 Total $1,063,880 $798,466 $265,414 av. 8 RATES OF FREIGHT 05 THE V1RGI51A AND TENNESSEE RAILROAD. Articles appropriate to the First Class. Boxes of hat9, bonnets , and furniture, Articles appropriate to the Second Class. Boxes, bales of dry goods, feather*, shoes, saddlery, glass, paints, oils, drugs and confectionery. Articles appropriate to the Third Class. Virginia domestics, sugar, coffee liquor, bagging, rope, butter, cheese, manufactured tobacco, leather, hides, cotton yin* copper, tin, sheet iron, hollow-ware, queens-ware, castings, hardware, marble, (dressed,) and other heavy articles not enumerated in special or fourth class rates. Articles appropriate to the Fourth Class. Flour, (in sacks,) rice, pork, beet • A re- valuation of the property of the road canted the (inference between this amount and tt* sort In 1849. Digitized by v^.ooQle 750 Railroad , Canal , and Steamboat Statistics. fish, lard, tallow and bacon, (in casks, boxes or sacks,) beeswax, bales of rags, ginseng and dried fruit, bar iron, marble, (undressed) mill and grind stones, mill gearing. FLASTEE PKA TON OF 2,000 LBS. 60 miles. • • • • (1 00 100 miles. • t • • 2 00 160 miles. 2 50 200 miles. .... 3 00 I 3 f I i | £ I BETWEEN i 1 1 LTNOEBUEO jl 8 AND 8 Sr S? Forest Depot. . 10 8 10 10 Liberty- 25 4 20 15 Bufora’s 89 5 25 18 Bonsack’s 49 6 40 25 Big Lick 64 6 40 26 Salem 60 6 40 25 Ohristiansburg. 86 7 50 80 Newbern 106 9 60 40 Wytheville. . . . 186 10 65 46 Marion 163 11 70 60 Abingdon. 190 12 75 65 State Line 206 14 80 60 SALT PEE BUSHEL OP 60 POUNDS. 8 1 Owned East ► 10 11 12 j | A a 1 i •j? I * a 99 7 * £ i ■T f | 2. * 0* r % 5 * | i B.' 1 3 8 f i l 9 | f 2, i k I 8 r f 10 10 8 8 1 50 2 00 V 12 20 6 5 1 75 8 00 11 15 25 6 6 2 00 8 50 14 20 35 H 7 2 60 4 00 18 20 86 7 2 50 4 00 18 20 85 H 7 2 50 4 00 18 25 87 10 8 8 00 4 50 24 80 40 n 9 8 50 6 50 80 85 45 12 10 4 00 6 50 82 87 48 18 11 4 60 7 00 36 40 62 14 12 6 00 8 00 38 45 56 16 13 5 50 9 00 40 INFLUENCE OF RAILROADS ON AGRICULTURE. A Boston cotemporary has some just remarks on the influence of railroads on the agriculture of New England, as follows : — It is doubtless within the recollection of many that when our system of railroads was started there was a general opposition to it among the farmers, especially in the New England States, lest their interest should be thereby seriously damaged. It was feared that this new medium of transportation would glut our markets with Western produce, and reduce the price of all agricultural products, bo as to put it out of our power to compete with tne more fertile regions of the West But those fears have not been realized. There has been no such falling off in the prices of produce as to make farming a less profitable business than it has heretofore been. The demand for such articles as we raise has kept pace with the supply, and the average of prices has, as we believe, been fully equal, for a series of years, to that which was obtained for a similar series, previous to the construction of railroads. The truth is, that the expenses of transportation tend to. caualizo prices, and that in thia respect the farmer near to a good market, even if his land and labor be dear, has a compensating advantage over farmers at a distance, where the cost of production is low. In the great staples of agriculture, it is doubtless true that we cannot, here in New England, produce a surplus for exportation. Nor is it desirable, so long as we have a larger population at home than as yet we can begin to supply. Our home market ex- hausts all, and more than all that we can produce. And if the prices of any of our productions should, from the abundant supplies brought from other States, decline to a low point, we must adapt ourselves to circumstances, and turn our baods to the raising of such articles as will pay a profit This, indeed, has already been begun. Fruit and poultry were never raised in larger quantities in New England than at pres- ent, while in parts, at least, beef, pork, and grain, have fallen off This is the part of Digitized by v^.ooQle Railroad , Canal , am? Steamboat Statistics . 760 wisdom, and oar farmers should be on the alert to give greater attention to the pro- duction of articles in which he will meet with the least competition. We remember very distinctly when the project of the Western Railroad was first broached, and its claims were urged by oue of its warmest advocates, P. P. F. Do- grand, at one of the farmers' meetings at the State House. He wa9 met with the ob- jection that it would ruin the farmers on the seaboard — they could not compete with the West in raising the great staples of agriculture, and what shall they do with their farms? “Turn them,” 6aid the slirewd old gentleman, “into strawberry fields; that will make them pay !” The reply seemed almost to be the words of irony instead of soberness; and yet the day is at band when there will be found to be more truth than poetry in it In the neighborhood of our cities and large towns, the cultivation of the smaller fruits is largely and profitably carried on. And this species of garden culture is extending into the interior, along the line of our railroads, and is destined to become more and more extensively prosecuted. The hills of New England have not yet be- come barren •. orchards and vines may be grown upon them yet, with ample returns, even if they should no longer profitably yield the same products as in the days of our forefathers. But of some of our staple products, railroads have by no means lessened the prioe. Milk, butter, and cheese, have continued to command about the same rates as hereto- fore. Hay, good English hay, the price of which in the market, it was thought, would be seriously affected by the substitution of the iron horse for the animal horse, still keeps up at a remunerating point, and is more largely raised in New England than ever. The fact is found to be, that the animal horse did not go out of use quite as last as it was prophesied he would. He was only removed from the old stage-coach to be harnessed to the omnibus and the express-wa^on ; and he now requires an equal quan- tity of hay to keep him going as he did in his former occupation. There are proba- bly more horses to day in Massachusetts than at any previous period in her history, and the demand for good horses never was greater, nor the prices paid for them higher. Horses — the good old fashioned horse of flesh and blood, bone and sinew — are by oo means extinct among us. The iron horse bos proved himself to be only a breeder of other horses. The farmer who feared that Dobbin’s days were numbered — bis glory departed — when the steam-pipe sent its shrill whistle into his heart, now plucks up courage, and sets a higher value than ever on his sure-footed beast Neither is the farmer himself gone into retirement, since the nir-lino railroad cut its way through his farm — we rather think be has made them pay a consideration for the land they took from him — he is now at work on the acres that remain harder than ever ; and by pro- per cultivation, proper selection of seeds, better adaptation of crops, and closer atten- tion to the wants of the consumer, he finds himself still alive and flourishing — not- withstanding bis fears that the railcars, ben they first whisked by, would take the very breath out of his body. PERSONS EMPLOYED ON RAILWAYS IN ENGLAND. It appears from a parliamentary return recently issued, that the number of persona employed on railways in the United Kingdom on the SOth of June, 1851, was 106,501, and on 30th of June, 1850, 118,859 ; showing a decrease of 12,358 persons, including 10,667 laborers. The number employed on railways in England and Wales on the SOth June, 1851, was 80.612 In Scotland 8.802 In Ireland 17,087 In June, 1850, the numbers were, in England and Wales 78,570 In Scotland 16,495 In Ireland f 23,794 The number of miles open at the end of June, 1851, was miles 6,698f In course of construction 7 35 The length open at the end of June, 1850, was 6,307 f In course of construction 868$ The number of miles in abeyance at the end of June, 1851, was 4.5251 The total length authorized at that date was 11 ,959 Digitized by foozle Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics. 701 On lines open for traffic in England and Wales the number of persons employed on 5,200 miles of railway, having 1,669 stations, was 51,979, and at the corresponding period of 1850, 46,787 persons, on 4,901 miles of railway, having 1,610 stations. On lines open in Scotland the number of persons employed on 960} miles of railway, having 304 stations, was 8,107 ; and at the corresponding period of 1850, 8,516 per- sons on 891 $ miles of railway, having 291 stations. The number of persons employed on 537} miles of railway, having 134 stations, on 30th June, 1851, was 8,477 ; ana at the corresponding period of 1850, on 516 miles of railway, having 129 stations, 4,671 persons were employed. The increase of mileage in England and Wales, during the year ending 30th June, 1851, was 299 miles, with 69 statioas; in Scotland, 69 miles and 13 stations ; and io Ireland, 23 miles and 5 stations. The number of persons employed on 735 miles of railway in course of construction, at the end of June, 1851, was 42,938, of whom 34,948 were laborers; and at the cor- responding period of 1850, 68,885 persons were employed on 868 miles of railway. The length of railway in course of construction in England, at the end of June, 1851, was 537 miles, on which 28,633 persons were employed ; in Scotland. 21} miles, on which 695 persons were employed, as against 81} miles in June, 1850, and 7,979 per- sons employed; and in Ireland, on 176 miles in couise of construction, 13,610 persons were employed, as against 192 miles at the corresponding period and 19,123 persona The number of miles in abeyance in England and Wales being 2,926, in Scotland 796 miles, and io Ireland 803} miles. Of the 106,501 persons employed on railways in the United Kingdom on 30th of June, 1851, there were — Secretaries and managers . * 267 Treasurers. 87 Engineers 284 Superintendents.. 504 Storekeepers 219 Accountants and cashiers 208 Inspectors and time keepers 942 Station- masters. 1,504 Draughtsmen 182 Clerks 5,168 Foremen 1,681 Engine- drivers 2.268 Assistant engine-drivers 2,387 Quards and breakmcn 2,252 Switchmen . . 1,865 Gatekeepers 1,841 Policemen and watchmen 1,861 Porters and messengers 9.865 Platelayers 6,605 Artificers. 18,268 Laborers 49,758 Miscellaneous 105 KEY WEST AS A DEPOT FOR CALIFORNIA STEAMERS. A correspondent, writing from Key West, (Florida) attempts to show that Key West has ample means and resources, unbounded facilities, and can give quicker dispatch to steamers than Havana, and should therefore be made the great depot for California steamers. That Key West is a United States port, inhabited by people whose interest* feelings, and patriotism, are for and with the United States ; that she possesses a good harbor, and has the means and resources necessary for a place of transit for passen- gers, and a depot for supplies for the steamships employed in transporting the United States mails, and citizens of the United States to and from New York and California, independent of all other considerations, are reasons sufficient for making so important a change. Our Key West correspondent thus sums up the reasons for making Key West a Digitized by v^.ooQle 762 Railroad , Canal , and Steamboat Statistics. half-way house for coal, watering, and provisioning the veasels employ edin the Califonu trade. 1st The distance from New York to Central America, is leas on a line pasting through Key West, than measared via of Havana ; and from New York to Tehuante- pec the advantage of distance is greatly in favor of Key West. 2d. A steamer bound to Chagres via of Havana, must twice cross the Gulf Strew, and in a diagonal line stem its rapid current for full twenty-four hours. If pasting through Key We3t, the steamer would keep upon the edge of the stream, where the eddy would be in its favor and the crossing of the Gulf avoided. 3d. Smoother seas and calmer weather are found upon the edge of the Gulf Stream than in its center, particularly in that part lying between Savannah and Tortugas, which would lessen the passage made via of Key West . 4th. A steamer cao enter the harbor of Key West at any hour of the night, imme- diately enter at the custom-house, make fast alongside of the coal wharf, ami, without a moment’s delay, proceed to coaling and watering, and, if necessair, leave before dawn of day. Should she take the Havana route, and arrive off the Moro Castle after sun-down, she must anchor and wait until 9 o'clock on the following day, before an j communication is made with the shore ; and the day is well nigh gone before coaling is commenced, thus consuming nearly twenty hours of her valuable time. 6th. A steamer can be coaled at Key West, as has been fairly proved, in less tins than at Charleston, as soon as at New York, and in one-fourth of the time consumed at Havana. 6th. Vessels not wishing pilots, can enter the harbor of Key West free of pilotage; at Havana, pilotage is invariably enforced. 7 th. Coal can be landed as cheap, can be stored in yards in immediate proximitv to the landing, and be placed in the bunkers by man or horse power, io less time ana at less expense than at Havana, where the coal is passed on board in baskets from launches alongside, a slow and tedious process. 8th. Provisions of all kinds can be purchased, at prices in favor of Key West, to the amount of duty levied on the same at Havana — they all being exported to that city from the United States. Fresh meats are sold at less rates in our now small mar- ket, than the steamers pay the Havana butchers. Were there an increased demand, prices would come down. Tampa Biy, two days’ sail from Key West, is perhaps the finest cattle market in the South. Full grown cattle can be bought in that town, to as unlimited extent, for $10 per head. Green turtle, weighing from one to five hundred pounds, abound on our coast, and can be delivered for :hree cents per pouad. No bet- ter meat can be taken to sea than turtle. It can be kept for twenty days alive, re- quires no food nor care save watering, and the entire animal is eatable. It can be roasted, stewed, boiled, fried, force-b illed, and souped, to satisfy the appetites of salted Californians. The fish market of Havana is supplied by our smacks, so there can be no competition in that line. Our waters are alive with the finest varieties, andve could fill half the markets in the States. 9th. The only articles that Havana could furnish the steamers at less rates, arefrnK and vegetables. But we doubt whether she would be able, in one year from the day that Key West is made a depot, to compete with the Yankees of Florida in three productions Should there be a demand to justify the expenditures, half the State would he turned into fruiteries and vegetable gardens, and the result would show that the Spaniard, with his rich soil and mild climate, had found a successful competitor. lOtn. There is no sweeter water carried to sea than that afforded by our large eas- terns. Rain water never becomes sour, nor does it acquire an unpleasant bilgey taste; but it improves with age, and remains pure for years. Our water is superior to the Havana River water, and is sold for the same sum. 11th. Passengers meet, at Key West, with no obstacles in landing. There area® landing permits, nor passports, nor boat hire, nor danger of aoy kind in getting os shore. Nor is there extortion of any kind. They are upon the soil of freedom, and among their own people. The above are some of the reasons why Key West should become a depot for the United States Mail Steamships. 12th. A telegraphic wire can be carried across the Key and along the coast, connec- ting at Savannah with the New York lines, at as little expense as over any like dk- tance in the States, and thus enable the California news to be published in New York four days ia advance of the mails. As no wire can be carried across the Gulf, fro® Havana, a telegraph is impracticable from that city. Digitized by v^.ooQle Statistics of Population, etc . 703 STATISTICS OF POPULATION, &c. EMIGRATION FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. The twelfth general report of the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, for the year 1851, has just been printed, and presented to both Houses of Parliament The report is the most interesting and elaborate which has yet appeared, and the growing importance of the subject must command for it the attentive consideration of the public. The Commissioners state that the total emigration from the United King- dom in the twenty years ending with 1851, has amounted to 2,640,848 ; but of this emigration more than one-half has taken place in the last five years — the largest num- ber who emigrated in any one year having been 129,861, in 1846. The numbers who emigrated within the last five years were as follows : — 1847 268,270 1850 280,849 1848 248,089 1851 835,966 1849 299,498 It Will, therefore, be seen that, although the progress has not been uniform, the gen- eral result shows an immense increase, the emigration in 1851 having exceeded the largest emigration of any preceding year by 36,468, or 12.17 per cent, and the aver- age of four years by 64,290, or 23.66 per cent Such an emigration, if drawn equally from all parts of the United Kingdom, would seriously affect the progress of popula- tion. But the rate at which it is now proceeding, so far exceeds its rate during the majority of the years included in the last census, that, unless some very great change takes place shortly, or the loss be supplied from other quarters, the next census will show a much larger reduction of the population than the last. The emigration of 1851, while it nearly doubled the estimated average emigration of the preceding ten years, exceeded any probable increase of the population by nearly 4 to l. But this calculation, unfavorable as it appears, is clearly below the truth, for the classes who emigrate include a large proportion of the youngest, the healthiest, and most energetic of the adult population, on which the excess of births over deaths mainly depends. Upon the prospect of the extinction of the Irish race in Ireland, the Commissioners say: — “We should be disposed to believe that those who remain at home, including an un- usual proportion of the old, the most feeble, and mo9t destitute, do not, at the most, do more than replace by births their losses by deaths. If such be the case, it would follow that the annual decrease of the population in Ireland is not les9 than the an- nual amount of the emigration, and that unless the emigration be soon arrested, the country will be deserted by its original population.” The money sent home from North America during the four years from 1848 to 1851, or contributed as prepaid passage-money, amounted to no less a sum than £2,947,000. The amount bo paid id — 1848 £460,000 I 1860 £957,000 1849 540,000 | 1851 990,000 Of the whole number who left the United Kingdom in 1851 — Went to the United States 267,357 To British North America. 42,605 To Australia 21,532 To other places 4,472 Of the number who made the United States their destination — Sailed from Liverpool, (more than nineteen-twentieths) 196,881 From London, (not quite four-sevenths). 17,870 From Scotland 1 0,8 64 From Ireland 38,418 To the 267,857 who proceeded direct to the United States must be added 18,000 Digitized by v^ooole 764 Statistics of Populations etc, who went through Canada, making a total of 286,858 emigrant! from the United Kingdom to the United States during the year, or about seventeen-twentieths of the whole unassisted emigration. But, although the number of emigrants who settle in the British North American Provinces has not increased, and is not likely to increase at all in proportion to the general emigration, it must be borne in mind that the emi- gration to those Provinces has not fallen off, but, on the contrary, has maintained a lair progress up to the present time. During the four years preceding 1847, that em- igration amounted to 121,684, or 80,421 a year. During the four years ending 81st December last, it amounted to 147,998, or an average of 86,999 a year. The year 1847 is excluded, because it was an exceptional year, which could not fairly be taken into account The Commissioners believe that including transient em. igrants, an immigration of from 86,000 to 40,000 is sufficient in ordinary years to sup- ply the labor market of British North America. The amount expended out of toe public funds for the conveyance of emigrants was, up to the end of 1851, about £800,000, of which about £4,600 was derived from Parliamentary votes for sending out free emigrants to those colonies which have received convicts, and £102,000 ob- tained from the emigrants themselves. The remaining sura of about £650,000 was furnished from the land revenues of New South Wales and South Australia, or the general revenue of the Cape of Good Hope. The emigration which has taken place during the first four months of the present year promises to exceed that of any former year. The discovery of gold fields in California and Australia has, of course, tended to ewell the tide to a great extent; but, even if those discoveries had not taken place, there is every reason to believe that the emigration of 1852 would have been unparalleled. The total emigration from the twelve ports in the United Kingdom, at which there are emigration officers, amounted to 108,216. Of these — Went to the United States 83,028 To British North America 8,104 To the Australian Colooies 11,268 To other places 885 Assuming that the tide of emigration, during the remaining eight months of ths year, does not exceed the rate at which it flowed in the months of January, February, March, and April, the total emigration in 1852 would amount to 412,864 persons, be- ing an exces s, as compared with 1851. of no less than 155,492. In all probability, however, the emigration from the United Kingdom, during the present year, will ooo- sideraly exceed 600,000 persons. POPULATION AND TERRITORY OF THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE IN 1851. Upon an extent of 664,400 square kilometres, (a kilometre is equal to 1,0984 yards — t. e., 64 yards less than five-eighths of our mile,) the Austrian Empire possesses, ac- cording to the last census taken in 1846, a total population of 37,443,000 souls. Thus, with an extent of territory greater by some thirty thousand sqqare miles than France, Belgium, and the Netherlands united, its population is about seven millions less than that of those countries. Broken up into grand territorial divisions, or natural groups of provinces, the figures above are thus distributed : — Extent In square No. Inhabitants Provinces. kilometres. Population, p’r.sq. kilo. German, (in th* Confederation). . . 197,400 12,097,000 61 Polish, or Gallician. 87,500 6,106,000 58 Italian, (Lombardy, Venice) 45,800 4,928,000 109 Hungarian and Illyrian 334,200 14,820,000 44 Compared with the whole population and the whole territorial extent of the Aus- trian Empire, the several provincial divisions above, present the following proportions: Provinces. Square kilometres. Inhabitants. German, (in the Confederation) 80 in 100 33 in 100 Polish, or Gallician.. 13 in 100 14 in 100 Italian, (LombArdy, Venice) 7 in 100 IS in 100 Hungarian and Illyrian. 50 in 100 40 in 100 Concerning the Hungarian provinces the results above offered are not given as exact. Digitized by Google Statistic t of Population, etc 705 They are approximative only. Since 1846, the date of the last census, the annexation of the city and territory of Cracow has added 500 square miles to the superficial ex- tent of the Austrian Empire, and 141,000 to the number of its inhabitants; and as the population of the empire increases usually at the rate of l per cent per annum, the total population in January, 1848, may be estimated at 38,833,000 soul9. Political troubles and internal wars have not admitted of any sensible augmentation since that period During the peace which lasted from 1821 to 1840, the general increase oi the population, according to the calculations of Dr. Beecher, was about 6,000,000 or nearly 20 per cent. The increase was greater than that of France, though less than that of England, Prussia, or Russia. The great territorial divisions above mentioned are subdivided as follows : — The German countries of Austria comprise Lower Austria, with Vienna, its capital; a per Austria, with Saltsburg, the Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia, and Caroiola ; the Litto- or sea-board, with Trieste, Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia. Upper and Lower Austria are the only provinces of the empire exclusively inhabited by Germans. The Sclavonians are numerous, and in some parts predominate even, in the other provinces — with the exception of the Tyrol, whose southern valleys have an Italian population. The Italians also predominate in the ports of the Littoral. Austrian Poland comprises only Gallicia with the former Republic of Cracow, and the Buckovina, which was once a Turkish province. The Poles and the Ruthenes or JRousniaks (people of Russian origin) form the mass of the population ; but among them are also found many Germans, Moldavians, Armenians, ana above all, Jews. Austrian Italy is composed of Lombardy and the Venetian States, and is inhabited by a mixed population of foreigners. The Hungarian and Illyrian counties are composed now of Hungary proper and Servian Woyvodia, lately formed, and which corresponds in the main to the former Banat of Temiswar ; Transylvania, which, united to Hungary during the revolution, has again been separated ; of the Illyrian Banat, composed of Croatia and Esclavonia, former dependencies of the Hungarian crown ; and finally of Dalmatia, between Turkey and the Adriatic. The Hungarians, or Magyars, predominate in Hungary and Transylvania; and the Illyrian Sclavonians, (Croats, Servians, Dalmatians, and Morlachians,) prevail in the provinces, which extend to the south of the first gf these two countries. The Walla- chians, or Romanians, form an element in the population of Transylvania, as dense as that of the Slovachians in the north of Hungary. The Germans, everywhere numer- ous in the cities, are found too among the farmers of what is called the Saxon country, and in some Hungarian districts. There are also Jews, and many wandering Bohe- mians, or Gipseys, Ac. In the provinces bordering on Turkey, excepting Dalmatia, military government prevails. The seaports of this last pro v- nee — partly inhabited by Italians — are, with the port of Fiume, the only sea ports in that vast extent of country. The average density of the population in Austria, though less than that of Great Britain and France, is greater than that of Prussia. The most populous provinces of the empire, in proportion to their extent, are Lombardy, which exhibits the maxi- mum of 122 .inhabitants per square kilometre; the Venetian States; Moravia; Bohe- mia ; and Lower Austria. The least populous provinces, on the other hand, are the Tyrol, containing but 80 inhabitants to the square kilometre, (a minimum which is explained by the country’s being covered with gigantic mountains ;) the military fron- tier of Illyrian Hungary ; Carinthia ; Carniola, and Transylvania. The population of the empire is divided into about 800 cities, 2,600 market towns, (bourgs,) and 65,000 villages. The largest number of cities is in the German provin- ces. The Lombardo* Venetian Kingdom has fewer communes, large enough to be called cities, but has more important capitals. The Hungarian countries, where capi- tal cities are more rare, possess many large market towns, and populous villages, striking by their size, but which bear the mark of Asiatic rather than of Western civilization. In general it is remarked that in Austria the concentration of the population into large cities is still less than in other parts of Germany and in France, and much less than in England, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Nevertheless, there are to be found in the Austrian States, according to the census of 1846, 136 communes, of which the civil population exceeded 10,000, to wit : — 5 communes containing more than 100,000 inhabitants each ; 9 containing between 40,000 and 100,000; 10 containing between 80,000 and 40,000 ; 15 containing between 20,000 and 80,000 ; and 97 tuning be- tween 10,000 and 20,000. Digitized by v^.ooQle 766 Mercantile Miscellanies . In 1846, the population of the 18 principal cities, which by their size, or from their commercial importance, were of the most prominence, was, excluding foreigners and^ troops in garrison, as follows : — TT .... 408,000 Padua 54.000 'Mi'lon . ... 166,000 Verona 52,000 216,000 Grata 61.000 Pootli ...... 101,000 Brunn 46.000 T a mKovfV 71,000 Buda 40.600 nVioaf n .... 65,000 Presburg 40,200 Debreczin !! 66,000/ Including the population immediately outside of Trieste proper, the number of inhabi- tants of that city would be 80,000. It is important to add concerning the Hungarian and Italian cities which suffered most from the events of 1848 and 1849, that the figures in the above table may be found now too high. The population of Pestb, for instance, has been reduced to ^According to Springer, the number of inhabitants in the Austrian Empire engaged in industrial occupations, strictly so called, (and who concentrate, from preference, in cities and market towns,) was increased between the years 1821 and 1840 from 2,800,000 to 8,000,000, while the agricultural laborers constituted a solid mass of 28,000,000 souls. MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES. O NAVAL DRY-DOCKS OF THE UNITED STATES.” In the Merchants' Magazine for August we briefly reviewed the work of Mr. Stew- art, on the Naval Dry-Docks of the^United States, giving at the same time a few ex- tracts. Subsequently, we received a note from W. J. McAlpine, Esq., charging Mr. Stewart with plagiarism. That note we published in our October number. We now, in justice to the author of the work on Naval Dry-Docks, -My attention has been called to a letter published in the October num- ber of your valuable Journal from Wm. J. McAlpine, in which he states that the ex- tract in your August number, taken from ‘‘Naval Dry-Docks of the United States," of which work I am the publisher, was nearly word for word published some two years and a half since in Appleton’s Dictionary of Mechanics and Engineering, and that he thinks it due to the Messrs. Appleton, who have the copyright of the Diction- ary, and to himself the contributor of tne article referred to , to correct your notice of the work in question. In justice to all the parties interested, I beg leave to state that, so far from having infringed upon the copyright of the Messrs. Appleton, the article as it appeared in their (Byrnes’) Dictionary in May, 1860, was published in the supplement to the New York Tribune , July 6th, 1849, “word for word,” over the signature of “ Richelieu,” which name has been adopted for years past by a well-known writer for that paper, and for which he would have received due credit, bad it not been recorded “ word for word ” at the Navy Department in October, 1847, nearly two years prior to the date of the article in the Tribune. By reference to the preface of the “ Naval Dry-Docks,” you will notice that the au- thor states that “ care has been taken to refer constantly to the official records of the Navy Department, and the reports of the engineers of the several docks during their construction, for valuable and reliable information,” and a perusal of the book will show conclusively, I think, that the author has given (as 1 know it was his desire) “ honor to whomsoever honor is due.” CHARLES B. NORTOH. Digitized by Google Mercantile Miscellanies. MERCANTILE LIBRARY. 767 GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT OP THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY. The Mercantile Library Association of New York have opened a geographical room for the deposit of maps, charts, nautical and astronomical surveys and geographical statistics. The shipping interests of New York require such a place of deposit, which will be accessible to them at all times and made valuable for matters of reference and information. No place seems more appropriate for the establishment of such a de- partment than in a mercantile library. The want of a similar department has long been felt by the mercantile community of New York. This new enterprise bids fair to be of great practical utility to that large class of citizens, directly engaged in Commerce and navigation. The Commerce of New York is much larger than that of any other city in the United States ; hence the necessity for some place where authentic and valuable information can at all times be obtained, which will serve to guide the mariner upon the 41 trackless deep.1* The getting and printing of accurate nautical in- formation has become a subject of general national importance. In former times mariners were left to acquire their knowledge from the shipwrecks of others, but this progressive age demands some other means for acquiring reliable hydrographical information. Although the department is but recently opened, the col- lection is believed to be by far the largest of any in this country, consisting in part of Lieut Maury’s wind and current Charts, Lieut. A. D. Bachb’s Charts of the Coast Survey, E. A G. W. Blunt’s charts, betides many general and particular maps, all of which are open to the public free of charge. The present Board of Directors have entered upon this new enterprise with much zeal, and it is to be hoped that the sub- ject will receive that careful investigation which the importance of it demands. OF THE TAX OR DUTY ON FOREIGN COAL. The Philadelphia North American predicts a short supply of coal next winter “ for those markets which are inaccessible after the closing of navigation.” The Tribune , with its ultra protectionist tendencies, says : — “ If the duty on coal were utterly and forever abolished, and such duties imposed instead on iron and fabrics as would set our closed furnaces and idle factories at work once more, we have no doubt that the coal interest would be immensely and permanently benefited by the change.” The Journal of Commerce suggests the “ propriety of a total abolition of the duty on coaly that the tribute now levied upon New England, New York, and New Jersey by Pennsylvania may, if possible, be diminished.” The Jndependenty in an able and well-considered paper on the question of a total abolition of the duty on coal, presents a few considerations in favor of petitioning Congress for a repeal of the coal tar, among which are the following: — 1. All the manufacturing and mechanical interests of the country that employ steam- power, would be benefited by the abolition of a duty of thirty per cent ad valorem on coal, which must have an effect upon the tariff of home prices in an article the consumption of which is so large an item in the cost of manufacturing. 2. The cost of gas-* -manufactured from bituminous coal — would be perceptibly di- minished by the abolition of the duty on foreign coal. In Manchester, England, the price of gas is five shillings sterling — say $1 25 — per thousand feet; in New York it is $3, and in New Haven $4. Why should we put a tax on light of 30 per cent ad valorem f 8. The commercial interest of the country would be greatly benefited by abolishing the duty on coal Our leading exports — such as cotton and grain — are so much more bulky than the average of our imports that home freights are always light and the rates low. Indeed, vessels sometimes return in ballast, and they would more fre- quently bring coal as ballast, if our ports were free to its admission. But the duty on coal is a bar to its importation, ana to that extent damages the freighting interest. Digitized by v^.ooQle 768 Mercantile MieceUanie t. To remedy this in part a higher freight is assessed upon outward bound products, to the prejudice of the merchant and the producer. It is impossible to get fairly at the ratio between out-freights and home* freights, be- cause the out- freights are not established by a tariff but fluctuate according to cir- cumstances. Our first-class packets often bring home coal on owners’ account, just to ballast the ship. This would be done more frequently, but duties must be paid in cash on the delivery of the goods, and this demand on coal at all seasons is a draw- back on importation. The average freight on coal from Liverpool is about $3 per too. It should be borne in mind here, as an important element in the calculation, that we would not look to Great Britain alone for our supplies of bituminous coaL Vast fields of this coal in Nova Scotia would pour their treasure into the lap of New York, and that too in exchange for breadstufifs, if coal were duty free. The freight from Non Scotia would not add so much to the prime cost of coal there, but that if exempted from duty it could be sold in our market as cheaply as domestic coaL Is it worth while to shut out our farmers from a market in our own neighborhood, to cut off our coasters from a steady and remunerative freight, and to tax ourselves $1 50 per chal- dron on coal for the sake of protecting mines worth thirty-six hundred millions of dollars — more than the gold mines of California — whose owners confess that at the highest rates they cannot supply the wants of the public f 4. The public generally, and especially the poorer classes, would be benefited by the repeal of the duty on coal. In Manchester, England, a chaldron of the best Win- stanley and Orrell coal, weighing 8,584 lbs^ is delivered for £1 sterling, or $4 80. For this coal we would pay ordinarily in the New York market from $10 to $11 a chaldron, the duty being 30 per cent ad valorem. The price of Pennsylvania coal in this market ranges from $4 25 to $7 50; $5 per ton of 2,000 lbs. would be a very low average. A few years ago in the winter and spring it advanced to $7 or $S, and daring the past winter it ha9 ranged nearly as high. The monopolists in Pennsylvania now threaten, by a combination, to keep up the prices for the coming season, and mod- estly inform us that an advance of 20 per cent upon the present prices is intended merely a9 a healthful stimulus upon their own minds, to induce them to meet the growing demands of the market We prefer that the stimulus should be applied from another quarter. At the lowest average rates of domestic coal, the price of 8,684 lbs. would be about $9. This verifies the remark made to us by a large coal dealer, during the high prices, that if it were not for the duty he could sell English coal cheaper than American. At the same price we should uniformly use the Eoglish coal, and so would many of our fellow-citizen9. A fair competition would keep down the price, so that the poor would be benefited. Let the ex per* iment be tried. Next to cheap bread we should aim to provide cheat fuel for the poor. TALLEYRAND AND THE BANKER. A banker, anxious about the rise and fall of stocks, came once to Talleyrand for in- formation respecting the truth of a rumor that George III. had suddenly died, when the statesman replied in a confidential tone, u I shall be delighted if the information I have to give, be of any use to you.” The banker was enchanted with the prospect of obtaining authentic intelligence from so high a source ; and Talleyrand, with a mys- terious 'air, continued, “ Some say that the king of England is dead, others that he is not dead, for my own part I believe neither the one nor the other ; I tell you this in confidence, but do not commit me.” No better parody on modern diplomacy could ea- sily be written. INVENTION FOR NEGRO CLOTHING. The Natchez Free Trader gives the following directions for making waterproof sacks for negroes, Mr. Johnson of the lower part of Concordia Parish being the discoverer : u For a plantation of 50 or 100 negroes, take 20 gallons of linseed oil, into which mix three pounds of litharge, after the oil shall have been boiled a few moments. The litharge should be pulverized before being incorporated with the oil, and well stirred in. * Previously an overcoat, or sack, should have been neatly made from common cotton cloth, called Domestics, long enough to reach below the knees, to be closely buttoned up in front. Digitized by v^.ooQle Mercantile Miscellanies . 1 69 “ When the mixture of oil and litharge is boiling hot, immerse the garment* wring it as dry as possible, and let it hang in the son for three days, when it will become com- pletely waterproof, an overcoat for the negro, secure against storm or tempest, imper- vious to the wintry winds, or the chUls of the nights. It will cost less than sixty cents per sack, and last one or two years.” THE BANKER’S SATURDAY NIGHT. [feom the independent.] How pleasant ’tis when I can Bay, My work is done, ’tis Saturday, My cash is settled, letters done, My duties finished, every one. Tis passing sweet to us cashiers, Whose labor circles with the years. To close the Bank and turn the keys, Then close the week with books and ease. We read of one, and him we thank, Who years ago first closed a Bank ; Rebuked cashiers, their desks o’erthrew, And drove them out with whip cord too. I often think of this in church. When for my wandering thoughts I search ; In find them deep in moneyed schemes, In dividends, or golden dreams ; I start 1 my sin is just the same As that of old, though not in name ; I sin as much with moneyed thought, As did the Jews of old, who brought Their desks within the temple’s range, And shaved the green ones making change ; And should I suffer whips of cord, I should but suffer iust reward. Tea, turn all thoughts of loss and gain From out the place where God should reign ; Nor let such thoughts with footsteps rude Upon your Sabbath hours intrude. AN EYE TO BUSINESS. We are often entertained, says an English journalist, by the tone of sentiment adopted in advertising a death. There is frequently a facetious union of puff and despondency. We will give a specimen of a “death:” — “Died on the 11th ultimo, at the shop in Fleet-street, Mr. Edward Jone9, much respected by all who knew and dealt with him. As a man he was amiable, as a hatter upright and moderate. His virtues were be- yond all price, and his beaver hats were only £\ 4s. each. He has left a widow to deplore his loss, and a large stock to be sold cheap for the benefit of his family. He was snatched to the other world in the prime of life, and just as he had concluded an extensive purchase of felt, which he got so cheap that the widow can supply hats at a more reasonable charge than any house in London. His disconsolate family will carry on the business with punctuality.” A CREDITOR’S STRATAGEM TO COLLECT A DEBT. A week or two ago, says the Botton Herald, four creditors started for Boston, in the same train of cars, for the purpose of attaching the property of a certain debtor in FarmiDgton, in the State of Maine. He owed each one separately, and they each were suspicious of the object of the other, but dared not say a word about it. So they rode, acquaintances all, talking upon everything except that which they had most at heart When they arrived at the depot at Farmington, which was three miles from VOL. XXVII. — NO. vi. 49 Digitized by v^.ooQle 110 Mercantile Miscellanies. where the debtor did business, they found nothing to “ put ’em over the road ” but a solitary cab, towards which they all rushed. Three got in, and refused admittance to the fourth, and the cab started. The fourth ran after, and got upon the outside with the driver. He asked the driver if he wanted to sell his horse. He replied that be did not want to, — that he was not worth more than $60, but he would not sell him for that He asked him if he would take $100 for him. “ Yes,” said he. The “ fourth man ” quickly paid over the money, took the reins and backed the cab up to a bank — slipped it from the harness, and tipped it up so that the door could not be opened, and jumped upon the horse’s back and rode off “ lick-a-ty-switch,” while the insiders’* were looking out of the window, feeling like singed cats. He rode to a lawyer’s, and got a writ made and served, and his debt secure, and got back to the hotel just as the “ insiders ” came up puffing and blowing. The cabman soon bought back his horse for $60. The M sold ” men offered to pay that sum, if the fortunate one, who found property sufficient to pay his own debt, would not tell of it in Boston. NO ANTAGONISM BETWEEN CAPITAL AND LABOR. The Hon. Edward Everett, in one of his speeches at the dinner in Boston, given to Barikg, the celebrated London Banker, argued in his felicitous style that there could be no antagonism between Capital and Labor : — The owner of capital, said Mr. Everett, in England or America, really reaps the smallest portion of the advantages which flow from its possession — he beiog but a kind of head book-keeper or chief clerk to the business community. He may be as rich as Croesus, but he can neither eat, drink, nor wear more than one man's portion. Mr. Everett said he remembered hearing a jest made about Mr. Astors property, which contained, he thought, a great deal of meauing — a latent, practical philosophy. Some one was asked whether he would be willing to take care of all Mr. Aster’s property — eight or ten millions of dollars — merely for his board and clothing. “ No,” was the indignant answer, “ do you think me a fool ?” u Well, rejoins the other, “that is all Mr. Astor himself gets for taking care of it; he’s/ound, and that’s all The houses, the warehouses, the ships, the farms which be counts by the hundreds, and is obliged to take care of, are for the accommodation of others.” “ But then he has the income, the rents of all this mighty property, five or eix hun- dred thousand dollars per annum.” “ Yea, but he can do nothing with his income but build more houses, and ware- houses, and ships, or loan more money on mortgages for the convenience of others. He’s found, and you can make nothing else out of it” AMERICAN TRADE IN INDIA. A writer in the Londou Daily N fwjs, is disturbed by the apprehension of American competition in the oriental trade. After alluding to the growth of the Russian Com- merce in India, it urges some instant action of the East India Company to retain its ground, adding : — Our Commerce cannot be forced like a cucumber, but must be reared like an infant And this the Court neglects, to strangle it in its birth. America’s incipient trade with the opposite coast, on which they hold no harbor, and where they have fought no battles, nor acquired large kingdoms, is already becoming more valuable than our own, and will grow into an extensive Commerce. Any mail may tell us that an American Consul is appointed to the Gulf. Time, indeed, it was, that the Court should awaken from its nightmare. An Amer- ican ship master will land a cargo on the Mekran coast at a less expense, than a cargo of British goods can be landed in Bombay ; and the only way to defy such dangerous competition, is to make the most of the great advantages afforded by the Indus as the highway to Central Asia. It is America, not Russia, we fear. All the world over taxes are being reduced ; but in India we, three or four years ago, imposed “an additional ad valorem duty of 6 per cent on importations of English goods,” because our customs were ialliug. Digitized by Google The Book Trade . Ill THE BOOK TRADE. 1 . — Louisiana : Its History as a French Colony. Third Series of Lectures . By Charles Gatarre. 8vcl, pp. 880. New York : John Wiley. This is the third and last series of the Historical Lectures on Louisiana by this author. They embrace a period extending from the discoveiy of that State to 1769, when it was finally transferred by the French to the Spaniards, by whom it was sub- sequently held until retransferred to France, and by Napoleon to the United States in 1808. The latter period of the French dominion is recorded in many works, which thus furnished more ample and complete materials for this series than the previous ones. Taken together, these lectures form a detailed and accurate history of Louis- iana while a French colony. Unquestionably they furnish the most complete and full account of this important period ever published. The number of lectures in this volume is seven, commencing at 1745 and including a period of nearly twenty-five years. It abounds in personal anecdotes illustrating the characters of the principal men of those days, and delineates with much fullness and with a degree of romantic interest, the more important public events of the period. Few historical works rela- ting to those early days and to a distant part of the country, surpass in attractions for the general reader, these lectures ; and few give clearer views of the customs and ac- tions of the early setters. 2. — Essays on the Progress of Nations in Civilization , Productive Industry , Wealth, and Population. Illustrated by Statistics of Mining , Agriculture , Manufactwres% Commerce , Coin , Banking , Internal Improvements , Emigration , and Population. By Ezra 0. Seaman. 12mo., pp. 631. New York: Chas. Scribner. In this important volume, the object of the author has been to show the effect on the progress of man and of nations, of civil, political, and religious liberty ; of the development of the intellect, of educating the whole people, of tne discoveries, inven- tions, machinery, and improvements of modem times, of adapting the divisions of employments to the condition and wants of the country, of the use of the precious metals, banks, foreign debts, colonial bondage, associations and confederated systems of government, of despotism, ecclesiastical hierarchies, and all attempts to enforce uniformity of opinion in matters of government and religion. It has been his aim also to inquire into the causes and principal elements of individual and national progress, and the institutions which tend to promote it, as well as those which have a contrary tendency. The volume is full of important information, prepared and arranged with much clearness and force, and written in a thoughtful and interesting style and manner. 3. — Outlines of Moral Science. By Archibald Alexander, D. D. 12 mo., pp. 266. New York: Chas. Scribner. The author of this work was one of the distinguished divines of the Presbyterian Church, until his recent decease. These pages form the last work of his pen. Its title indicates its true character. It consists of outlines merely of moral science ; or rather it is a clever and comprehensive summary of the opinions of philosophers on this subject, with the opinions of the author likewise. As a summary it is more valuable to the public, than as a work possessing any new or special value of its own. 4. — Queer [Bonnets ; or, Truthfulness and Generosity. A Book for Girls. By Mrs. L. C. Tuthill. 12 mo., pp. 294. New York : Charles Scribner. The importance of Truthfulness and Generosity is set forth in a very pleasant series of incidents in this volume. The impression which it will make upon the young will be strong and good, at the same time it is attractive and interesting for all readers. 5- — Little Silver string ; or Tales and Poems for the Young . By W. O. Bourne. 12mo., pp. 656. New York: Chas. Scribner. Tales and poems form the contents of this volume, which are generally interesting and attractive for young readers. The embellishments are quite numerous. Digitized by v^.ooQle 772 The Book Trade . 6. — Voices of Nature to Her Foster Child the Soul of Man, A Series of Analogies Between the Natural and the Spiritual World. By the author of u A Reel in a Bottle.” Edited by Rev. Henry T. Cheever. 12mon pp.480. New York : Chaa Scribner. The religious mind will find much material for contemplation in these page* The true interpretation of nature, and the voice of each season respectively, is the subject under the consideration of the writer. Thoughtful, suggestive, and elevating in their tone, these pages are still deficient in that true and genuine feeling which goes directly to the heart, and which in contemplations of nature should never be forced to give place to intellectual reflections, and cold opinions. The design of the author to detect the analogies between the natural and spiritual world, as it is designated, is an excel- lent one, and so far as he has advanced therein he has clothed the subject with much importance. 7. — Mercantile Morals; or. Thoughts for Young Men entering Mercantile Life, By Wm. H. Van Doren. 12 mo., pp. 487. New York: Charles Scribner. It has been more particularly the object of the author of this work to prepare each a volume as would be suitable to place in the hands of all younp men as uiey enter mercantile life. It is not a naked catalogue of the “ tricks of trade,” or dry, abstruse reasonings upon the morals of Commerce ; but a mass of illustrations drawn from history, science, real life, wall street. .WET ACCUMULATED CASH FUND, $1,000,000. Securely invested in Bonds and Mortgrtgea on real estate, chiefly in this city or Brooklyn, (the real estate, in each and every caw, being worth double the amount loaned thereon,) and in Stocks of tin* City of New York and of the United States. ALL THE PROFITS ARE DIVIDED AMONG THE INSURED, ami, on Policies for the whole of life, will be made available in part payineut of premiums, after the dividend of 1850, to those who wish it. Annuities granted on favorable terms. Losses settled promptly. TRUSTEES. J os. B. Collin*, Alfred Edwards, Frederick S. Winston, Isaac G. Pearson, Theo. Sedgwick, George R. Clarke, John Wadsworth, Robert Schuyler. John V. L. Pruyn, Closes H. Oiinnell, John C. Cruger, Francis S. Lathrop, William Betts, C. W. Faber, Henry Wells, Stacey B Collins, Jonathan Miller, Samuel M. Cornell, James Chambers, Win. J. Bunker, Nathaniel Hayden, Samuel E. Sprnulls, Lewis F. Battel I e, Abraham Uuiinger, R. H. M. Curdy, Joseph Blunt, John P. Yelverton, William M*«»re, John H. Swift, David A. C**ni-tock, Gouver’ur M. Wilkins, Joseph Tuckeriuau, Charles Ely. John M. Stuart, Alfred Pell, JOSEPH B. COLLINS, President ISAAC ABB ATT Secretary. CHARLES GILL, Actuary. JOSEPH BLUNT, Counsellor. MIN TURN POST, M. D.. Medical Examiner, who attends at the office daily, from 11 to 12^ o'clock. ROCHESTER SCALE WORKS. DURYKE, FORSYTH & CO., NO. 15 WaTERSTIIEET. KOOUE3TEK, N. Y Manufacturer* and Dealers in all kinds of Weighing Machinery, such as Railroad, "Wheat, Hay, Coal. Platform, and Counter Scales, Manifest Copying Presses, Warehouse Trucks, Sugar Crushers, anti Excavating Road Scrapers. Agents : Duryee, Forsyth it Go., IrttS Pearl-street, New York, and corner of Oliver and Court streets, St Louis. Mo.; B. W. Raymond, Chicago. III.; W. A. Otis «fc Co, Cleveland, Ohio; John Hulme pl* ■ trial Interests of the Country anti the World. It has been ever the constant aim. nnd untiring effort of the Editor nnd Prr, pm* tor to make ihe Work, at once, a journal of the Inlest Commercial Intelligence, anti a standard Library of Reference tin all tonics of Trade, not less ind^iPQsablr t* the Statesman. Political Economikt. JviiKt, Financier, Bank mi. Broker, Sim* Mit tkb. Ship Builder, Mechanic. and Manufacturer, than to the Merchant untl Business Man ; and from the necessarily emnpiebemive range of its discussion* and its {Static tics, taking in, as it does. every subject iu the wide Held of Commerce, the pages of the Magazine will always lie fount! to emltody a vast fund of Kiiuwlege lor the Farmer, also — for the Colton Planter of the South, and the Grain Grower of the North, The Ediltir ami Proprietor 1ms endeavored to infuse into his Magazine a national spirit and character* by securing the aid of able correspondents in all purl.- of our wide- spread Republic, and by exhibiting the resource..* of every State and Territory of the Union. On moot et I [mutts in political economy, banking, nnd the principles of trade, lie has freely admitted articles advocating antagonistic doctrines and opinions; and. while it is Ills great aim to exhibit facts, and embody the scientific and practical opera- tions of Commerce, the Magazine will be ever open to the I'tee aud fair discussion of every subject legitimately falling within its general scope and its original design. The number, for June, 185?, completed the twenty -sixth semiannual volume of the Merchant* Magazine. The work has been enlarged more than one third since if- commencement in July, 1889. ami each volume now contain* nearly Kight I/untfrrti octavo pages. A few comph te sets of the Magazine may be obtained at the publish , erV office, ]42 Ful ton-street. New York, neatly uud substantially bound, for Two 1>ol i LAUb and a Half per volume. ChaMskr or Commerce of Paris, Paris, 30 December, 183U. Mr. Freeman Htnt. 8n Tlie Chamber of Commerce or Pnrla. having hud occasion to consult the Mucuziiu- whirh you have published lor m many years past. could not but lull) appreciate its Fieat meril. li has n- marked the Simla Ihed zeal aud care With * liicfi you hove brought togeifar to it* p«.ge*» atuiiailcwl matter of the highest tide esL ns well ns dh-qiiiaiootm i»i l he otnioal importance i*nd utility 4 nnd the Chamber knows ul no heller way of ter Illy lug Its nppn elation of your sork, than by »ubscrSb«ng l««r the Magazine for ils Library. 1 he Treasurer has bn n dirtcit d to charge o«t* ol our ourreapotKlv m* in New Y ork with this duly, and also lo torwaid to you ibis letter, which wc conclude Sir, by uttering you ibe aSMirauces ol our highest cunaidcrution. Uorai e £ay, tM-crctary. LEGENTlL, President of the Chamber. At a stated meeting of the Philadelphia Pi«nrd of Trade, held on Monday evening, April Slat, 18S1. 1 the following resolutions were adopted* without a (lisrvidiite voices — Re*otved% Thai the Itonid ol Trade vii wing the import* lice ol a publication, which nindcnsrs in aji attractive ami enduring term. gem ral inlafp nth 111 lid riaibtirs 1 eliding Jo the commercial and inilu* trial pursuits ol our country, vendue lorncomnu nd * linvt'* Merehapt*' Jllnpi '.>vt »vd i *numernct R'eitv>%" h> possessing lien* requisites in an tmuierd degjfe. and truK lhe4r fellow-citizens may he induced to encourage h kxeman Hi nt, f hj., in his arduous Inborn by becoming subscribers to ha periodical. Rr*oivtd% Thai a copy of the foregoing Resolution b« furnUhed Mr. Hunt, by the Fecretary of th« 1 Board. 1 TU 08, P. COPE, President tf O/'Y'? C. C. Childs, tfem tary. ' - V. V. UBIUII* cxwi wij, Cincinnati Chamber or Commerce, February 4ih. 1KL At a meeting of the Cincinnati Chsmbcr ol Commerce, February 4ih, 1661* the follow itig revolu- tions were unanimously udopUd: — Resolved* Tbiit Hunt's JUmhcnt*' Mnpatipe nvd C mumrrrial Review. Is a work of great IntrrvM and ulUlly. nnd Is signally adapted to inloitn the merchants upon the numerous feds ri-lutm* to the foreign and inti-run) imde ol 1 lie country. Its tnnuuh durve nm) mincultumJ statistics ; nnd that ths thanks of the nu rcuntile community ure due lo l»s editor, l ax km a n 1Iint,Esq.» for Ui« tnduKry *uwl ability with which he has conducti d it lor so nmny years. Dioitized bv vliOOQlC RernJ red, Thut we recommend Us more gem-rid cUculullun, and dint a cone oflfHP* RcaoUith*us ha .m .i.- I._< *4.. (• ... * U . M forwaniud lo Ms. Hunt. Uuiuao 1?«it«i, Secretory. 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